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THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  DATE 
INDICATED  BELOW  AND  IS  SUB- 
JECT TO  AN  OVERDUE  FINE  AS 
POSTED  AT  THE  CIRCULATION 
DESK. 


HANDBOOK 

V 


THE    TREES 


NORTHERN  STATES  AND  CANADA 

EAST  OF  THE  ROCKY  MOUNTAINS. 


PHOTO-DESCRIPTIVE. 


Br 

ROMEYN  BECK  HOUGH,  B.  A. 

Author  of  "American  Woodt." 


THIRD     AND 
REVISED  EDITION 


LOWVILLE.  N.  Y.: 

PUBLISHED  BY    THE  AUTHOR, 
1921. 


COPYRIGHT, 

Nineteen  Tiundred  and  seven, 
By  ROMEYN  B.  HOUGH. 


TO  THE  MEMORY  OF  MY  FATHER, 

DR.     FRANKLIN     B.      HOUGH,     WHO,    AS     THE     PIONEER     COMMISSIONER     OF 

FORESTRY,  FIRST   STROVE   TO   AROUSE   THE    PUBLIC   TO  CHECK  THE 

COURSE  OF  DESTRUCTION  OF  THE  AMERICAN  FORESTS,  AND 

ESTABLISH    THE    PRINCIPLES    OF    FORESTRY, 

AND  TO  MY  MOTHER, 

WHOSE   INTEREST  IN  THE  PLAN  OF  THIS    HANDBOOK  AND   ENJOYMENT  IN  ITS 

PROGRESS  HAVE  BEEN  AMONG  THE  PLEASURES  OF  ITS 

PREPARATION,  IT  IS 

MOST  AFFECTIONATELY  DEDICATED. 


PREFACE, 


It  has  been  thought  by  the  writer,  and  has  frequently  been  remarked  by 
others,  that  a  series  of  carefully  made  photographic  illustrations  of  the  fresh 
leaves,  fruits,  leafless  branchlets  and  typical  barks  of  our  various  trees  would 
be  appreciated  alike  by  the  professional  botanist,  the  less  technical  nature 
student,  the  forester  and  the  lumberman.  ]\[y  natural  interest  in  the  subject 
and  peculiar  vocation  made  the  task  of  the  preparation  of  such  a  work  peculiarly 
inviting  to  me.  I  am  required  to  be  much  in  the  field  observing  the  trees, 
making  it  my  personal  duty  to  gather  the  woods  used  in  the  publishing  of  my 
AMEEICAN  WOODS  —  in  order  that  I  may  be  able  to  vouch  for  authen- 
ticity - —  and  this  gives  me  unusual  opportunities.  I  accordingly  entered  upon 
the  task  w^ith  enthusiasm,  providing  myself  with  an  excellent  camera,  and  adapt- 
ing it  to  the  peculiar  requirements  of  the  work. 

It  was  not  until  after  much  experimenting,  as  to  proper  lighting,  the  elimina- 
tion of  shadow,  etc.,  that  satisfactory  results  were  obtained.  The  thought  of  a 
measured  background  —  one  ruled  into  square  inches  for  convenience  — 
occurred  as  a  most  satisfactory  way  of  indicating  size,  which  I  deemed  of 
greatest  importance,  owing  to  the  great  range  of  sizes  of  the  objects  wdiich  I 
must  show  on  plates  of  uniform  size.  It  is  hoped  that  this  feature  of  the  work 
will  meet  with  the  approval  bespoken  for  it. 

When  once  entered  upon  the  work  it  was  found  that  many  and  various  vicissi- 
tudes must  be  encountered,  which  w^ould  unexpectedly  prolong  the  work.  Chief 
among  these  were  the  ^'  off  "  years,  during  which  a  species  does  not  bear  fruit. 
For  example:  One  season  I  could  not  find  a  single  tree  of  the  common  Sugar 
Maple  bearing  fruit,  though  I  examined  many  from  northern  'New  York  to 
North  Carolina  and  westward  to  Missouri.  One  winter  not  a  solitary  twig 
could  I  find  of  the  Yellow  Birch  bearing  its  dormant  catkins,  and,  naturally, 
not  a  tree  bearing  flowers  or  fruit  the  next  summer.  I  searched  in  vain  two 
successive  seasons  for  the  pistillate  flowers  of  the  common  Butternut,  so  regu- 
larly did  the  late  frosts  of  spring  destroy  them,  though  the  staminate  flowers 
appeared  annually. 

The  shortness  of  the  period,  too,  during  which  the  flowers  or  fruits  of  certain 
trees  are  in  their  prime,  or  even  exist  on  the  trees,  has  necessitated  close  watch. 
The  exact  time  must'  be  ascertained  by  observation,  and  if,  perchance,  I  miss  it 
I  must  wait  until  another  year  for  another  opportunity.  Then  I  may  find  it  an 
off  year  (imagine  my  disappointment!),  and  still  another  year  must  be  waited. 
Procuring  specimens  from  lofty  tree-tops  are  trivial  ordeals  compared  with 
instances  like  these.     Add  to  these  vicissitudes  the  distribution  of  our  trees, 

[V] 


vi  Preface. 

and  the  consequent  necessity  of  being  in  many  places  at  about  the  same  time, 
and  it  can  be  readily  understood  that  the  field  work  could  not  be  accomplished 
in  one  or  even  two  seasons.  Indeed,  it  has  rotiuircd  several  more  than  that. 
Nothing  but  a  love  of  the  subject  wouM  fortify  one  with  the  required  patience. 
The  necessity  of  visiting  the  trees  in  their  native  haunts  is  evident.  This 
has  brought  me  much  in  contact  with  tlie  country  folk  in  remote  regions  and 
has  been  a3S0L>iatcd  with  many  novel  and  generally  pleasant  experiences.  The 
visit  of  an  '*  outsider  "'  ofttimes  seemed  as  welcome  an  occasion  to  them  as  the 
opportunities  of  their  respective  localities,  and  often  contact  with  them,  were 
enjoyed  bv  me,  and  I  gratefully  remember  many  acts  of  kindness  in  these 
hospitable  people. 

Occasionally  it  was  my  good  fortune  to  have  the  company  of  fellow  botanists 
in  the  field  and  enjoy  the  benefits  of  their  familiarity  with  the  trees  of  their 
respective  regions.  Such  was  my  experience  in  studying  the  interesting  trees 
of  Staten  Island  with  ]Mr.  Wm.  T.  Davis,  for  whose  assistance  I  am  very 
grateful. 

A  rare  treat  I  found  in  store  when  I  dropped  in  upon  Prof.  C.  D.  Beadle, 
botanist,  at  Biltmore,  X.  C,  and  enjoyed  a  few  days'  sojourn  with  him  working 
up  certain  species  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  to  Professor  and  Mrs. 
Beadle  I  am  under  lasting  obligation. 

For  able  counsel  and  assistance  in  many  ^vays  I  am  indebted  to  my  good 
friend.  Prof.  Wm.  Trelease,  director  Missouri  Botanical  Garden.  To  Dr.  X.  M. 
Glatfelter,  whose  familiarity  with  the  Willows  of  Missouri  was  of  material 
assistance  to  me,  I  am  likewise  grateful.  So,  too,  to  Mr.  G.  W.  Letterman,  with 
whom  I  made  several  visits  to  the  valley  of  the  Merrimac  Kiver,  Mo.  I  wish 
to  acknowledge  favors  extended  by  Mr.  C.  C.  Laney  and  Mr.  John  Dunbar,  of 
Rochester,  Prof.  C.  H.  Peck,  of  Albany,  and  Mr.  J.  G.  Jack,  of  the  Arnold 
Arboretum,  in  assistance  to  material  illustrative  of  various  species  of  Crataegus 
of  their  respective  regions.  To  Mr.  E.  P.  Clapp,  Rev.  E.  J.  Hill,  Dr.  J. 
Schneck,  :Mr.  H.  X.  Patterson,  Prof.  B.  O.  Longyear,  Prof.  W.  A.  Buckliout, 
Prof.  A.  T.  Erwin,  Mr.  V.  R.  Gardner,  Mr.  E.  S.  Steele,  Mr.  F.  E. 
Boynton,  Mr.  T.  G.  Harbison,  Dr.  R.  M.  Harper,  Mr.  B.  T.  Gault,  Mr.  F.  K. 
Balthis,  Mr.  A.  J.  Johnson  and  Mr.  J.  C.  Teas,  I  wish  also  to  extend  thanks 
for  assistance.  Last,  but  by  no  means  least,  I  gratefully  acknowledge  counsel 
and  facilities  extended  in  the  use  of  herbarium  material  by  Mr.  Gilford  Pinchot, 
Forester,  and  Mr.  G.  B.  Sudworth,  Dendrologist  of  the  U.  S.  Forestry  Service; 
by  Dr.  J.  X.  Rose  of  the  Xational  Herbarium,  and  by  Dr.  X.  S.  Britton, 
Director  of  the  Xew  York  Botanical  Garden. 

Data  as  to  specific  gravities  of  woods  has  been  taken  from  the  Report  of 
Tenth  Census  of  the  United  States,  and  represent  ,in  each  case  the  average  of 
two  or  more  determinations  with  absolutely  dry  wood  taken  from  different  trees. 
LowviLEE.  X.  Y.,  June  29,  1907. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLAN  OF  THE  HANDBOOK. 


In  the  illustrated  portion  two  pages  which  face  each  other  are  devoted  to 
a  species,  practically  all  of  the  well-defined  species  within  the  area  indicated 
being  included.  The  few  exceptions  will  be  found  mentioned  after  their 
respective  genera.      (See  pages  418-457.) 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  background  in  the  [)ictures  of  leaves,  fruits  and 
twigs  are  marked  into  squares.  These  are  lines  in  all  cases  one  inch  apart; 
their  deviation  from  that  measurement,  in  the  picture,  indicating  a  propor- 
tional enlargement  or  reduction  of  the  object,  in  order  to  make  the  plates  of 
uniform  size.  On  viewing  the  picture  with  the  standard  of  measurement  in 
mind  the  actual  size  of  the  object  is  at  once  evident. 

The  trees  selected  as  subjects  for  pictures  of  barks  are  generally  of  medium 
size,  as  showing  the  phase  of  bark  most  commonly  seen,  and  are  such  as  could 
be  called  characteristic  examples.  The  measure  placed  upon  the  trunks  before 
photographing,  to  indicate  size,  is  one  foot  in  length,  excepting  when  otherwise 
stated. 

On  the  outline  maps  the  shaded  areas  indicate  the  regions  over  which  the 
trees  are  distributed,  as  indicated  by  outlying  representatives,  as  nearly  as  is 
generally  understood.  Within  the  limits  of  such  areas  there  are  often  tracts, 
of  greater  or  less  'extent,  where  the  tree  in  question  is  not  found,  on  account 
of  unfavorable  conditions  of  altitude,  perhaps,  or  of  soil,  moisture,  etc.,  or  of 
other  less  evident  reasons.  Such  limited  tracts  could  not  be  easily  indicated 
on  our  much  reduced  maps.  It  cannot  be  claimed  of  these  maps  that  they  are 
always  absolutely  perfect,  as  trees  may  sometimes  be  found  outside  the  areas 
generally  accredited  to  them.  In  view  of  further  perfecting  the  maps,  for 
future  use,  the  author  would  be  obliged  for  whatever  data  the  observers  of  trees 
may  have  and  tind  it  convenient  to  send  that  would  be  important  to  have  in 
this  connection. 

The  wood-structure  ])ictures  represent  transverse  sections  (the  end  view  of 
the  grain)  magnified  uniforndy  about  fifteen  diameters.  That  is  approxi- 
mately the  magnification  secured  by  a  good  simple  magnifier.  Such  a  glass  is 
quit^  essential  in  identifying  woods,  by  comparison,  having  first  exposed  the 
end  of  the  grain  with  a  sharp  knife  to  reveal  its  structure. 

In  che  foot-notes,  following  the  letter-press  on  the  right-hand  page,  will  be 
found  such  s^^lonyms  only  as  are  used  in  recent  works,  wdiere  the  names  there 
adopted  differ  froin  the  names  used  in  this  work.  ''  A.  W,"  indicates 
AMERICAN  WOODS,  in  which  work  the  species  is  further  considered, 
especially  with  refer<>nce  to  its  woods,  and  in  wliich  actual  specimens  of  same 
may  be  seen.  The  Roman  numeral  indicates  the  part  or  volume  in  which  a 
species  is  found  and  the  Arabic  numeral  its  serial  number.  (See  pages  follow- 
ing the  index  at  close  of  this  volume.) 

[vii] 


KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES  BASED  MAINLY  UPON  FLOWERS. 


a  Flowers  unisexual,  with  ovules  uaked.  on  the  face  of  a  scale ;  leaves  parallel-veined 
(Gymnosperm(r) ,  monoecious;  ovules  2  or  more  with  each  scale;  stamens  numerous;  fruit  a 
cone  with  imbricated  scales  or  so  modified  as  to  resemble  a  berry. 

Coniferse    (p.  418). 
a'  Flowers  with  ovules  inclosed   in  a  cavity  —  ovary —  (Aitc/iospermo')    and   the  parts  of   the 
flower  in  4s  or  5s;  cotyledons  2   {Dicotyledons)  ;  flowers 
b    Without  a  corolla    (Apetalw), 
c    Unisexual  and 

d    Calyx  absent  or  irregular  if  present;  flowers  appearing 
e    After  the  leaves,  the  staminate 

f    From    axillary    buds   on    growth   of    the    previous    season,    in    drooping   aments ; 
pistillate  solitary  or  in  few-flowered  spikes  terminating  new  shoots  on  the  same  tree;   fruit  a 

nut;    leaves  compound,  deciduous Juglandaceae    (p.   423). 

t'  From  the  axils  of  evergreen  simple  leaves,  in  erect  aments  ;  fruit  a  wax-coated 

berry Myricaceae   (p.  424) . 

f^  Mostly  from  the  axils  of  bud-scales  at  the  base  of  new  shoots  and  in 
g    Drooping 

h    Long-peduucled  heads;  the  pistillate  solitary  or  in  pairs  terminating  shoots 

on   the  same  tree Fagrus,  in  Fagacese   (p.  429). 

h^  Slender   drooping   aments;    pistillate   flowers    from    axils   of   leaves   on    the 

same  shoots    Quercus,  in  Fagacese   (p.  430). 

g'  Erect  axillary  aments  ;  the  pistillate  at  the  bases  of  the  same  aments. 
Castanea,  in  Fagacese    (p.  430). 
f*  In  heads  arranged  in  terminal  racemes. 

Liquidambar,  in  Hamamelidacese  ( p.  487 ) . 
e'  Before  or  with  the  leaves 

f    From  axillary  buds  which  are 

g    Covered  with  one  or  more  bud-scales 

h    Both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  aments  and  on  different  trees. 

Salicacese    (p.  425). 
h^  Staminate    only    in    aments ;    the    pistillate    in    slender    terminal    spikes    on 

same  tree    Carpinus,  in  Betulacese. 

b^  In  panicles,  dioecious,  without  petals  ;  leaves  compound  ;  fruit  a  samara. 
Fraxinus,  in  Oleacese. 
g^  Naked  —  not  covered  with  true  bud-scales  ;  ovary  superior  ;  fruit  an  elongated 

compressed   drupe    Leitneriacese   (p.  425) . 

f  Terminating  shoots  of  the  previous  season  and 

g    The    staminate     (only)     remaining    naked    during    the    previous    winter;    the 
pistillate  in  spikes  from   lateral  buds  ;  staminate  aments 

h    Simple:   fruit   a   strobile..     Betula,  in  Betulacese   (p.  428). 
b*  Compound,  2-5    (usually  3)    united  at  base:   fruit  resembling  a  hop. 
Ostrya,  in  Betulacese    (p.  428). 
g-  Both    staminate    and    pistillate    remaining    naked    during    previous    winter,    on 

same    branchlets    Alnus,  in  Betulacese    (p.  429). 

d'  Calyx    present    and    regular:    flowers    appearing    after    the    leaves:    dioecious:    calyx 
becoming  enlarged  and  succulent  in  the  compound  fruit. 

Moracese  (p.  433). 
c=  Perfect :  calyx  present,   regular ;  ovary  superior.   1-celled   and   usually   1-seeded  ;   flowers 
in  fascicles  or  racemes  before  or  with  the  leaves  :  fruit  a 
d    Samara,  winged 

e    Nearly  or  quite  all  around Ulmus,  in  Ulmacese    (p.  432). 

e-  Obliquely  from  one  end  and  arranged   in  pairs. 

Acer,  in  Aceracese   (p.  446). 

d-  Drupe Lauracese   (p.  435) . 

b'  With  a  corolla  and  that  consisting  of 
c    Separate  petals  .( Polypetalw) 
d    Ovary  superior 

e    Flowers  perfect  and 
f    Regular 

g    Calyx  consisting  of  three  sepals ;   stamens  numerous :   pistils 
b    Numerous,  from  an  elongated  receptacle:  ovary  2-ovuled. 

Magnoliacese    (  p.  434  ) . 
b'  Few,  from  a  globose  receptacle  :  ovary  many-ovuled. 

Asimina,  in  Anonaceae    I  p.  435). 
[ix] 


X  Key  to  the  Families  Eased  Mainly   Cpon  Floweks. 

e"-  Caljx  consisting  of  five  sepals ;  stamens 

h.    Eight  bnt  four  imperfect ;  flowers  in  antumn. 

Hamamelis,  in  Hamelidacese    (p.  436). 
h"  Numerous  :   pistil  solitary  and 
i    Single-celled  :   fruit   a  drupe. 

Prunus,  in  Rosacese    (p.  440  1. 
i^  Five-celled  :   leaves  deciduous  ;    fiuit 

j    Indehiscent,  a  dry   nut  like  (Irupe  attaclicd    to  a   seed-leaf  which   serves 

as  a  parachute    Tiliaceae    (  p.  44.S  i . 

j-  Dehiscent,  5-valved  capsule;   leaves  persisient. 

Gordonia,  in  Theaceae    ( ii.  44!) ) . 
g^  Calyx  4-5-lobed  ;  stamens  as  many  as  the  iiet;ils  and 

Alternate   with   the  petals   which   are  widely   spicadini;. 

Euonymous,  in  Celastraceae    (p.  446). 
Opposite  the  petals  which  are  hood-like  and  envelupe  them. 

Rhaninus,  in  Rhaninacese    (p.  448). 
f-   Irregular 

g    Leaves   pinnately   compound   or  biconipovnid  ;    I'luit    a    legume. 

Leguminosse    (p.  441). 
g-   Leaves  palmately   compound;   capsule  with   larue  nut-like  seeds:   some  flowers 

unisexual   by   abortion    Hippocastanacese    (p.  447 j. 

e^  Flowers   polygamous ;   fruit  a 
f    Samara 

g    Winged   all   around Ptelea,  in  Riitacese    (p.  444). 

g^  With  long  oblique  wing  and  borne  in  pairs. 

Acerace^    ( i).   446  ) . 
£■  Capsule   containing  a   solitary   seed  ;    leaves  pinnate. 

Xanthoxyluni,  in  Rutacese    (p.  443). 
f  Drupe  in   terminal  open  thyrses. 

Sapindus,  in  Sapindacese    (p.  447). 
e'  Unisexual 

f    Mostly  dicecious  and  occasionally   pei'fect ;   fruit  a 

g    Samara;    leaves    pinnate....      Ailanthus,  in  Siniarubacese    (p.  444). 
g-   Small  dryish  drupes  in  terminal   thyrses  or  axillary   pani(les. 

Anacardiacese    (p.  444). 
g^  Larger  berry-like  drupes  in  small  axillary  clusters  or  solitary. 
Ilicacese    (  p.  44."t  I . 
f-  Monoecious,    in    dense    globose    heads;    leaves    alternate,    simple    and    palmatel.v 

veined  ;   fruit   an   akene Platanacese    (p.  437) . 

d'  Ovary  inferior;  fruit 
e    Drupaceous ;  leaves 

Twice  pinnate;  styles  and  cells  of  ovary  4-5. 

Araliacese    (p.  4.")0). 

Simple;   styles  solitary    Cornacese    (p.  4."()). 

e'  A  pome.  .Pyrus,  Sorbus,  Crataegus  and  Amelanchier,  in  Rosacese   (p.  438). 
c'  United  petals 

d    Ovary  superior;  flowers  perfect;   fruit  a 
e    Capsule  with 

f    Five  cells  and  five  valves. 

Rhododendron,  Kalniia  and  Oxydendruni,  in  Ericaceae    (]).  451). 
F  Two  cells  septicidally  dehiscent :   flowers  Idue. 

Paulownia,  in  Scrophulariacese    (p.  457). 
e'  Berry  subtended  by  accrescent  calyx. 

Diosperus,  in  Ebenaceae    (p..  453). 
e'  Fleshy  drupes  in 

f    Axillary    fascicles    Biinielia,  in  Sapotaceae   (p.  4.52). 

f=  Loose  terminal  panicles Chionanthus,  in  Oleacese   (p..  455). 

e*  Dryish  drupe  ;  leaves  simple  and 

f    Alternate;  flowers  in  crowded  axillary  clusters. 

Syniplocaceae    (p.  45.3). 

f-  Opposite;  drupe  4-winged Styraceae    (p.  454). 

e'  Pod-like  capsule;  flowers  bilabiate  in  ((uisiiicuous   terminal  panicles. 

Catalpa,  in  Bignoniaceae    ( i).  456 ) . 
d'  Ovary  inferior;  flowers  perfect;  corolla 

e    Campanulate;  stamens  10;  anther  cells  opening  by  a   terminal  pore:  fruit  a  berry. 

Vacciniuin,  in  Ericaceae    (p.  452). 
e-  Rotate;   flowers  in  compound  corymbs:  fruit  a  blue  (lru|ie  with  flattened  pit. 

Viburnum,  in  Caprifoliaceae    (p.  451). 
e'  Tubular-funnelform  ;  flowers  in  globose  heads;  leaves  opposite  or  in  whorls  of  3. 

Cephalanthus,  in  Rubiaceae    (p.  456). 


THE  NATIVE  AND  NATURALIZED  TREES  OF  THE 
REGION  OF  NORTH  AMERICA  LYING  NORTH  OF  THE 
NORTHERN  BOUNDARIES  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA,  TEN- 
NESSEE, ARKANSAS  AND  OKLAHOMA  AND  EAST  OF 
THE  ROCKY  MOUNTAINS,  AND  EXTENDING  SOUTH- 
AVARD  IN  THE  APPALACHIAN  REGION  TO  NORTHERN 
ALABAMA  AND  GEORGIA. 


nOfEKTr  LOIUMT 
M  C.  State  CoUege 


WHITE  PINE 

Pinus  strobus  L. 


Fig.   1.     Branch   with  mature  cones  bearing  beads    of    pitch,    i  ;    detached    clusters    of    leaves,    2 ; 
seeds,  some  detached  from  their  wings,  3  ;  young  cones  in  autumn  of  first  year,  4. 

2.  Trunks  of  two  trees  in  Adirondack  region,  N.   Y. 

3.  Wood   structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  N'okthern  States  and  Canada, 


The  Wthite  Pine  is  one  of  the  tallest  trees 
of  the  forests  of  northeastern  America,  some- 
times attaining  the  height  of  200  ft.  with  a 
long  columnar  trunk  3-5  ft.  in  diameter. 
When  growing  in  the  open  it  develops  a  wiik' 
pyramidal  head  easily  distinguished  from  all 
other  Pines  by  its  bluish  green  fine-needled 
foliage  and  the  dark  deeply  furrowed  bark 
with  which  the  large  trunks  are  vested.  It 
once  constituted  the  bulk  of  large  tracts  of 
forest,  but  being  by  far  the  most  valuable 
timber  tree  of  its  range  these  tracts  have  been 
largely  cleared  away  to  meet  the  needs  and 
was'tes'  of  a  growing  population,  and  now  only 
occasional  monarchs,  towering  head  and 
shoulders  above  the  surrounding  forests  of 
other  growth,  suggest  the  magnificance  of  tlu' 
primeval  Pine  forests.  Fortunately  it  is  quick 
to  reproduce  itself  and  many  tracts  of  land, 
where  cultivation  has  been  neglected,  become 
quickly  covered  with  its  new  seeond  growth. 

The  wood  of  the  White  Pine  is  the  most 
valuable  of  the  Pinee  for  house  finishing, 
window-sash,  blinds,  etc.  It  is  light,  soft,  very 
easily  worked,  durable  and  of  a  light  pinkisli 
brown  color  with  thin  lighter  sap-wood.  A 
cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighs  24.02 
Ibs.i 

Leaves  in  clusters  of  5,  with  loose-scaled  de- 
ciduous sheaths,  very  slender,  3-5  in.  long,  pale 
bluish  green  with  3-5  rows  of  ventral  stomata, 
peripheral  resin-ducts  and  a  single  flbro-vascular 
bundle  ;  branchlets  smooth,  reddish  green.  Floicers: 
staminate  yellow,  about  Vs  in.  long ;  pistillate 
pinkish  purple,  erect,  terminal,  pedunculate. 
Fruit:  cones  become  drooping  and  about  half 
grown  at  the  close  of  the  first  season,  4-10  in. 
long  at  maturity,  long-stalked,  cylindric  and  often 
curved,  with  thin  unarmed  scales  and  liberating 
their  seeds  in  September  ;  seeds  about  M  in.  long, 
mottled  and   with    large 

1.  A.  W.,  II,  49. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  419. 


ROCK  PINE.     ROCKY  MOUNTAIN  YELLOW  PINE. 

Finns  ponderosa  scopulorum  Engelm.* 


Fig  4.     Branch    with    mature    cones    and    young    cones    at    the    close    of    the    first    season,    i;    a 
detached  cone,  2    (Note  it  has  broken  away  from  branch   within  the  base,  leaving  a  few   scales 
attached  to  branchlet)  ;  seeds  and  their  wings,  3  ;  detached  terminal  and  branch  buds,  4- 
S.     Trunk  of  forest  tree  with  cones  at  base.  n     r    r>    /^    t 

For  these  specimen  and  photograph  of  trunk  I  am  indebted  to  Prof.  B.  O.  Longyear. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  a>M)  Canada. 


The  Yellow  Pine  of  tlio  Rocky  Mountain 
region  is  usually  a  medium  size  tree  of  from 
50-70  ft.  in  height  with  trunk  from  1-2  ft. 
in  diameter,  but  where  conditions  are  par- 
ticularly favoral)Ie  attains  the  height  of  1(»() 
to  125  ft.,  with  trunk  3-4  ft.  in  diameter.  The 
bark  of  tlie  younger  trunks  is  dark  and  fis- 
sured into  rather  lirni  scaly  ridges  but  these 
flake  off  with  age  and  the  bark  of  old  trunks 
is  more  of  a  cinnamon-red  color  and  broken 
into  large  scaly  plates.  It  develops  a  distinct 
pyramidal  head  at  first  and  by  the  gradual 
lengthening  of  the  lateral  branches  finally  a 
broad  rounded  top.  It  occupies  well-drained 
uplands  and  mountain  slopes,  being  particu- 
larly abundant  in  the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota,  in 
northwestern  Nebraska  and  on  the  mountains 
of  Colorado  at  altitudes  ranging  from  six  to 
ten  thousand  feet.  On  the  Colorado  plateau 
of  northern  Arizona  and  Xew  ^lexico  it  forms 
vast  and  valuable  forests. 

Its  peculiarity  in  having  leaves  both  in 
clusters  of  two  and  three  is  exceptional  to  the 
usual  habit  of  the  Pines. 

The  wood  is  rather  hard,  heavy  and  strong 
and  useful  for  lumber  for  general  construc- 
tion purposes,  interior  finisliing,  etc. 

Leaves  both  in  clusters  of  2  and  .S,  .3-6  in.  lonir, 
rigid,  with  slieatlis  at  first  close  and  about  i^  in. 
long  but  finally  loose  and  shorter,  stomatifcroiis 
all  sides  and  containing  2  flbro-vascular  Ijundb's 
and  2-.'>  resin-ducts  within  the  parenchyiiia. 
FloH'rrs:  staminate  about  1  in.  long.  Fruit: 
cones  2-4  in.  long,  ovoid,  deciduous  al)ove  I  lie 
lowest  basal  scales,  somewhat  olili(|ue  with  sc-iles 
thickened  at  apex  and  cdvered  with  slender 
strongly  recurved  prickles  :  seed  14  in.  long  with 
ample  wing  broadest  in  the  center. 


Syn.    I'.   Scot)iihjrum 


.em. 


M^O^.',   .x^ 


LOBLOLLY  PINE.     OLD-FIELD  PINE.     ROSEMARY  PINE. 

Pinus  Taeda  L. 


Fig.  6.     Branch    with    leaves,   mature   cones   and   young   cones,    i  ;    detached   leaf-clusters,    2 ;    cone 
with  escaping  seeds,  3. 

7.     Trunk  of  a  large  tree  in  Eastern  Virginia. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northekn  States  and  Canada. 


The  Loblolly  Pine  sometimes  attains  the 
height  of  125  ft.  with  straight  trunk  2  ft.  in 
diameter  and,  when  growing  in  the  open,  with 
spreading  branches  which  form  a  rounded 
pyramidal  head.  Like  several  others  of  the 
southern  trees  it  extends  up  into  the  territory 
covered  by  this  handbook  only  in  the  coast 
region,  whero  its  somber  tops  of  dark  j;rccH 
are  familiar  objects  along  the  borders  of 
swamps  and  lowlands,  in  company  with  the 
Short-leaf  Pine,  Sweet  and  Sour  Gums, 
Spanish,  Pin,  Laui-el  and  other  Oaks,  Moker 
nut  Ilickorj',  etc. 

The  wood  is  rather  brittle,  weak,  coarse- 
grained and  not  durable,  of  a  yellowish  brown 
color  and  abundant  lighter  sap-wood.  It  is 
largely  manufactured  into  lumber  for  interior 
finishing,  general  construction  purposes  and 
for  the  spars  of  vessels.  The  weight  of  a  cubic 
foot  when  dry  is  33.90  Ibs.i 

Leaves  in  clusters  of  3,  with  close  persistent 
siieaths,  rather  slender  and  stiff,  dark  green.  6-!t 
in.  long,  witti  large  stomata  on  each  face  and  two 
fibro-vasciilar  bundles.  Flowers:  staminate  yel- 
low, crowded  ;  pistillate  solitary  or  few  together, 
lateral  (below  the  apex  of  growing  shoot)  yellow, 
short-stalked.  Cones  3-5  in.  long,  lateral  spread- 
ing, subsessile,  reddish  brown  ;  scales  thickened 
at  apex  with  prominent  transverse  ridges  and 
spreading  prickle.  The  cones  often  remain  on  the 
branches  for  a  year  after  liberating  the  seeds. 
These  are  mottled,  about  V4  In.  long  and  provided 
with  a  large  wing  broadest  above  the  middle. 

1.  A.  W.,  Xr,  274. 


PITCH  PINE. 

Pinus  rigida  Mill. 


Fig.  8.     Branch   with    leaves   and    mature    and   young    cones,    1-3  ;    seed-wings,    4 ;    detached    leaf- 
clusters,  5. 

9.     Trunk  of  a  forest  tree  near  Washington,   D.  C. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern   States  and  Canada. 


The  Pitcli  Pine  does  7iot  often  attain  a 
greater  height  than  70  or  .SO  ft.  or  a  greater 
diameter  of  trunk  than  2  or  :{  ft.  W'lien  grow- 
ing in  the  open  fields  it  (ic\cl()|)s  an  irreguLir 
wide  pyramidal  or  roundnl  hcid,  its  rough 
branches  usually  bristling  with  old  tardily  d  ■- 
ciduous  cones.  Its  trunk  is  vested  in  thick 
dark  brown  bark  fissured  into  large  plates 
which  exfoliate  in  irregular  friable  scales.  It 
is  an  abundant  tree  in  many  localities  of  the 
northern  states  on  sandy  uplands  which  are 
too  sterile  for  the  support  for  most  other  trees. 

The   wood  of   the   Pitch    Pine   is  of   medium 

weight  and  hardness,  with   coarse  conspicuous 

grain,    resinous    and   of    a    brownish    red    color 

with   abundant   lighter   sap- wood. i      It   is   used 

for   coarse   lumber,    flooring,   sills,   etc.,   and   to 

some   extent    for    fuel    and    charcoal.      A   cubic 

foot,   when   seasoned,   weighs   32.10   lbs.      It    is 

said    tliat    considerable    tar,     turpentine     and 

lampblack   have   been   derived   from   this    tree, 

though   the  principal  source  of  supply  now  is 

in  other  species. 

Leaves  in  clusters  of  ?,,  with  persistent  sheaths. 
riffid,  3-.5  in.  Inntr.  dark  sreen,  with  stomata  on 
three  faces,  i-esin-fliicts  witliin  tlie  pari'ticliyma. 
and  2  fibro-vascular  Imndli's.  I'hnrrrs :  staniinafe 
numerous.  yellow  (rarely  inu'iile);  pistillate 
lateral,  usually  in  whorls  of  2  or  more,  reddish 
green,  with  short  stout  stems.  Cones  l-o  in.  lono.-. 
lateral,  often  in  whorls  of  several,  ovoid,  nearly 
sessile,  with  scales  thickened  at  apex  and  pro- 
vided with  curved  rigid  prickle  ;  s"eds  about  % 
in.  long,  triangular  with  rounded  sides  and  ample 
wing  broadest  below  the  middle. 

1.  A.   W.,  II,  50. 


RED  PINE.     "NORWAY"  PINE. 

Pinus  resinosd  Ait. 


Fig.  10.     Branch  with  leaves  and  mature  and  young  cones,  the  former  bearing  considerable  free 
pitch,   I  ;  seeds,  2  ;  detached  leaf-clusters,  3. 
II.     Trunk  of  tree,  in  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern   States  and  Canada.        11 


The  Red  Pine  occasionally  attains  the  height 
of  80  or  100  ft.  with  broad  irregular  pyramidal 
head  and  dark  green  foliage  tufted  in  thick 
needles  at  the  ends  of  its  rough  branchlets. 
It  is  an  upland  tree,  being  found  on  dry  sandy 
soil  and  is  distinctly  northern  in  its  distribu- 
tion. Never  forming  exclusive  tracts  of  forest 
of  any  size,  it  is  scattered  in  open  groves 
where  conditions  favor  its  development,  and 
many  of  the  slopes  and  ridges  which  overlook 
the  lakes  of  the  Adirondacks  and  New  England 
are  beautified  by  the  presence  of  this  tree. 
Its  straight  columnar  trunks,  rarely  over  2 
or  3  ft.  in  diameter,  are  vested  in  a  reddish 
brown  bark  (hence  the  name)  fissured  into 
broad  irregular  plates  and  ridges  which  flake 
oft'  in  irregular  scales. 

The  wood  is  moderately  heavy  and  hard  and 
is  valued  for  the  spars  of  vessels,  piles,  sills, 
and  lumber  for  general  construction  purposes. 
A  cubic  foot  of  the  dry  wood  weighs  30.25  Ibs.i 
The  bark  is  occasionally  used  for  tanning  pur- 
poses. 

Leaves  in  clusters  of  2  with  persistent  sheaths, 
rattier  slender.  4-6  in.  long,  bearing  stomata  on 
the  ventral  faces  containing  peripheral  resin- 
ducts  and  2  fibro-vascular  bundles.  Flowers: 
.«;taminate  about  V2  in.  long,  in  ample  clusters, 
dark  purple ;  pistillate  subterminal,  scarlet  and 
with  short  stalks.  Cones  subterminal,  ovoid- 
conical,  about  2  in.  long,  subsessile,  thickened  at 
the  rounded  apex  and  unarmed  :  seeds  about  Vh 
in.  long,  compressed,  triangular-ovoid,  mottled  and 
with  ample  wing  broadest  below  the  middle  and 
oblique  at  apex. 

I.   A.    W.,    I,    19. 


JACK  PINE.     GRAY  PINE.     NORTHERN  SCRUB  PINE. 

Finns  diraricata   (Ait.)   Gord.' 


t'lg.  12.     Branch  with  leaves  and  closed   mature  and  young  cones,    1-3  ;   section  of  branch  bearing 
opening  cones  with  escaping  seeds,  4  :   scattered  seeds,   5  ;  detached  leaf-clusters,  6. 
13.     Trunk  of  tree  as  found  in  Essex  Co.,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of   Tiir:  Xokthf-RN   States   and   Canada. 


13 


The  Jack  Pine  attains  its  greatest  size  in 
the  northwestern  part  of  its  range,  where  it  is 
often  70  or  80  ft.  in  height  with  trunk  2  nr  .{ 
ft.  in  diameter,  and  forms  forests  of  con- 
siderable extent.  Throughout  the  eastern  part 
of  its  range,  however,  it  is  much  less  abundant 
and  more  reduced  in  stature,  commonly  tlirow- 
ing  out  its  branches  immediately  above  tlie 
ground  as  shown  in  our  bark  picture.  its 
short  needles  and  small  cones  incurved  upon 
the  branchlets  quickly  distinguish  it  from  all 
of  its  neiglibors.  It  devolops  a  ratlier  sym- 
metrical open  top  of  straigtitisli  branches  and 
tough  llexibh'  hnmclilets  and  its  trunk  is 
vested  in  a  dark  reddish  brown  bark  rough 
with  irregular  scaly  plates  and  ridges. 

The  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot  when  abso- 
lutely dry  weighs  29.67  lbs.,  is  light,  soft,  not 
strong,  and  of  a  reddish  brown  color  with 
thick  lighter  sap-wood.  It  is  used  for  fuel  and 
occasionallj'  for  railway  ties,  posts  and  lumber. 2 

Leaves  in  roniot(>  clusters  of  2,  %  to  I1/2  in. 
lenj;.  stout.  si)r(';i(liiii;-.  nnjrc  nr  less  curved  and  dis- 
tributed aienj;  tlie  liranclilet,  with  12  tiliro-vascular 
bundles  and  resin-ducts  within  tlie  pari'ncliyma. 
FloiC(  rs:  staniinate  yellow,  in  crowded  clusters  ; 
pistillate  darlc  purple,  singly  or  few  togetlier  and 
occasionally  clusters  on  same  shoot.  Cones  small, 
l%-2  in.  lon'^,  pointed  and  strongly  incurved, 
narrow  conical-ovoid,  ol)lique  at  base,  sessile  and 
scales  thickened  at  apex  and  furnished  with  a 
weak  incurved  or  deciduous  |iricl<le  :  seed  rounded, 
triangular,  nearly  black  and  with  full  wing  about 
>ii   in.   lotlg  and   widest   near  the  middle. 

1.  Syn.   P.   Unnksiaiia   Lamb. 

2.  A.    W.,    IV,   09. 


YELLOW  PINE.    SHORT-LEAF  PINE.    NORTH  CAROLINA  PINE. 

Pinus  echinafa  Mill.^ 


Fig.  14.     Branch  with  leaves  and  mature  and  young  cones,  3  ;  detached  leaf-clusters,  4. 
15.     Trunk  of  tree  at  Biltmore,  N.  C. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern   States  and  Cana 


15 


This  valuable  timber-tree  occasionally  at- 
tains till'  iieiglit  of  100  ft.,  or  somewhat  more, 
with     irregular    wide    inrauiidal     or    rounded 


head  and  straight  cu 
thickness.  Its  bark 
color    with    wide    irrt 


trunk  ;}-4  ft.  in 
n  reddish  brown 
jcaly    plates    and 


ridges.  It  is  ])articularly  abundant  and  well 
developed  in  the  lower  Mississippi  basin  and 
probably  no  other  Pine  produces  as  much 
lumber  for  use  in  the  central-western  states  as 
this. 

The  wood,  as  a  hard  Pine,  is  considered  only 
second  to  that  of  the  Long-leaf  Pine  in  value, 
and  in  being  somewhat  softer  and  less  resin- 
ous than  that  is  preferred  to  it  for  many 
uses.  It  is  rather  hea^'y  and  hard,  a  cu.  ft. 
weighing  38.04  lbs.,  and  of  a  reddish  yellow 
color  with  thick  lighter  sap-wood.  It  is 
largely  manufactured  into  lumber  for  interior 
finishing  and  general  construction  purposes. 2 

Leaves  3-ij  In.  long  in  clusters  of  2  (occasion- 
ally 3)  with  persistent  sheaths,  rather  slender, 
flexible,  dark  green  ;  hranchlets  rough.  Flowers: 
staminate  yellowish  purple,  about  %  in.  long,  in 
crowded  clusters  :  pistillate  pale  rose-color,  single 
or  in  whorls  of  2  or  3  with  stout  stems.  Cones 
oblong-ovoid,  11/2-2  in.  long,  single  or  few  to- 
gether, subsessile,  lateral  and  with  scales  thickened 
at  apex  and  having  a  prominent  transverse  ridge 
and  weak  prickle ;  seeds  round-triangular,  about 
three-sixteenths  in.  long,  mottled  and  with  ample 
oblique  wing  broadest  near  the  center. 

1.  Syn.  Pinus  mitis  Michx. 

2.  A.   W.,   Ill,   75. 


JERSEY  PINE.     SCRUB  PINE. 

Finns  Virginiana  Mill.^ 


Fig.  1 6.     Branch  with  leaves  and  mature  and  young  cones, 
17.     Trunk  of  tree  rear  Washington.  D.  C. 


-3,  seeds,  4  :  detached  leaf-clusters,  5. 


IIanobook  of  Tkkes  of  the  Nohtiikkn   States   and   Canada. 


17 


The  Jersey  Pine  is  usually  a  tree  of  medium 
stature,  rarely  more  than  40  or  50  ft.  in 
height,  or  of  greater  thicivness  of  trunk  than 
18  in.  In  the  western  part  of  its  range,  how- 
ever, particularly  in  southern  Indiana,  it 
sometimes  attains  twice  the  above  dimensions. 
It  develops  a  rather  irregular  wide  rounded 
top  of  long  and  somewhat  pendulous  branches, 
though  when  young  the  trees  are  more  of  a 
pyramidal  habit  of  growth.  It  is  readily  dis- 
tinguished by  its  short  twisted  leaves  dis- 
tributed in  pairs  along  its  purple  branchlets. 
The  bark  of  trunk  is  dark  reddish  brown,  rough 
with  scaly  irregular  plates  and  ridges.  The 
tree  has  little  to  recommend  it  from  an  orna- 
mental or  economic  standpoint,  its  chief  point 
of  merit  being  the  facility  with  which  it 
propagates  itself  and  covers  neglected  worn 
out  agricultural  land  with  new  forest  growth. 

The  wood  is  rather  light,  soft,  not  strong, 
brittle  and  of  a  light  reddish  brown  color  with 
abundant  lighter  sap-wood.  A  cubic  foot  when 
absolutely  dry  weighs  33.09  lbs.  It  is  used  for 
fuel  and  occasionally  for  lumber  for  general 
construction  purposes.2 

Leaves  in  remote  clusters  of  2,  with  small  per- 
sistent sheaths,  1%  to  2%  in.  long,  dark  green, 
stout,  spreading,  more  or  less  curved  and  twisted, 
with  many  rows  of  stomata,  2  fibro-vascular 
bundles  and  resin-ducts  in  parenchyma ;  braneli- 
lets  flexible  and  distinctly  purple  in  color. 
Floicrrs:  staminate  orange-brown,  in  crowded 
clusters ;  pistillate  pale  and  rose  color,  single  or 
few  together,  with  long  stalks  lateral  upon  the 
branchlets.  Coucs  few,  narrow  ovoid,  2-.'?  in.  long 
with  scales  thickened  at  apex  and  provided  with 
a  prickle  ;  seeds  compressed  ovoid,  nearly  i/4  in. 
long  and  with  ample  wing  broadest  at  about  the 
center. 

1.  !5yn.   I'iiiiis   iiioi)s  Ait. 

2.  A.   W.,  IV,  98. 


TABLE-MOUNTAIN  PINE. 

Pinus  pungens  Michx, 


Fig.  i8.     Branch    with    leaves    and    mature    and    young    cones, 
cone,  2 ;  detached  leaf-clusters,  3. 

19.     Trunk  of  tree  with  cones  at  base.     Near  Washington,  D.  C, 


seeds    and    detached    scales    of 


Handbook  of  Tkees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canad.' 


19 


The  Table-IMountain  Pine  deserves  its  name 
from  being  tonfined  in  its  natural  distribution 
mainly  to  tlu'  dry  gravelly  table-lands  and 
slopes  of  tlie  Appalachian  Mts.,  though  it  is 
found  to  be  hardy  and  thrives  well  when 
planted  outside  of  this  limited  range  —  over 
the  middle  and  eastern  states  generally.  To 
the  nortliward  it  is  local  in  its  distribution 
and  generally  scattered  among  other  trees 
such  as  the  Yellow.  Pitch  and  Jersey  Pines, 
Oaks,  Hickories,  etc.,  but  in  the  southern 
Alleghenies  it  forms  nearly  exclusive  forests 
of  considerable  e.xtent.  It  rarely  exceeds  60 
or  70  ft.  in  height  or  2  or  3  ft.  in  diameter  of 
trunk,  and  develops  a  wide  rounded  or  often 
irregular  top.  The  bark  of  trunk  is  a  dark 
reddish  brown  color  rough  witii  irregular  scaly 
plates  and  ridges.  A  character  by  which  it  is 
readily  distinguished  from  all  other  eastern 
Pines  is  its  massive  cones  armed  with  very 
thick  curved  spines,  more  suggestive  of 
various  species  of  the  Pacific  slope  than  are 
those  of  any  other  eastern  species. 

Its  wood  is  light,  soft,  brittle,  coarse-grained 
and  of  a  pale  reddish  brown  color  with  thick 
lighter  sap-wood.  A  cubic  foot,  when  abso- 
lutely dry,  weighs  30.75  lbs.  It  is  little  used 
excepting  for  fuel  and  charcoal. i 

Leaves  in  crowded  clusters  of  2.  2-4  in.  Ion',' 
with  short  persistent  sheaths,  stotU,  stiff,  more  or 
less  twisted,  with  2  fibro-vascular  luiiulli's  and 
resin-ducts  in  parenchyma  ;  branclilcts  short,  dark 
brown  and  rough.  Flowers:  staminatf  yellow,  in 
loose  clusters  ;  the  pistillate  long-stalked,  lateral 
and  generally  in  whorls  of  2  to  .">  or  more.  Coiks 
short-ovoid,  .".-4  in.  long,  lateral  and  in  whorls 
upon  the  hranchlet,  oblique  at  base,  sessile  and 
with  scales,  especially  those  of  the  outer  side  near 
base,  much  thickened,  with  prominent  transverse 
ridge  and  armed  with  a  strong  Hat  curved  prickle  : 
seeds  rounded  triangular,  nearly  14  in.  long,  and 
with  wings  broadest  near  the  center. 


1.   .\.    \V. 


XII 


298. 


TAMARACK.     EASTERN  LARCH. 

Larix  Americana  Michx.^ 


Fig.  20.  Branchlets  with  fascicles  of  leaves  and  cones,  i  ;  detached  scale  with  its  two  seeds,  2  ; 
scattered  seeds,  3  ;  tip  of  branchlet  showing  solitary  leaves  on  first  season's  growth,  4 ;  branchlet 
in  winter,  5. 

21.  Trunk  of  tree,  in  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 

22.  Wood  structure  magnified    15   diameters. 


Handbook  of  Tkkks   ok   the  North i:k.\    States   and   Can. 


■21 


The  Tamarack  is  a  beautiful  tree  not  often 
over  ()U  ft.  in  height  nor  witli  trunk  niiuf  than 
ti  ft.  in  thickness.  Its  liuiik  is  usually 
straiglit  and  columnar  or  slightly  tapering, 
witli  scaly  bark  showing  little  tendency  to 
become  ridged  and  its  top  is  usually  of  narrow- 
pyramidal  form  with  short  horizontal  l)ranches 
and  open  airy  foliage.  It  is  distinctively  a 
tree  of  swampy  lands,  venturing  farther  out 
on  low  lake  shores  and  quaking  sphagnum 
bogs  than  any  other  tree  excepting  sometimes 
the  Swamp  Spruce  and  these  regions  it  char- 
acterizes in  summer  with  its  pale  green  foliage 
or  lights  up  in  autumn  with  its  covering  of 
bright  yellow.  To  the  northward  in  its  range 
where  it  is  very  abundant,  it  is  found  also  on 
well  drained  uplands  forming  in  places  ex- 
tensive tracts  of  open  forest.  With  the  Black 
Spruce  it  forms  the  vanguard  of  the  forests 
in  the  subarctic  regions  and  there  maintains 
tree-form  battling  with  the  elements  while  its 
companion  is  prone  upon  the  ground  but  still 
engaged  in  the  struggle. 

The  wood,  of  which  a  cubic   foot  when  dry 

weighs  38.86  lbs.,  is  rather  hard,  heavy,  strong 

and  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil.     It 

is    of    a    light    orange-brown    color    with    thin 

lighter    sap-wood    and    is    valued    for    railway 

ties,    posts,    planks    and    lumber    for    interior 

finishing.2 

Lravrf!  very  slender,  numerous,  in  fascicles  on 
short  lateral  "spurs,  or  singly  on  new  shoots,  %- 
IV4  in.  Ions,  linear,  triansular,  pale  green,  turning 
yellow  and  falling  in  autumn.  Floicrrfi  appear 
with  the  leaves :  staminate  yellow,  subglobose 
from  leafless  scaly  buds ;  pistillate  oblong  with 
rose-red  rounded  "scales,  on  lateral  mostly  leafy 
spurs.  Cones  oblong,  about  Vo  in.  long  on  short 
peduncles  and  composed  of  about  12  thin  concave 
suborbicular  persistent  scales  about  twice  as  long 
as  their  bracts  ;  seeds  about  Vs  in.  long,  with  light 
brown  wing  broadest  at  about  the  middle.' 

1.  Syn.   L.   laracina    (DuRoi)    Koch. 

2.  A.  W.,  I,  23. 
For  genus  see 


m&^F 


-r^^l 


BLUE  SPRUCE.     SILVER  SPRUCE. 

Picea  Parryana  (Andre)  Sarg.^ 


Fig.  23.  Branchlets  with  leaves  and  mature  cones,  i ;  detached  scales,  upper  side  (towards  apex) 
showing  seeds,  2;  do,  under  side  (towards  stem),  showing  bract,  3;  sterile  branchlets,  4;  branchlet 
from  which  leaves  have  been  removed,  magnified  to  show  glabrous  nature,  persistent  bases  of 
leaves,  etc.,  5. 

24.  Trunk  with  foliage  at  base  and  2-ft.  rule.     Rocky  Mountains,  Colo. 

25.  Wood  structure  magnified    15   diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern   States  and  Canada.        23 

Tins  beautiful  Spruce  is  restricted  in  its 
natural  home  to  the  banks  and  vicinity  of 
mountain  streams  of  Colorado,  Wyoming  and 
Utah,  between  the  altitudes  of  0500  and 
H)000  ft.  In  these  localities  it  sometimes 
attains  in  the  forests  a  heij,'lit  of  100  or  ex- 
ceptionally 150  ft.,  with  trunk  2-3  ft.  in  thick- 
ness and  narrow  often  irregular  open  top. 
The  isolated  tree,  however,  especially  in  its 
youth,  possesses  a  rare  and  uiiicpie  type  of 
beauty.  Its  branches  grow  out  in  sj'mmetrical 
whorls  of  flattened  sprays  longest  near  tlie 
ground  and  successively  shorter  towards  tl-.o 
top,  forming  a  perfect  and  beautiful  pyramid. 
Tills  is  farther  enhanced  by  the  massed  toliaga 
Oa  silvery  blue  or  tints  ranging  from  that  to  a 
purplish  blue  or  green,  a  single  bed  of  seedlingi 
presenting  perhaps  the  entire  range.  Its 
beautiful  form  ami  color  together  with  its 
hardiness  make  it  one  of  the  most  valuable 
acquisitions  for  ornamental  planting  of  recent 
years. 

The  wood  of  the  Blue  Spruce  is  light,  a  cu. 
ft.  weighing  2.'?. 31  lbs.,  soft,  with  satiny  sur- 
face and  suitable  for  the  uses  mentioned  of  the 
Red  Spruce. - 

Lrarcfi  risid,  4-sid('(l,  from  'i  in.  on  fertile 
branches  to  l^^  in.  Ion?,'  on  sterile,  curved,  sijiny. 
acuminate,  bluish  green  to  silvery  or  dull  green  ; 
branchlets  glaboiis.  FInircrs  reddish  yellow  ;  pis- 
tillate with  broad  denticulate  scales  and  acute 
bract.  Fruit:  cones  subsessile,  oblonsr-cylindrical. 
;i^-4  in.  long  with  ulossy  rhoiiiboidai  flexuose 
scales  narrow  and  erose-dciuate  at  the  elongated 
apex;  seed    M^   in.  long  with  sliort   wide  wing.-' 

1.  Syn.  P.  pungens  Engelm. 

2.  A.  W.,  XI,  275. 

3.  For  genus   see  p.   420. 


WHITE  SPRUCE. 

Picea  Canadensis  (Mill.)  B.  S.  P. 


A. 

HI 

i 

X 

> 

u  J 

■R 

^\    m 

^ 

^^  ^^0/^ffS&KKtL 

n 

k\ 

% 

V 

ftJi 

yy'     ^ 

i 
^ 

;j. 

1 

r^.  ,;MkWfi 

k  1 

IK^ 

^ 

ik.J 

^ 

9\ 

^^i'l 

1 

>     V 

i  — 

* 

^3 

-^^H 

L 

Fig.  26.     Portion  of  branch  bearing  cones,    i  :   seeds.   2  :   end   of   a   sterile   lower  branchlet,   3  ;   end 
27.     Trunk  near  Lake   Placid.  Adirondacks,   N.   Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Nortiiekn   States  and  Canada. 


25 


This  handsome  Spruce  considerably  re- 
sembles the  Balsam  Fir  in  habit  of  developing 
when  isolated  a  symmetrical  narrow  pyramidal 
head  of  dense  folia^^e,  and  then  usually  does 
attain  a  greater  heiglit  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  than  50  or  tiU  ft.  When  crowded 
in  forests  it  attains  a  much  greater  height, 
sometimes  even  150  ft.,  with  straight  trunk 
3-4  ft.  in  diameter.  Its  bark  is  reddish  brown, 
rough  with  irregular  scales  and  its  foliage  has 
a  marked  and  characteristic  rank  odor.  In 
company  with  the  Aspen,  Canoe  Birch,  Balsam, 
Black  Spruce,  etc.,  it  be:autifies  the  banks  of 
streams  and  lake  shores  of  the  far  north, 
scarcely  finding  even  in  the  climate  of  our 
northernmost  states  a  temperature  cold 
enough  for  its  best  development. 

The  physical  properties  and  uses  of  the  wood 
of  the  White  Spruce  are  quite  the  same  as 
those  of  the  Red  Spruce.  A  cubic  foot  when 
thoroughly  seasoned  weighs  25.25  lbs. 2 

Leaves  Mi-1  in.  Ion'?,  incurved  and  crowded  on 
the  top  of  the  branchlets,  4-sided  with  stomata  on 
each  side,  glaucous  green  and  with  sharp  rigid 
tips ;  branchlets  glaucous.  Floirers  appear  in 
May,  oblong-cylindrical  :  staminate  reddish  yel- 
low :  pistillate  greenish  rod  with  broad  rounded 
entire  scales  and  denticulate  bracts.  Con's 
nodding,  slender,  oblong-cylindrical,  nearly  sessilo. 
about  2  in.  long,  mostly  falling  in  autumn  ;  obtuse 
at  apex  and  with  very  thin  nearly  orbicular  scales 
truncate  or  sometimes  refuse  and  entire  at  apex  ; 
seeds  about  %  in.  long  with  large  wing  oblique  at 
apex. 

1.   Syn.  Pica  alba   Link. 

■-'.   .\.   W.,   IV,   100. 


RED  SPRUCE. 

Picea  ruhens  Sarg.-^ 


Fig.  28.  Branchlets  with  mature  cones,  i  ;  sterile  lower  branchlets,  2  ;  detached  scale,  under  side, 
3  ;  do,  upper  side,  showing  seeds,  4 ;  separated  seeds,  s  ;  a  terminal  shoot,  6  ;  branchlet  magnified 
to  show  pubescence,  7. 

29.     Trunk  and  Rhododendron  foliage  in  background.     Alleghany  Mountains,  N.  C. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Nohtjikkx   States  and  Canada. 


27 


The  Red  Spruce  occasionally  attains  tlip 
height  of  100  ft.,  with  trunk  from  2-4  ft.  in 
diameter,  but  usually  is  considerably  sniaUcr. 
When  massed  in  the  forests  it  develops  a 
straight  columnar  trunk  vested  in  a  rather 
thin  irregularly  scaly  reddish  brown  bark  and 
small  horizontal  branches.  Isolated  trees,  ex- 
tending their  lower  branches  farther  out, 
downward  and  then  curving  gracefully  upward, 
form  a  wide  and  rather  open  pyramidal  top. 
It  is  one  of  the  most  abundant  of  the  forest 
trees  of  northern  New  York  and  New  England, 
where  it  is  associated  with  the  Hemlock, 
Beech,  Yellow  Birch,  Sugar  Maple,  Butternut, 
etc.  and  in  places  forms  quite  exclusive  tracts 
of  forest. 

The  wood  is  light,  a  cu.  ft.  when  absolutely 
dry  weighing  28.57  lbs.,  and  moderately  soft, 
but  strong  and  elastic  and  is  valued  for  lumber 
for  general  construction  purposes,  flooring, 
etc.  and  particularly  for  sounding  boards  for 
musical  instruments.  Tt  is  also  extensively 
used  for  paper-pulp  and  its  resinous  exudation 
yields  a  large  part  of  the  Spruce  Gum  of 
commerce.2 


Lenrcfi  from  ^'2-%  in-  l<'ns.  inctirvod,  with  acute 
callous  tips,  lustrous  dark  .uiccn  with  4  row.s  of 
stomal  a  al)ov('  and  2  rows  hciicath  on  each  side 
of  midrib  :  hraru'hlcts  stout,  iiulicsccnt.  Floirrrs 
open  in  May  :  staminato  oblonu-cylindi-ical  :  jiis- 
tillate  oblong  with  reflexed  and  thin  rounded 
scales  and  small  bracts.  ('tuns  dvoid-obloiii;, 
l'i-2  in.  long  on  short  straight  or  incurved  stalks. 
a<'ute  at  apex  with  rigid  puberulous  scales  rounded 
and  entire  or  slightly  eroded  at  apex,  green  or 
[)urplish,  mostly  falling  in  autumn  or  early  winter 
and  becoming  brown  ;  seeds  dark  brown,  about  '^ 
in.  long  with  wing  broad  and  rounded  above  the 
middle. 

1.  Syn.    P.    rubr 
Poir.    (in   part). 

2.  A.    W.,    I,    20. 


(Poir.)     Diet.        Abies    nisjn 


BLACK  SPRUCE.     SWAMP  SPRUCE. 

Picea  Mariana  (Mill.)  B.  S.  P.^ 


Fig.  30.  Branchlets  with  cones,  i  ;  scale  of  cone,  under  side  showing  bract,  2 ;  do,  upper  side 
showing  seeds,  3;  separated  seeds,  4;  end  of  a  terminal  shoot,  5;  leafless  branchlet  enlarged  to 
show  pubescence,  etc.,  C 

31.     Trunk  with  spray  of  foliage  at  base.     Near  Lake  Placid,  N.  Y. 


Handkook  of  Treks  of  tjib  Nortiiekn   States  and  Canada. 

Tlie  Black  Spruce  in  forest  {growth,  wlicre  f 
climate  and  conditions  are  most  favorable,  is 
found  sometimes  attaining  tlie  height  of  Sd - 
100  ft.,  with  a  trunk  "2-3  ft.  in  diameter,  hut 
sucii  conditions  are  only  found  in  regions 
north  of  the  United  States  where  the  climate 
is  too  severe  for  the  endurance  of  most  of  our 
trees. 

This  tree  with  the  Tamarack  marks  tlie 
limit  of  tree  growth  in  the  far  north  and 
e>  tends  in  raiigi»  nearly  across  the  continent, 
growing  alike  on  holtom-lands  and  mountain 
slopes.  Within  the  limits  of  the  Tnited 
States,  however,  conditions  seem  to  be  Ifss 
favorable.  Here  it  is  confined  to  low  bottom- 
lands, sphagnum  swamps  and  the  margins  of 
ponds,  where  its  dwarfed  and  picturesque 
luirrow  forms  with  gracefully  curved  branches 
and  bluish  green  foliage  are  pleasing  and 
characteristic  features.  It  is  found  even 
growing  to  great  aga  in  the  floating  bogs  about 
the  shores  of  small  lakes  in  northern  Minne- 
sota and  producing  cones  in  abundance,  even 
though  no  more  than  2  or  3  ft.  in  height. 

The  wood  of  the  Black  Spruce  is  light,  a  cu. 

ft.    weighing    32. SG    lbs.,    soft    and    useful    for 

pa])er  pulp  and  lumber  when  of  sullicient  siz:^.2 

Considerable  spruce  gum   is  aho  derived  from 

this  tree. 

Leaves  usually  M-%  in.  long,  crowded  and  more 
or  loss  curved,  stiff  and  with  sharp  callous  tii)s. 
hluc-ffrcon  with  n\uiiorous  stoma;  a  above  and 
fcwiT  Ix'noatli  :  liranchlois  iiuhoscciit.  Flowers: 
sinminnic  iil)l(iii.<r  witli  rrddisli  anthers:  pistillate 
otilotT,'  will]  tliin  rcllcxi'd  scales  and  rounded  erose 
hracts.  Fruit:  cones  ovnto.  porsistin','  often  2  or 
more  sonsons.  strongly  roflexod  noon  the  Itranch- 
lots,  %-lV2  in.  long,  narrowing  to  a  strongly  in- 
curved stalk,  with  scales  rounded  and  more  or 
less  erose-dentate  at  noex  :  seeds  about  '/s  in. 
leng  with  ample  pale  brown  wing  widest  above  the 
middle. 

1.   Syn.  P.  hrcvifolia  Peek. 


29 


HEMLOCK. 

Tsuga  Canadensis  (L.)  Carr. 


Fig.  32.     Branchlet   with    leaves   and   cones,    i  ;    scale    of    cone,    upper    side    showing   its    seeds, 
scattered  seeds,  3  ;  branchlet  with  two  leaves   (upper  and  under  surfaces)    magnified,  4. 

33.  Trunk  with  spray  of  foliage  at  base,  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 

34.  Wood  structure  magnified   15   diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Noktjieen  States  and  Canada. 


31 


The  Ilciiiloik  is  a  liaiulsomc  lice,  soiiict lines 
athiinin,!,'  HMt  It.  in  liriuht.  witli  Irnnk  :!-  t  ft. 
in    (liaiiict.T     \v>t.'.l     in    a    .lark     ri.l-rd    i)ark. 


■    trci 
idal   1 

icll.'-. 


.])    NV.tll 

:uid   {\u- 
V     litrlit 


Wlii'ii    -^nowin^'    apart    tiDin    otli 

volops  ii  ratlicr  ()|)cn   wide   |i\  rai 

outward  eurviii-,'  <>r  drn(i|dn,u  lir: 

Hat    sprays    of    foiia^'c    air    par 

and    graceful    in    appearance,    of    dark    j;recii 

color    ahove    and    sliowinj,'    in    ]iretty    contrast 

the  whitish   under  surfaces  wliCTi  turned  up  by 

the    winds.      The    heauty    is   enhanced    in    early 

suninier    by    each    liranrhlet    Ixdn^'    tijtped    with 

the    delicate     lij;ht    j,n-cen     lu'w     shoots    of    the 

season.     It  was  once  one  of  llie  most  abundant 

trees   of   the   nortlieastern    forest,   but   such    is 

the  value  of  its  bark  for  tanning  purposes  that 

tliey    have    nearly    all     been     destroyed,    only 

scattering  trees  now  remaining.     It  thrives  on 

well-drained     uplands     and     slopes     of    ravines 

usually  in  company  with  the  White  Pine,  Red 

S]inice.     .Maples,     Beech.     Yellow     Birch,     etc., 

though  in  places  forming  (piite  exclusive  tracts 

of  forest. 

The  wood   is  .soft,   light    (a   cu.   ft.   weighing 

26.42  lbs.)    brittle  and  mainly  u.sed  for  coarse 

lumber     for     general     construction     purposes. 

The  bark  of  the  tree  for  tanning  purposes  has, 

until  recent  advances  in  prices  of  lumber,  been 

considered  its  chief  point  of  value.i 

Learrs  flat,  ol)long-linear,  %-%  in.  long, 
rounded  at  apex,  lustrous  and  centrally  grooved 
ahove  and  whitish  with  ."»  or  C  rows  of  stomata 
on  each  side  of  midrib  beneath  ;  branehlets  rough 
with  their  persistent  bases.  Floirvrs  appear  in 
May:  staminate  light  yellow;  pistillate  pinkish 
green  with  broad  laciniate  liraets  shorter  than 
their  scales.  Cones  ovatt^-oblong.  '■_>-%  in.  long, 
acute  with  short  stalk,  snborhiciilar  scales  and 
broad  truncate  laciniate  l)racts  :  seeds  about  one- 
sixteenth  in.  long  and  wings  about  twice  as  long, 
broadest  near  the  bases. - 

1.  A.   W.,   I,  21. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  420. 


CAROLINA  HEMLOCK. 

Tsuga  Cavoliniana  Eiigcli 


Fig.  35.     Branch  with  leaves  and  open  cones  liberating  seeds,   i  ;  isolated  seeds,  2. 
z6.     Trtink  of  tree,  on  Blue  Ridge  Mountains,  N.  C. 


Handbook  of  Tkees  of  the  ISTortiiekn   States  and  Canada. 


33 


This  rare  troo  is  coiirmcd  to  the  Blue  Ridge 
of  the  Allegheny  Mts.,  ranging  in  altitude  from 
about  ^UOO  to  ;W}00  ft.,  in  cnnipany  with  tiie 
eoiuuion  llenih.k.  \Miite  I'ine.  various  Oaks, 
lliekories.  Sugar  Maple,  Sour-wood,  Silver- 
bell    Tree,   ete.,   or    oceasioiuillv    forinint:   (luite 


exclusive  groves. 


our-woou 
lly  forming  (jt 
It  rarely  exceeds  7t)  ft.  in 
lieiglit  or  2  ft.  in  diameter  of  trunk,  and  has 
rather  comjiact  pyramidal  top  and  dark  fur- 
rowed bark  of  trunk.  It  is  so  often  confined  to 
Bteep  and  almost  inaccessible  crags  with  roots 
intertwined  among  the  rocks  that  we  are  led 
to  infer  that  it  alone  is  capable  of  maintain- 
ing a  foothold  in  such  localities,  and  that  the 
other  trees  of  the  forest  ninst  have  crowded  it 
out  from  places  of  easier  footing.  It  is  a  tree 
well  worthy  of  ornamental  planting  for  which 
it  is  occasionally  employed. 

Its  wood  is  very  similar  to  that  of  tlie  com- 
mon Hemlock,  a  cu.  ft.  weigliing  20.04  lbs., 
and  applicable  to  the  same  uses  though  not 
abundant  enough  to  be  of  commercial  im- 
portance.! 

I. ((ins  flat.  linear.  ^U-%  in.  Ions,  potiolate. 
olitiisc  and  often  refuse  at  apex,  lustrous  dark 
green  and  with  conspicuous  central  groove  alcove, 
marked  with  white  bands  of  7  or  8  rows  of 
stoniata  on  each  side  of  the  midrib  beneath  and 
forming  a  flatfish  spray  but  not  as  flat  as  that  of 
the  7'.  raiwdrnsis.  Flowers:  staminate  purplish  ; 
pistiUate  purple  with  broad  ovate  bracts  about  as 
Ions;  as  the  scales.  Cours  ohions,  1-1  i/o  in.  long 
with  short  stalks  and  oblong  obtuse  fine  but 
scarcely  woody  puberulous  scales  widely  spreading 
at  maturity  and  ample  bracts  about  half  as  long 
as  scales  ;  seeds  about  one-sixth  in.  long  with 
large  wing  broadest  near  the  base. 


.\.   W..   XII 


200. 


BALSAM  FIR. 

Ahies  halsamea  (L.)  Mill. 


Fig.  27-  Branchlet  with  mature  closed  cone  bearing  beads  of  pitch,  i  ;  section  of  upper  main 
stem  of  tree,  with  branchlet  bearing  disintegrating  cones,  and  scattered  scales  and  seeds,  2  (Note 
the  very  small  bract)  ;  detached  closed  cones,  3  ;  sterile  branchlets,  4 ;  leafless  branchlet  magnified,  5. 

38.  Trunk  showing  blisters  and  trickling  free  pitch,  above. 

39.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Tre,ks  of  the  North  khx   States  axd  Canada.        35 


Tliis  is  a  handsome  tree  of  characteristie 
aspect  and  rarely  attains  more  than  75  ft.  in 
height  or  with  trunk  more  than  ly-^  ft.  in 
diameter.  Its  brandies  are  arranged  in 
whorls  usually  of  from  4-G,  the  longest  at  the 
bottom  and  the  others  successively  shorter  to 
a  narrow  pointed  summit.  The  bark  of  all 
but  the  oldest  trunks  is  abundantly  supplied 
with  resin  blisters  which  yield  the  Canada 
Balsam  of  commerce.  Very  different  from  the 
Fraser  Fir  this  tree  is  a  lover  of  bottom-lands 
and  moist  slopes,  and  is  of  very  wide  distribu- 
tion. Its  abundant  spire-shaped  tops  indicate 
the  location  of  swampy  tracts  in  northern 
regions  from  the  Atlantic  nearly  to  the  Pacific, 
and  its  soft  fragrant  branches  can  be  gen- 
erally depended  upon  to  furnish  the  favorite 
"  balsam  pillows  "  for  campers  throughout  the 
forests  of  this  vast  range.  Rarely  forming  ex- 
clusive forests  of  any  extent,  it  associates  with 
the  Tamarack,  Black  Ash,  Black  Spruce,  Arbor 
Vitse,  etc.  or  where  it  is  less  common  on  up- 
lands with  Beeches,  Hemlocks,  etc. 

Its  wood,  a  cu.  ft.  of  which  when  absolutely 

dry   weigliing  2.3.80   lbs.,   is  occasionally   sawn 

into  lumber  for  boxes,  etc.,  and  of  late  is  being 

used  in  the  manufacture  of  paper,  i 

Leaves  about  %  in.  long  and  aciito,  on  com' 
boaring  branches,  and  1  in.  or  mort'  and  mostly 
rounded  at  apes  on  sterile  liranclu's.  I'hnrirs  in 
May  :  pistillate  with  nearly  orbicular  purple 
scales  smaller  than  the  bracts  which  ar(>  obcor- 
date,  serrulate  with  projected  slender  tip.  Cones 
2-4  in.  long,  oblong-cylindrical,  rounded  at  tip 
generally  bearing  beads  of  free  pitch  with  scales 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  bracts,  or  rarely  with 
bracts  somewhat  longer  than  the  scales.^ 

1.  A.   W.,  I,  22. 

2.  For  genus   see   p.   421. 


FRASER  FIR. 

Ahies  Fraseri  (Pursh.)  Lindl. 


branchlet  with   dis- 

sterile  branchlet, 

under  side,  s  ;  same,  upper  side,  6  ;  do,  from  near  top  of  the 


Fig.  40.     Tip  of  main  stem  of  tree  bearing  branchlet  with   mature   cones 
integrating  cone,  2;  detached  scales  and  seed,  3  (Note  the  large  exserted  bract) 
terminal,  4  ;  do,  from  lower  branch 
tree,  7- 

41.     Trunk  with  spray  of  foliage  at  base. 


Great  Smoky  Mountains,  N.  C. 


Handbook  of  Tkees  of  the  JSTobthkux   Statks  and  Caxada, 


Tlie  Frasor  Fir  is  a  Irco  of  medium  size, 
usually  :{()-. ")0  ft.  in  lici;;hl.  or  soiuetiuios  70 
ft.,  witii  trunk  l-ii'j  It.  in  diaini'trr.  Wiicii 
sufliciently  isolatcl  it  (irvcloiis  a  distinct 
pyramidal  top  witli  wliorls  of  lonj,'  horizontal 
lower  branches,  those  above  successively  shorter 
to  the  pointed  apc.\.  The  bark  of  the  younj^-r 
trunks  is  copiously  resin-blistered,  tluit  of 
older  trunks  becoming  covered  with  thin  yel- 
lowish gray  papery  scales,  (piite  different  from 
that  of  the  Balsam  Fir.  One  of  the  most  re- 
stricted trees  of  eastern  rnitcil  States  in  dis- 
tribution it  is  found  only  at  altitudes  of  from 
4000  to  6000  ft.  on  tiie  highest  peaks  of  t'le 
Allegheny  Mountains,  clothing  their  dry  sum- 
mits either  with  exclusive  groves  or  in  com- 
pany with  the  Red  Spruce  (called  locally  by 
the  mountaineers  "  He  Balsam  "  in  distinction 
from  this  the  "Site  Balsam  ")  Mountain  Ash. 
Yellow  Birch,  etc.  This  requirement  in  the 
Fraser  Fir  for  dry  localities  is  strangely  dif- 
ferent from  tlie  love  of  the  Northern  Balsam 
Fir   for   wet   low-lands. 

Its   wood   is   light,  a   cu.    ft.   weighing   22.22 

lbs.   and   seems   to  be  but   little   used,   perhaps 

due  to  inaccessibility  though  applicable  to  the 

uses     mentioned     of    the    other     species.       Its 

branches  are  jjopular  for  use  in  making  balsam 

pillows.i 

Leaves  flat,  %-l  in.  Ion?,  those  of  the  sterile 
branches  emarginate  and  those  of  the  fertile  acute 
at  apex,  dark  green  and  centrally  grooved  above, 
silvery  white  beneath  with  8-12  rows  of  stomata. 
Flou-rrs  in  May  :  staminate  reddish  yellow  :  pis- 
tillate with  scales  much  broader  than  long  and 
shorter  than  the  exscrted  i).'ile  yellow-green  br.-u-ts. 
Cones  mature  in  ScptiMiilier,  (ivoM-eblong,  2-2Vj  in. 
long,  dark  imrple  with  scales  wider  tban  long'and 
with  long  exserted  pale  yellow-green  rettexed 
bracts,  aristate  at  apex  :  si'eds  about  %  in.  long 
with  very  wide  wing  oblique  at  apex. 

1.    A.    W..   XII,   300. 


BALD  CYPRESS. 

Taxodiinn  distichmn  (L.)  Rich. 


Fig.  42.  Fruiting  branchlet  with  closed  cones,  i  ;  cone  disintegrating,  2 ;  scale  and  seed  in 
section,  3 ;  sterile  branchlet  from  lower  branches,  4 ;  branchlet  bearing  clusters  of  staminate 
flower-buds,  5  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  6. 

43.  Trunks  and  "knees"  in  St.  Francis  River  swamp,  Ark. 

44.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Noktiikrn   vState.s  and  Canada. 


39 


This  valuable  and  majestic  tree  occasionally 
attains  the  height  of  150  ft.  with  a  trunk  8  or 
10  ft.  in  diameter.  W  lien  young  it  dcvclo])^ 
a  symmetrical  pyramidal  top  with  upturned 
branches  and  drooping  branehlets,  but  the  old 
forest  monarchs  are  more  like  inverted  pyra 
mids  in  shape,  with  wide  and  Hat  or  slightly 
rounded  tops  narowing  down  to  long  naked 
trunks.  Its  trunk  is  very  wide  and  strongly 
buttressed  at  base,  especially  when  growing  in 
water  or  wet  localities,  and  there  it  also  send-^ 
up  from  its  roots  steeple-shaped  projections 
known  as  "  knees,"  the  functions  of  which 
seem  to  be  mechanical  —  to  anchor  the  tree 
more  firmly  in  the  loose  soil  in  which  it  grows. 
In  the  southern  part  of  its  range  it  occupies 
vast  tracts  of  swampy  lands,  either  forming 
nearly  exclusive  forests  or  in  company  with  the 
Tupelos,  Sweet  Gum,  \Yater  Locust,  Red  Bay. 
etc.  To  the  northward  it  is  less  abundant  and 
is  found  in  company  with  various  swamp- 
loving  trees. 

Its  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot  when  abso- 
lutely dry  weighs  28.31  lbs.,  is  one  of  the  great 
resources  of  the  southern  states  being  highly 
valued  for  railway  ties,  posts,  shingles,  lumber 
for  general  construction  purposes,  etc.  Its 
great  durability,  innnunity  from  the  attacks  of 
parasites  and  non-liability  to  great  shrinking 
or  warping  make  it  one  of  our  most  valuable 
woods  for  all  wood-work  exposed  to  the 
weather,  for  tank  construction,  cooperage,  etc. 
Its  value  for  the  latter  use  is  enhanced  by  its 
comparative  freedom  from  coloring  or  flavor- 
ing ingredients. 1 

T.rai-rs  Vo--%  in.  Ions.  thin,  apiculatcd.  rather 
light  yellow  groon,  di'cidiious  and  form  ins  a  fhit 
spray  of  whicli  the  hranchh'ts  arc  also  dccidiious  ; 
shorter  ^calo-lilvc  leaves  on  tlowerins  brandies. 
Floircis:  staminate  in  paniclos  4-.")  in.  long  :  fiower- 
bnds  nearly  %  in.  long,  purple  at  maturity.  Cones 
suhglobose.  about  1  in.  in  diameter,  usually  few 
together  at  the  end  of  the  branch. - 

1.  A.    W.,    V,    119. 

2.  For   genus   see   p.   421. 


ARBOR  VIT/E.     WHITE  CEDAR. 

Thuja  occidentalis  L. 


Fig.  45.     Branchlets  with  mature  cones,  i  ;  scattered  seeds,  2. 

46.  Trunk  with  branch  at  base.     Adirondack  region,  N.  Y. 

47.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


Handbook   of  Trees  of   'riiF  Xoktiikkx   States   and   ("anada. 

The    Arbor- Vitse    is    a    tree   commonly    from 
50-00   ft.  in   lu'i"ht   and  2-:)   ft.  in  di.inicttT  of 


41 


trunk,  or  sometinies  larj^cr,  and  dexelops  a 
wide-based  pyramidal  lu-ad  wlu-n  growing 
apart  from  otlier  trees.  ll  soin<'tinii's  forms 
exclusive  and  dense  forests  in  swampy  locali- 
ties and  along  the  banks  of  streams,  but  is 
oftener  in  company  with  the  Black  Ash,  Swamp 
Spruce,  Canoe  Birch,  Red  and  Silver  Maples, 
Tamarack,  Balsam  Fir,  etc.  It  is  abundant 
and  of  quite  general  distribution  in  sudiciently 
moist  localities  throughout  the  northern  jjart 
of  its  range,  but  in  the  southern  Alleghenies 
occurs  only  at  high  altitudes. 

The  fragrant  light  wood  of  the  Arl)or-Vitie, 
of  wiiich  a  cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry 
weighs  19.72  lbs.,  is  highly  valued  in  the  con- 
struction of  light  boats,  canoes,  etc.,  and  is 
one  of  the  best  woods  within  its  realm  for 
shingles,  and  from  the  slim  forest-grown  trunks 
of  this  tree  more  than  any  other  come  the  fence 
posts  and  telegraph  poles  of  the  northeastern 
states  and  Canada.  It  is  often  jjlanted  for 
ornamental  purposes  and  several  nursery 
forms  are  found.  Medicinal  properties  are 
ascribed  to  its  leaves.i 

Leaves  of  the  ultimate  branchlets  scale-like,  ap- 
pressed.  about  Vs  in.  long  apiculate  and  glandular, 
the  2  lateral  rows  .strongly  keeled  and  the  other 
two  rows  flat,  forming  a  very  flat  branehlet. 
Floicers  in  April  and  May,  inconspicuous  ;  stami- 
nate  yellow  ;  pistillate  purplish  green.  Cones  ma- 
ture in  early  autumn,  %-%  in.  long;  seeds  about 
%  in.  long  with  wings  about  as  broad  as  the  body.= 

1.  A.    W.,    I,    24. 

2.  Eor  genus  see   p.   421. 


k:J^ 


:.r*^Sfe^ 


COAST  WHITE  CEDAR. 

Chamwcy puris  thyoides  (L.)  B.  S.  P. 


Fig.  48.     Sterile  branchlet,  i  ;  fertile  branchlets  with  mature  cones,  2 ;  scattered  seeds,  3. 

49.  Trunk  of  tree,  near  Seaford,  Delaware. 

50.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  NoiniiKKN   States  and  Canada. 


43 


Thi3  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  as  well  as 
one  of  the  most  useful  of  the  cone-bearing 
trees  of  eastern  America,  liftinj,'  its  s|)ire 
shaped  top  to  a  heiglit  of  70  or  HO  ft.  and 
having  a  trunk  eonunonly  '1  ft.  and  oceasion- 
ully  3  or  4  ft.  in  diameter.  This  is  vested  in  a 
reddish  l)ro\vn  lihrous  bark  wliich  exfoliates 
lengthwise  in  thin  strips,  giving  to  old  forest 
trunks  a  decidedly  shaggy  ap|)earanee.  It 
occupies  quite  exclusively  cold  swamps  in  tlie 
coast  region,  particularly  of  New  England 
south  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  localities  in  New 
Jersey,  etc.,  where  it  forms  dense  forests 
Farther  south  it  is  often  found  associating 
with  the  Bald  Cypress,  Swamj)  JJay,  Tupelo 
(him,  Holly,  Sweet  Gum,  Pin  Oak,  Laurel  Oak, 
etc. 

Its  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot  when  abso- 
lutely drj'  weiglis  20.70  lbs.,  is  very  light, 
durable  and  u.seful  in  the  manufacture  of  piils, 
woodenware  and  boat  building  and  for  rail- 
way ties,  posts,  etc- 

Leavcs  on  the  ultimate  l)ranclies  dark  glaucour; 
Kreen,  about  one-sixteenth  in.  long,  triangular- 
ovate,  acute,  closely  aiipressed,  the  lateral  row.s 
keeled  and  the  vertical  convex,  each  having  a  dis- 
cf>id  gland,  making  fhit  l>r;uiclilets.  \isiially  dryin  ; 
and  tiM'iiing  lirown  the  second  season  and  long  per- 
sisting: those  on  vigorous  shoots  about  Vs  in.  Ion - 
and  spreading  at  apex,  lldircrs :  .^laminate  with  :" 
or  *■>  pairs  of  stamens  having  rounded  connectives; 
pistillate  suhglohose  with  more  acute  and  spread 
ing  scales  and  blackish  ovules.  Cdiiis  globos '. 
about  Vt  in.  in  diameter,  very  glaucous  at  ma 
turity,  with  acute  or  reflexed  bosses  and  each  sca'p 
bearing  1  or  2  gray-brown  seeds  about  Vh  in.  long 
and  dark  brown  wings  as  broad  as  the  bodv.' 


1.  Syn.    Cuprrsstis    ihyoidcs 
sphacroidca  Spacb. 

2.  A.   W.,   Ill,   74. 

;{.   For  genus  see  p.  422. 


CJiamaccylaiis 


^^-^ 

^aX'^ 

VV-r^^^ 

'9iW- 

r  cbio.     r 

"- ^— -^'~^ 

c'rC^^'^ 

'W 

'-^ 

\t^0-'- 

% 

T'l-r 

>f^ 

/^?§-'#-^. 

/ 

/  i.  V  ^sV 

■t. 

.r 

\     ) 

^-^ 

■     t 

i 

^ 

A'\ 

RED  CEDAR. 

Juniperus  Yirginiana  L. 


Fig.  51.     Fruiting  branchlets,  a  branchlet  of  staminate  flowers   (to  the  left  above)   and  a  sterile 
branchlet  from  vigorous  shoot  (to  the  right). 

52.     Trunk  of  tree  in  southern  Missouri. 

53-     Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


[Iandbook  of  Tkkks  of   tiik  XoirniKitx   Statks   and   Caxad 


45 


The  Red  Cedar  is  uRually  not  over  40  or  oO 
ft.  in  hoi<^lit,  but  e\cL'[)tiuii;illy  twice  as  tall, 
witli  trunk  I'loui  ■J-.'!  ft.  or  more  in  (lianu'tcr. 
This  is  freijuc'iitly  huttres.sed  and  is  vested  in  a 
fibrous  bark  whieii  e.\foliates  lengthwise  in 
strips.      \Miile  young  its   top   is  generally   nar- 

elongate  and  lop  outwards,  forming  finally  .i 
wide  irregular  pyramidal  or  rounded  top.  It 
if.  a  tree  of  wide  distribution  and  found  alike 
on  dry  gravelly  slopes,  rocky  ridges  and  less 
abundantly  on  rieh  bottom  lands.  Its  pic- 
tures(jue  form  is  a  feature  of  almost  every 
southern  landscape  from  the  sand-hills  of  tlie 
coast  to  the  valleys  of  the  interior,  and  on  the 
bluffs  of  the  New  England  coast  sturdy  in- 
dividuals combat  the  winds  close  to  the  ocean's 
spray. 

Its  light  fragrant  wood  of  which  a  cubic 
foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighs  30.70  lbs.  is 
of  a  purple-red  color,  very  durable  and  pe- 
culiarly valuable  for  making  moth-p'roof  chests 
for  clothing,  for  wooden  ware,  lead  pencil 
coverings,  fence  posts,  etc.,  and  its  berries  and 
foliage  possess   medicinal    properties. i 

Li  arcs  of  two  sorts,  scalo-liko,  opposite,  closely 
appressed,  one-sixteenth  in.  Ions  and  forming  "a 
slender  4-sided  branchlet.  generally  acute  or  obtuse, 
glandular-dotted  and  dark  green,  or  on  young  or 
vigorous  shoots  subulate.  %-%  in.  long  and  lighter 
grcrii  :  buds  nakrd.  I'hnrcr.i  in  very  early  spring, 
terminal,  {iioccidiis  :  staminate  with  1(1  or  1'2 
stamens  with  rouiulod  entire  connectives  and  gen- 
erally 4  pollen  sacs:  pistillate  with  violet-colored 
acute  and  spreading  scales.  Fndt  subglobose. 
about  Vi  in.  in  diameter,  dark  blue  with  glaucous 
bloom,  at  maturity  sweetish  resinous  flesh  and 
usually    1    or   li   acute   s<'cds  ;   cotylcdmis.- 

1.  A.    W.,   I,  25. 

2.  P'or  genus  see  p.  422. 


m^s^^i^-^'^'^i"^^^  "'^''^^^mmFsm^majm^s^, 


m. 


JUNIPER. 

Juniperus  communis  L. 


Fig.  54.     Fruiting  branchlets,  i  ;  sterile  branchlets,  2. 

55.     Small  trunk  with  scattered  leaves  and  spray  of  foliage  at  bas 
Adirondagks,  N.  Y. 


Near  Bonaparte  Lake, 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  jSToktjiekx   States  and  Canada. 


47 


The  Juniper  though  generally  only  an 
humble  shrub  has  tiie  distinction  of  being  the 
most  widely  distributed  tree  of  the  northern 
hemisphere.  It  is  found  not  only  ranging 
over  the  greater  part  of  the  North  American 
continent  but  also  central  and  northern  Eu- 
rope, and  Asia  as  far  south  as  nearly  to  the 
Mediterranean  and  to  tlie  Ilimilayas,  but  only 
in  very  limited  areas  of  this  vast  domain  does 
it  become  a  tree;  in  America  only  on  the  hills 
of  a  few  counties  of  southern  Illinois.  It 
usually  sends  out  a  cluster  of  stems  close  to 
the  ground  and  these  curving  upwards  form  a 
flat  saucer-shaped  bush,  sometimes  20  ft.  across 
and  only  3  or  4  ft.  high.  When  a  tree  it  attains 
the  height  of  20  or  30  ft.  with  an  irregular 
open  head  and  short  trunk  sonictimcs  10-12  in. 
in  diameter. 

Its  wood  is  hard,  but  rather  light  and  easily 
worked,  verj'  close-grained,  durable  and  of  a 
light  brown  color  with  lighter  sap-wood.  In 
Europe  it  is  sometimes  used  for  fuel  and  in 
India  burned  as  incense.  In  Europe  its  sweet- 
ish fruit  is  used  as  an  ingredient  of  gin. 

Leaves  in  whorls  of  3,  spreading.  V4-V2  in. 
long,  often  curved,  rigid  with  sharp  tips,  articulate 
at  base,  lustrous  dark  green  or  bronze-green  below, 
snowy  white  with  bands  of  stomata  ahovo  :  tnids 
scaly.  Flowers  in  late  spring,  axillary  :  sfami- 
nate  composed  of  5  or  6  whorls  each  of  :'.  stamens 
bearing  broad  connectives  and  ?>  or  4  antlicr-ccUs  : 
pistillate  consisting  of  3  ovules  open  at  apex, 
alternate,  with  3  minute  fleshy  scales  and  sur- 
rounded with  .">  or  r>  whorls  "of  ternate  scales. 
Fruit  matures  the  third  season,  subglobose,  about 
14  in.  in  diameter,  dark  blue  with  bloom,  sweet 
flesh  and  1-3  bony  seeds  which  are  about  %  in. 
long,    angled,    and    penetrated    with    resin    glands. 


1      3 

/is  ^' 

— — I  — k,  ^                                      1 

r' 

v. 

J1'"U    .->•;,"!'/■' 

BLACK  WALNUT. 

Juglans  nigra  L. 


Fig.  56.     Branchlet    with    leaves    and    fruit,    i;    fruit 
moved,  3  ;  a  vigorous  leaf,  4  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  5. 

57.  Trunk  of  tree  in  Genesee  valley,  N.  Y. 

58.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


in    cross-section, 


JIandkook  of  Treks  of  tiik  Xoktiiki.-.x    Statks   and   Canada. 


49 


The  Black  Walnut  attains  tlio  lioij,'lit  of  lUO 
to  ir)()  ft.  in  till'  forests,  with  a  trunk  4  (i  ft. 
in  (lianiotcr,  vested  in  a  |)r()niinently  ridj^^'d 
dark  brown  bark.  When  gruwinj,'  apart  from 
surrounding  objects  it  develops  a  synmietrieal 
rounded  top  of  beautiful  foliage.  Once  an 
abundant  tree  and  constituting  a  considerable 
portion  of  large  tracts  of  forest,  particularly 
in  the  great  Mississippi  Basin,  its  valuable 
wood  has  caused  its  almost  complete  destruc- 
tion as  a  commercial  product.  The  value  of 
its  timber  was  early  recognized,  as  history 
tell  us  that  it  was  an  article  of  export  to  Eng- 
land early  in  the  seventeenth  century.  Of 
late  years  new  trees  are  being  propagated 
which  eventually  will  in  a  measure  take  the 
place  of  the  natural  forests. 

The  heart- wood  is  of  a  rich  dark  brown 
color,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil, 
and  highly  prized  for  furniture,  gun-stocks, 
interior  finishing,  etc.  A  cubic  foot,  when  ab- 
solutely dry,  weighs  38.11  lbs.  Occasional 
"  figured  "  trees  are  of  almost  fabulous  valu?.i 
The  nuts  of  this  tree  were  an  important  article 
of  food  with  the  Indians  and  are  still  gathered 
for  domestic  use  and  the   local   market. 

Leaves  1-2  ft.  long  with  puliprulcnt  petioles  and 
l.'?-2.'?  ovate-lanceolate  inoqiiilatoral  leaflets, 
ro\mdPd  or  siibcordate  at  base,  serrate,  acuminate, 
pubescent  beneath  :  petioles  pubernlent.  Flowers 
(May-.Iime)  ;  staminate  aments  stout.  2-4  in.  long; 
calyx  with  (5  nearly  orbicular  lobes,  pubescent  out- 
side ;  bracts  nearly  triangular,  rusty  tomentose ; 
stamens  20-.'>0  ;  pistillate  in  2-."i-flowered  spikes, 
plandular-hairy  bracts  and  pale  reddish  green 
plnnidsc  stigm'a.  Fruit  solitary  or  in  clusters  of 
2  or  :;,  siiliiilobose.  light  yellow-green,  papillose; 
niit  round  oval,  compressed,  sculptured,  4-celled  at 
•      ly,  edible.- 


BUTTERNUT.     WHITE  WALNUT.     OIL-NUT. 

Juglans  cinerea  L. 


Fig.  59.     Branchlet  bearing  leaves  and   cluster  of   fruit,    i  ;   fruit  in  cross-section,   2 ;   dried  nuts 
with  epicarp  removed,  3  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  4. 

60.     Isolated  trunk  in  Black  River  valley,  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 


Handbook   of  Tkkks  ok   tiik  XcMrniKKN   States  axd   Caxada.        51 

The  Butternut  wlion  growing  in  the  open 
rarely  attains  a  greater  height  than  (i(J  or  70 
ft.,  its  short  trunk  soiuetinies  ;!  or  4  ft.  in 
diameter     suun     dividing     into     a     few     hirge 


id    fa 


hranehes,  wiiieli  spi 
wide  symmetrieal  Ihit  or  rounded  toj).  In 
forests  it  sometimes  attains  tlu-  lieight  of  100 
ft.  It  prefers  rieh  soil  along  tiie  haid^s  of 
streams  and  on  low  hillsides,  eommonly  in 
company  with  the  Beeeh,  Yellow  Jiireh,  Maples, 
Elms,  Red  Si)ruee,  etc. 

Its  wood  is  light,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso- 
lutely dry  weighing  25. 4G  lbs.,  not  strong,  of  a 
gray-brown  color  and  is  valued  for  interior 
llnishing,  cabinet  work,  etc.  Its  sap  is  rieh 
in  sugar,  and  a  fairly  good  quality  of  syrup  is 
made  from  it.  though  it  does  not  harden  to 
form  cakes;  its  bark  possesses  cathartic 
properties;  its  nuts  make  a  delicious  food,  and 
the  shucks  are  used  for  dying  purposes. i 

Leaves  11-17  In.  long,  viscid-pubescent,  with 
stout  petioles  and  11-19  oblong-lanceolate  .yellow- 
ish green  rugose  leaflets  which  are  rounded  and 
unequal  at  base,  acuminate,  finely  serrate  excejit 
at  base,  turning  .vellow  in  autumn  and  falling 
early.  Floirem  (May-.Tune)  :  staininate  aments 
lU.-:!  in.  at  first  and  cldngating  to  .".-.".  in.;  caly.x 
yellow-green  nsimlly  (i-lcibcd  with  rusty  pubescent 
acute  bracts;  stanii'us  s-lii  witli  dark  brown 
anthers  and  sliglitly  lobed  conneetives  ;  pistillate 
in  :!-.S-ilowered  spikes  with  sticky  glandular  hairs, 
pointed  caly.x-lobes  and  l)riglit  red  plumose  sti-.r- 
nias  usually  not  fully  unfolding  luitil  after  libera- 
tion of  pollen.  Fruit  in  racemose  clusters  of  2-."». 
ovoid-oblong,  1 1/^-2  i/i  in.  long,  sticky  pubescent 
with  rough  deeply  sculptured  4-ribl)ed  nut, 
acuminate  at  apex,  2-celled  at  base,  1-celled  above 
and  containing  a  very  oily  edible  seed. 

I.  A.   W.,   I.  14. 


BITTER-NUT  HICKORY. 

Ilicoria  mini  ma  (Marsh.)  Britt. 


Fig.  6i.     Fruiting  branchlet  with   leaf  and  fruit,    i  ;   nuts  with   epicarp  removed,  nuts  in   section 
and  with  shell  partly  removed,  3  ;  leaf  from  vigorous  shoot,  4  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  5. 

62.  Trunk  of  tree  in  Genesee  River  valley,  N.  Y. 

63.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Han 


DBOOK 


Tin-: 


11 


X( 


AND     ('ax 


\1»A.  .Jo 


Tlie  Bitter-nut  IlicUory  wIkmi  growing  in  tlie 
forests  on  racist  butloni  l.nuis  o.-c-asioiially  al 
tains  the  heigiit  of  100  ft.,  ami  when  .uiowiiig 
apart  from  otlier  tiecs  devt'lops  a  well  rouiulotl 
but  often  irregular  top  of  handsome  foliage, 
its  straiglit  coluiniiar  trunk  is  sometimes  -2 
or  3  ft.  in  diameter  and  vested  in  a  character 
istic  brownish  gray  bark  with  close  scaly  al- 
most reticulate  ridges.  It  thrives  best  in  low 
moist  soil  in  company  with  the  Silver  and  Red 
Maples,  Black  Ash.  Elms,  etc..  but  is  often 
found  also  on  rolling  uplands.  Being  very  hardy 
and  less  fastidious  than  the  other  Hickories 
in  conditions  of  soil  in  which  it  grows,  it  is 
more  uniform  in  its  distribution  and  probably 
the  most  abundant  representative  of  its  genus. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso 

lutely  dry  weighing  47.06  lbs.,  hard  and  strong 

and    is   valued    for   tool    handles,   agricultural 

implements,   hoops,   ox-yokes,   etc.,   and   makes 

an  excellent   fuel.- 

Leaves  6-10  in.  long,  pubescent  when  young, 
•with  rather  slender  petioles,  leflets  7-11,  sessile, 
lanceolate  to  obovate,  2-6  in.  long,  thin  and  firm, 
usually  unequal  at  base,  coarsely  serrate,  lon"» 
taper-pointed,  dark  green  and  glabrous  above, 
pubescent  beneath  ;  winter  buds  bright  yellow, 
compressed,  with  2  pairs  of  valvate  caducous 
scales.  Flowers  (May-.June)  ;  staminate  aments 
2-4  in.  long,  slightly  pubescent  :  calyx-lobes  about 
equal  but  middle  one  narrower  :  stamens  4  ;  an- 
thers yellow,  deeply  ermarginate.  Fruit  subglo- 
l)ose  to  obovoid,  %-lV2  in.  long  with  4  sutures 
prominently  winged  from  apex  to  about  the 
middle ;  husk  thin,  tardily  dehiscent ;  nut  thin- 
sholled,  compressed,  often  broader  than  long  ;  seed 
reddish  brown,  deeply  rugose  and  very  bitter. 

1.  Syn.   Carya   amara   Nutt. 

2.  A.  W.,  II,  37. 

3.  For  genus  see  pp.  423-424. 


WATER  HICKORY. 

Hicoria  aquatica  (Miclix.  f.)  Britt.^ 


Fig.  64.     Branchlet    bearing    leaves,     i  ;    fruit    with    closed    epicarp,    2  ;    do,    with    epicarp    partly 
removed,  3  ;   isolated  nuts,  4  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  5. 

65.     Trunk  of  tree  in  Red  River  valley,  Ark.     The  bark  is  often  more  shaggy  than  here  shown. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Xortjikkx   States  and  Canada. 


55 


The  Water  Hickory  is  economically  the  least 
important  of  the  Hickories.  It  is  usually  a 
small  or  medium-size  tree  from  50  to  70  ft. 
in  iieiglit,  but  in  forests  of  the  bottom-lands 
of  the  lower  Mississippi  valley  it  attains  the 
height  of  80-100  ft.  with  straight  columnar 
trunk  2-2i/_.  ft.  in  diameter,  and  narrow  ir- 
regular toj).  When  isolated  it  develops  an 
oblong  or  obovoid  top  of  long  rigid  branches 
of  which  the  lowermost  are  drooping. 

As  its  name  implies  it  is  distinctly  a  water- 
loving  tree,  being  confined  mostly  to  low 
swamps  in  the  southern  states,  inundated  dur- 
ing a  considerable  portion  of  the  year,  in  com- 
pany with  the  Planer  tree,  Swamp  Privet, 
Water  Locust,  Water  and  Pumpkin  Ashes, 
Cotton  Gum,  Red  Titi,  Cypress,  Red  Maple, 
etc.  Its  dark-colored  angular  nuts  possess  a 
kernel  usually  too  astringent  and  bitter  to  be 
eaten,  but  I  have  seen  a  tree  of  this  species 
in  southeastern  Arkansas  yielding  nuts  of 
sweet  delicious  flavor. 

The  wood  of  the  Water  Hickory  is  heavy,  a 
cubic  foot  weighing  40.16  lbs.,  hard  and  brittle, 
suitable  ciiiefly  for  fuel.  In  sectioning  this 
wood  we  have  found  it  to  be  permeated  with 
numerous  dark-colored  flecks  and  streaks  of 
some  substance  of  such  hardness  as  to  turn 
the  edge  of  the  hardest  steel. 2 

Leaves  S-16  in.  long,  with  slender  scurfy-pubes- 
rent  petiole  and  rachis  and  0-1.''.  lanco-ovate  leaf- 
lets the  lateral  more  or  less  falcate,  spssilo. 
usually  unequally  wed?e-shaped  at  base,  acuminatr. 
2-'3  in.  long,  thinnish.  glandular-dotted,  glabrous 
dark  green  above.  Floirers:  staminate  aments 
glandular-pubpscent  :  calyx-lobes  about  equal. 
Fruit  romi)rossed.  obovoidoblong.  commonly  ob- 
lique with  winced  sutures,  thin  yellowish  pubcs 
cent  husk  and  flattened  brown  prominently  ridged 
nut  and  very  rugose  thin  shell  much  conyoluted 
and  usually  bitter  kernel. 

1.  Carya  aquatica  Nutt. 

2.  A.    W.,    V,    115. 


PECAN. 

Hicoria  Pecan   {Mnvah.)  Jiritt. 


Fig.  66.      Branchlet  with   leaves   and   fruit,    i  ;   nuts   with    open   or    remnve<l    epicarp,    2  ;    valves   of 
epicarp,  3  ;  leafless  branchlet  in  late  autumn,  4. 

67.     Trunk  with  leaves  at  base.     Near  Fulton,  Ark. 


Handbook 

The  stately  I'ccim 
Hickories,  ;it  tuiiiiny 
a  height  of  ItJO  ft. 
with    massive    trunk 


OF  Trees  of  the  Nokt 

tii'<"  :-  tin-  !,tr.i,"st  of  tlie 
soiu.'tiin  vs  ill  the  for.'.st 
wlieii  crowded  together, 
5    or    0    ft.    in    diiuneter. 


Ki;.\    St.\ti;s   am)   Cax.vd 


When  growing  ai>art  from  other  trees  it  de- 
velops a  very  large  ovoid  or  obovoid  ro.indtHi 
top.  oftentimes  seeming  out  of  proportion  to 
the  size  of  its  trunk.  It  prefers  low  rich 
ground  in  the  neigliborhood  of  streams  subject 
to  occasional  inundation. 

Its  wood  is  hea\y,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso- 
lutely dry,  weighing  44.75  Ib.s.,  rather  hard 
and  very  tough  and  flexible,  tliough  not  con- 
sidered as  valuable  as  that  of  the  other 
Hickories.  It  is  occasionally  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  agricultural  implements  and  i.s  ex- 
cellent for  fuel. 2  Its  delicious  nuts,  improved 
greatly  by  selection  and  cultivation,  constitute 
its  chief  point  of  value  and  are  an  important 
article  of  commerce.  For  the  production  of 
these  the  tree  is  grown  in  extensive  planta- 
tions. 

Leaves  12-20  in.  long  with  9-15  lanceolate  to 
lanceolate-oblong  falcate  siibsessile  leaflets  which 
are  long-pointed,  inetiuilateral  and  rounded  or 
wedge-shaped  at  base :  bud-scales  fi'w,  valvafe. 
Floirrrs  in  early  June  ;  staminate  in  sulisi'ssilc 
aments.  ."-f)  in.  long:  calyx  with  middle  Icilio 
linear  and  much  longer  than  the  oliloug  lateral 
lobes.  Fruit  in  clusters  of  oil,  oblong-cylindrie. 
pointed.  1-2 1/.  in.  long,  with  prominent '  sutures 
and  thin  brittle  husk  splitting  to  the  base ;  nut 
1-2  in.  long,  pointed,  with  smooth  thin  brown  shell 
with  black  markings,  thin  astringent  dissepiments 
and  delicious  seed. 


1.  Syn.  Carya  oUiacfoi 

2.  A.  W.,  XI,  267. 


lis  Nutt. 


SHAG-BARK  HICKORY. 

Hicoria  ovata  (Mill.)  Britt. 


Fig.  68.     Branch   with   mature   leaves   and   fruit,    i  ;    epicarp   removed    showing   thick   valves   and 
nuts,  2 ;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

69,     Trunk  of  a  tree  near  North  Rush,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northeen  States  and  Canada. 
an    important 


IS 


The  Shag-bark  Hickory 
forest  tree  occasionally  attaiiiiiif,'  or  oven  sur- 
passing the  height  of  100  ft.,  with  straight 
columnar  trunk  2-3  ft.  in  diameter  vested  in  a 
singular  gray  bark.  This  exfoliates  in  long 
iiard  plate-like  strips,  which,  hanging  long  at- 
tached at  their  upper  ends,  suggest  an  ap- 
pearance of  shagginess;  hence  its  name.  Wlien 
growing  apart  from  other  trees  it  develops  an 
oblong  or  obovoid  top  with  strong  graceful 
upright  branches,  pendent  lower  branches  and 
clean  handsome  foliage.  It  thrives  best  on  low 
hill  sides  and  along  the  banks  of  streams 
where  it  is  commonly  associated  with  the  Bass- 
wood,  Maples,  Cottonwood,  Oaks,  other  Hick- 
ories, etc. 

The  wood  of  this  tree  is  hard,  strong  and 
tough,  a  cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weigh- 
ing 52.17  lbs.,  and  is  highly  valued  for  tool- 
handles,  agricultural  implements,  baskets,  for 
fuel,  etc.,  and  it  is  this  tree  which  yields  the 
common  small  hickory  nuts  of  commerce. 2 

Leaves  8-20  in.   lon^.  with   rather  stont  potinlos 

and   5    (rarely    7)    leaflets   which    arc    dv.Ttr-Ian 

olate  to  obovate,  rather  cunoate  and  uiictnial  at 
base,  acuminate,  serrate,  thick  and  firm,  dark  ,i;recn 
above,  paler  beneath;  bud-scales  iml)ri(ate(i.  the 
inner  ones  accrescent.  Floircr.y  in  .May  :  stanii- 
nate  4-5  in.  long,  in  glandular-hairy  anieius  : 
middle  lobe  of  calyx  narrow  and  much  longer  than 
the  rounded  lateral  lobes;  stamens  4;  pistillate  in 
2-5-flowered  spikes,  rusty-tomentose.  Fruit  l-.S 
together,  1-2  V.>  in.  long,  subglobose.  depressed  at 
apex,  with  thick  husk  splitting  soon  to  the  base  ; 
nut  whitish,  compressed,  more  or  less  4-angled, 
i-j-1   in.   long;  seed  with  rich  delicious  flavor. 

1.  Syn.   Catya  alba  Nutt. 

2.  A.   W.,   II,  36. 


BIG  SHELL-BARK  HICKORY.     KING-NUT. 

Ilicoria  Jaciniosa  (^lichx.  f.)   Sarg.-^ 


Fig.  70.      Branchlet    with    mature    leaves    and    fruit,    i  ;    branchlet    in    winter,    2      The    superposed 
branchlet  is  natural  size;   the  other  objects  considerably  reduced. 
71      Trunk  with  leaves  at  base.     Genesee  River  valley,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trej^s  of  the  Noktiiern   States  and  Canada. 

This  stately  Hickory  occasionally  attains 
the  height  of  120  ft.  and  3  or  4  ft.  in  dianictor 
of  trunk.  When  growing  apart  from  otlier 
trees  it  develops  an  oblong  or  suliovoid  top 
with  drooping  lower  branches  and  witli  large 
handsome  leaves.  Its  trunk  is  vested  in  very 
much  the  same  kind  of  shaggy  gray  bark  that 
is  seen  on  the  Shag-bark  trunks,  thoiigli  tin- 
long  scales  as  a  rule  do  not  curve  outward  as 
much  as  do  those  of  that  species.  It  is  also 
more  distinctly  a  tree  of  the  bottom-lands  ( for 
which  reason  it  is  somotinics  called  the  Bot- 
tom Shell-bark)  associating  there  with  the 
Cottonwood,  Hackberry,  Slippery  p]lm,  Pep- 
peridge,  Sweet  Cum,  Swamp  White  and  Burr 
Oaks,  Black  and   Red  Maples,  etc. 

Its  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot  when  abso- 
lutely dry  weighs  .")(). .■33  lbs.,  is  very  similar  to 
that  of  the  Shag-bark  in  properties  and  valued 
for  tool-handles,  agricultural  implements,  etc. 2 
The  nuts  are  not  considered  quite  as  delicate 
as  those  of  the  Shag-bark  in  flavor  and  they 
do  not  generally  command  quite  as  high  a 
price  in  the  trade. 

Lrnrrs  ll!-24  in.  loni;,  the  stout  petioles  often 
persist  inj;  late  into  the  winter;  leftets  7  (cx- 
oeptionally  .">  or  !t).  olilonj;  lanceolate  to  ohovati', 
usually  (iiili(|Ui'  at  base  icxceiiting  the  teruiiiiali. 
strrale  acuminate  at  apex,  dark  green  above,  paler 
and  pubescent  beneath.  Floircrs  in  May:  stanii- 
nate  with  central  calyx-lobe  narrow  and  twice  as 
long  as  the  lateral  ones.  Fruit  solitary  or  2  or 
."?  to'jether,  oblong.  l%-2i/.  in.  long  with  thick 
woody  husk  and  compressed  thick-shelled  yellowish 
white  nut  \V^-2V4  in.  Ions;  with  prominent  stout 
point  at  base ;  seed  bright  brown,  rich  and 
delicious. 

1.  Syii.   Carya   sulcata    .Nutt. 

2.  A.  w.,  nr,  04. 


61 


MOCKER-NUT  HICKORY. 

Hicoria  alba  (L.)  Britt.^ 


Fig.  72.     Branchlet   with   mature   leaves   and   fruit,    i ;    leafless   branchlet  in   late  winter,   2     The 
outer  scales  of  the  terminal  bud  are  falling  away. 
73.     Trunk  of  a  tree  at  Biltmore,  N.  C. 


Handbook  of  Tkees  of  the  Noktjieen   States  axd  Canada. 


63 


A  tioc  soiiu'liiiu's  attaining  the  height  of 
90  or  lOU  ft.  with  tiiini<  :{  ft.  in  tliickness, 
thougli  usually  funsiik'iahiy  sniallcr.  When 
isolated  from  otlier  trws  it  develops  an  oblong 
or  rather  wide-topped  head  with  strong  up- 
right lateral  and  [)endent  lower  i)ranehes. 
The  bark  of  tr\ink  is  df  a  gray  color,  rough 
with  obscure  sealy  ridges.  It  is  more  com- 
monly found  on  hillsides  and  ridges  than  is 
the  Big  Shell-bark,  which  it  leaves  to  tlie  in- 
undated river  bottoms  and  rarely  invades  its 
territory.  In  the  northern  ])ari  of  its  range 
it  is  mainly  conlined  to  the  coast  region  where 
it  associates  with  the  \arious  Oaks,  Red 
Cedar,  Sassafras,  Sweet  IJircli,  Sweet  Gum, 
Tulip,  etc.  To  the  southward  it  is  more  abun- 
dant and  more  generally  distributed. 

The  wood  of  the  ]\Iocker-nut  is  heavy,  a 
cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighing  51.21 
lbs.,  strong  and  tough,  and  is  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  tool-handles,  agricultural  im- 
plements, etc.,  and  is  excellent  for  fuel.'-  The 
nuts  command  about  the  same  price  in  the 
trade  as  those  of  the  Big  Shell-bark. 

Lravrs  8-15  in.  long,  fragrant  when  crushed, 
with  stellate  pubescent  petioles  and  7-0  oblong- 
lanceolate  to  obovate  acuminate  serrate  leaflets 
which  are  lustrous  dark  green  above  and  paler  and 
pubescent  beneath  ;  twigs  tomentose :  bud-scales 
imbricated,  the  outer  early  deciduous,  the  inner 
tomontos(>  and  accrescent.  Floirrrs  in  May ; 
staniinate  in  stellate  pubescent  aments :  calyx 
with  central  lobo  linear  and  much  longer  than  the 
lateral  on(^s :  stamens  4  with  rod  anthers :  pis- 
tillate in  2-.">-fl(>wcri'd  spiki's.  Fniit  globose-oblong, 
lVL>-2  in.  long,  with  thick  husk  s])litting  nearly  to 
the  base;  nut  lirownisli  white,  variable  in  shape, 
4-ridged  with  very  thick  shell  and  sweet  seed. 

1.  Syn.   Carya  toinciitosa   Nutt. 

2.  A.    W.,    IV.   00. 


PIG-NUT  HICKORY. 

Hicoria  glabra  (Mill.)  Britt.^ 


Fig.  74.     Branchlet   with   leaves   and   fruit   and    scattered   specimens   of   the   fruit,    i  ;   branchlet   in 
winter,  2. 

75.     Trunk  of  a  tree  with  leaves  at  base.     Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Treies  of  the  NortjiivRn   States  axd  (\\y.\r>.\.        65 


The  Pig  nut  Hfickory  in  tlie  forest  attains 
the  lieiglit  uf  SO-IUU  ft.  witli  trunk  soiiu-times 
3  or  4  ft.  in  dianietor.  When  in  tin-  open 
fields  it  forks  rather  low  and  develops  an 
oblong  or  obovoid  top  with  strong  upright  and 
pendulous  often  contorted  branches.  Tlic  bark 
of  trunk  is  of  a  grayish  color  and  finally  be- 
comes rougli  with  close  scaly  ridges.  Tiie 
tree  inliahjts  uplands  and  ridges  in  abundance, 
especially  in  llic  norlhcrn  states,  and  is  said 
to  be  found  at  liighor  altitudes  than  any  of 
the  other   Hickories. 

The  wood  of  the  Pig-nut  Hickory  is  heaAy,  a 
cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighing  51.21 
lbs.,  strong  and  tough  and  is  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  tool-handles,  agricultural  im- 
plements, etc.,  and  for  fuel.-  The  nuts  are  ex- 
tremely variable  in  quality,  some  being  quite 
astringent  and  others  of  pleasant  flavor. 

Lrarrs  S-12  in.  long,  glabrous  at  maturit.v  and 
with  .5-7  (rarely  9)  leaflets  which  are  from  oblong- 
lanceolate  to  obovate,  rounded  and  mostl.v  un- 
equal at  base,  sharply  serrate,  dark  green  above. 
paler  beneath,  the  upper  much  larger  than  the 
lowest :  winter  buds  with  8-10  imbricated  scales, 
the  outer  falling  early,  the  innermost  accrescent 
and  falling  when  about  1  in.  long.  Floiros  in 
May  :  staniinate  aments  ^!-7  in.  long :  calyx-lobes 
usually  about  equal  but  middle  one  narrower  ;  pis- 
tillate in  2-."i-flowered  spikes :  stigmas  yellow. 
Fruit  obovoid-oblong  or  pyriform.  usually  com- 
pressed, with  thin  husk  tardily  dehiscent  and 
smooth  or  somewhat  angled  brownish  thick-shelled 
Dut  having  astringent  or  edible  seed, 

1.  Syn.   Carya  porcinn   Nutt. 

2.  A.   \V..   Ill,  6.".. 


SMALL-FRUITED  HICKORY. 

Hicoria  microcarpa  (Nutt.)  Britt.^ 


# 


fc^A.    _    ^'i 

♦  4         Jp 

r 

r 

■f- 

i 

Fig.  76.     Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,    i  ;   nut  and  valves  of  epicarp,   2  ;  branchlet  in 
winter,  3. 

TT.     Trunk  of  a  tree  near  Richmond,  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  N^oktiiern   States 


A  forest  tree  attaining  the  iieiglit  of  SO  or 
100  ft.,  witli  siiapi'ly  trunk  2-3  ft.  in  diameter, 
vested  in  a  rougii  gray  barii  which  exfoliates  in 
narrow  plates.  When  isolated  from  other 
trees  it  develops  a  full  rounded  or  oblong  top 
of  upright  and  spreading  topmost  and  lateral 
branches  and  lowermost  pendulous.  It  in- 
habits mainly  well  drained  slopes  and  hill- 
sides in  company  with  the  I'ig-iiut  and  Shag- 
bark  Hickories,  various  Oaks,  the  Red  Cedar, 
Dogwood,  Sassafras,  etc. 

The  wood  is  firm,  strong  and  tough  and  is 

used   in   the   manufacture   of   agricultural   im 

plements,    tool-handles,    etc.,    and    makes    ex 

cellent  fuel. 2     The  nuts  are  sweet  and  of  de 

lieious  flavor  but  too  small  to  be  of  commercial 

importance. 

Leaves  8-12  or  l.'i  in.  long,  glabrous,  with  5-7 
sessile  leaflet.?  mostly  3-5  in.  long,  ovate-lanceolati' 
to  oblong,  serrate,  acuminate  at  apex  ;  winter  buds 
with  6-8  scales,  the  innermost  accrescent.  Flowers 
in  May ;  staminate  aments  glabrous,  middel  lobe 
of  calyx  equalling  or  somewhat  longer  than  the 
lateral  ones.  Fruit  (ripe  in  September)  subglo- 
bose  or  globose-oblong,  less  than  1  in.  in  length, 
with  thin  husk  splitting  to  the  base  ;  nut  subglo- 
bose,  slightly  compressed  with  thin  shell  and 
sweet  seed. 


1.  Syn.   Cnrija   iiiic 
ir.  odorata  Sarg. 

2.  A.  W.,   IV,  91 


ocariKi   Xutt. 


nu 


ijlabi 


PALE-LEAF  HICKORY. 

Hicoria  villosa  (Sarg.)  Ashe.* 


Fig.  78.     Fruiting  branchlet  and  mature  nuts.     Branchlet  in  winter. 
79.     Trunk  of  a  tree  in  forest  at  Biltmore,  N.  C. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  tjik   Xoiv- riii:i{.\    Siaiks   a.xd   Cax. 


69 


The  Pale-leaf  Hickory  is  a  forest  tree  of 
iiKMlium  size,  iinl  oft.^ii  iiioiv  tlum  40  or  5(1  ft. 
in  liciglil  or  18  or  '20  in.  in  tiiickiicss  of  trunk 
which  is  covered  with  a  grayish  brown  hark. 
very  rough  with  prominent  connected  scaly 
ridges.  When  growing  apart  from  other  trees  it 
develops  a  rather  narrow  oblong  top  with  up- 
right branches  and  pendulous  lower  branches. 
It  inhabits  well  drained  slopes,  sandy  plains 
and  rocky  ridges,  sometimes  fruiting  when 
only  a  few  feet  in  height.  It  is  abun- 
dant in  the  southern  part  of  its  range,  par- 
ticularly the  foothill  region  of  the  southern 
Alleghanies. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  hard,   strong  and   tough 

and    excellent    for    tool-handles,    agricultural 

implements  and  for  fuel. 2     The  nuts  are  swe?t 

and  edible. 

Leaves  6-10  in.  long,  with  slender  pubescent 
petioles  and  usually  7  (sometimes  5  or  9)  leflets 
which  vary  from  lanceolate  to  lance-obovate,  ser- 
rate, acuminate,  and  when  young  pubescent  and 
covered  beneath  with  silvery  peltate  scales  and 
resin-globules,  but  at  maturity  glabrous  dark  green 
above  and  yellowish  beneath  ;  winter  buds  small 
with  6-8  imbricated  scales,  the  outer  dotted  with 
resin-globules.  Flowers  staminate  in  scurfy  pubes- 
cent catkins.  5-7  in.  long  ;  central  calyx-lolie  much 
longer  thah  the  lateral  ones.  Fridt  subglobose  to 
pyriform,  1-1%  in.  long,  compressed  with  thin 
husk  splitting  nearly  to  the  base:  nut  slightly 
angled,  pale  brown  with  thick  shell  and  small 
sweet  seed. 

1.   Syn.   Ilicuria  paUida  Ashe. 


WAX  MYRTLE.     BAYBERRY.     CANDLEBERRY. 

Myrica  cerifera  L. 


So.     Fruiting  branchlets  and  detached  leaves  from  vigorous   shoots 
8^.     Trunk  of  a  tree  near  coast  of  North  Carolina. 
82.     Wood  structure  magnified   15   diameters. 


Handbook  of  Tkees  of  the  Xoktiiki;x    States  and  Canada. 


The  Wax  Myrtle  is  a  slender  tree  occasion- 
ally attaineing  the  height  of  30  or  40  ft.  with 
usually  crooked  or  inclined  trunl-;  10-12  in.  in 
diameter.  When  isolated  from  other  trees  it 
develops  a  rather  narrow  oblong  top  of  small 
slender  branches.  It  attains  its  largest  size 
in  the  coast  region  of  the  southern  Atlantic 
and  Gulf  states  where  it  is  a  common  tree. 
It  is  found  in  moist  woods  or  encroaching  upon 
the  sand  hills  in  the  vicinity  of  the  sea  coast 
in  company  with  the  Yaupon,  Wild  Olive,  Red 
Bay,  Live  Oak,  etc.,  or,  farther  inland,  in 
swamps  and  bottom-lands  in  company  witli  the 
Sweet  Bay,  Loblolly  Bay,  Sparkleberry,  Red 
Maple,  Sweet-leaf,  etc. 

Its  fine-grained  soft  wood,  of  which  a  cubic 
foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighs  35.1.3  lbs.,  is 
little  used,  though  suitable  for  use  in  turnery. 
Its  fruit  is  sometimes  gathered  by  the  country 
folk  and  the  waxy  covering  removed  by  heat- 
ing in  water.  This  is  then  gathered  and  cast 
into  candles  which  when  lighted  burn  with  a 
distinctly  bluish  light.i 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolato  to  oblanceolate,  IM;--' 
in.  long,  cunoatp  at  base  and  dccurrent  on  tho 
short  petiole,  acute,  remotely  serrate  chiefly  atiove 
the  middle  or  entire,  dark  green  above  and  paler 
beneath,  fragrant  with  yellow  resin  glands. 
Flowers  (March-April)  dioecious;  staminate 
aments  %-%  in.  long,  cylindric ;  stamens  few: 
pistillate  aments  oblong,  shorter  than  the  stami- 
nate. Fruit  globose  drupes,  V»  in.  or  less  in 
diameter,  coated  with  bluish  white  wax  and 
tipped  with  base  of  style,  ripening  in  e.arly 
autumn  and  long  persisting.^ 

1.   A.    W..    XI,    liOS. 

■J.    For  genus  see  p.  424. 


V  -Ife.' 

'■9.'- 

wSLk 

pt  4- 

^-••.'<ji|i||:..,'.--:rv. 

CORK-WOOD. 

Leitneria  Floridana  Chapiii 


Fig.  83.     Branchlet  with  leaves  and  mature  fruit,    i  ;   fruit  in  section,  2  ;  branchlets  in  winter,  3  ; 
staminate   (to  the  left)   and  pistillate   (to  the  right). 

84.  Trunk  of  tree  in  swamp  bordering  St.  Francis  River,  Mo. 

85.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern   States  and  Canada. 


73 


wade 

tl 

rough 

growing 
ties,   wli 
plainly 

in   loss 
■re   th.. 
sullVr 

This  curious  and  rare  tree  has  the  distinc- 
tion of  producing  wood  which  is  the  lightest 
in  weight  of  all  known  woods.  It  is  a  small 
tree,  only  under  the  most  favorable  con- 
•ditions  attaining  the  height  of  20  ft.  with  loose 
open  liead  of  few  spreading  branches  and  trunk 
5-6  in.  in  diameter.  Few  other  trees  are  so 
strictly  aquatic  in  distribution,  as  it  thrives 
best  in  permanently  inundated  swamps  and 
deep  sloughs,  where  its  roots  are  constantly 
wet,  and  to  visit  it  one  must  go  in  a  boat  or 
mud  and  water.  Individuals 
permanently  inundated  locali- 
watcr  supply  is  less  constant. 
the  deprivation  and  hardly 
grow  to  the  height  of  a  man's  shoulder.  It 
attains  its  largest  size  in  the  swamps  which 
border  the  St.  Francis  River  of  Missouri  and 
Arkansas,  growing  in  the  shade  of  other  swamp 
loving  trees  as  the  Bald  Cypress,  Cotton  Gum, 
Planer  Tree,  Pumpkin  Ash,  etc.  Separated 
from  this  locality  by  a  long  interval  it  appears 
again  in  the  saline  marshes  of  the  Gulf  coast 
of  Florida  near  Appalachicola,  where  it  wa- 
first  found  and  made  known  to  science.  P'ar 
to  the  westward  it  is  also  found  in  the  swamps 
along  the  Brazos  River  near  Columbia,  Texas. 
The  trunks  are  vested  in  a  smooth  mottled 
gray  bark  slightly  fissured  at  their  bases. 
which  are  much  swollen  beneath  the  water  line 
and  usually  bearing  a  mass  of  dark  moss  and 
rootlets. 

The  wood  is  of  a  pale  lemon  yellow  color 
with  lighter  sap-wood.  It  is  lighter  than  cork' 
in  weight,  having  a  specific  gravity,  as  re- 
ported by  Prof.  Trelease,  of  0.207,  while  that 
of  conunon  cork  (the  bark  of  Quercus  suber, 
etc.)  is  0.240.  It  is  occasionally  used  by 
fishermen  for  making  floats  for  their  nets. 
For  botanical  characters  see  the  ordinal  and 
generic  descriptions,  this  being  the  only 
species. 1 


PEACH  OR  ALMOND-LEAF  WILLOW. 

Sali.r  amygdaloides  Anders. 


Fig.  86.      Branchlet  with  mature   leaves  and   fruit,    i  ;   detached  catkins  of  empty  capsules,  2  ;   end 
of  leafy  branchlet,  3  ;   leafless  branchlet  in  winter,  4. 

87.  Trunk  of  tree  near  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

88.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  'N'oiitiikkn   States  axd  Canada.        75 


The  Peach-leaf  Willow  is  a  handsome  and 
distinct  Willow,  sometimes  attaining,'  the 
height  of  GO  or  70  ft.  with  straight  columnar 
trunk  2  ft.  in  diameter.  When  isolated  from 
other  trees  it  develops  a  rather  narrow  rounded 
top  of  upright  and  spreading  branches,  and 
while  the  bark  of  trunk  is  ridged  it  is  dis- 
tinctly smoother  and  with  more  appressed 
scales  than  is  that  of  the  Black  Willow,  a 
character  especially  noticeable  on  the  larger 
branches.  Its  large  pendent  leaves  are  quite 
suggestive  of  those  of  the  Peach  and  Almond 
trees  and  from  that  fact  it  receives  its  name. 
In  company  with  the  Black  Willow,  with 
which  it  apparently  freely  hybridizes,  it  grows 
along  the  borders  of  streams  and  low  lake- 
shores  over  a  large  area.  In  distribution  it  is 
an  almost  exact  complement  of  that  of  the 
Black  Willow,  in  that  it  is  rarer  in  the  cast 
and  more  abundant  westward  as  far  as  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains  at  least,  while  the  reverse  is 
true  of  the  Black  Willow. 

Its  wood  is  light,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso- 
lutely dry  weighing  28.10  lbs.,  soft  and  not 
strong,  and  used  mainly  for  charcoal  and  fuel.i 

Leaves  rovohite  in  the  hud.  2-(!  in.  lontr,  ovato- 
lancoolate  (o  lancoolatc.  from  cuncatc  to  roniidcd 
at  l)asp,  finely  serrate,  narrowing  to  a  loiiir  slen<ler 
point:  luslroii.s  lijiht  f;reen  al>ove,  pale  and  tilaii- 
cous  beneath;  petioles  slender,  eloiii^aled  and  with- 
f>ut  glands  ;  stipules  reniforni  but  mostly  fimacious. 
/■'loircrs  appear  witli  tlie  li'aves  in  li^rmiiinl  aments 
on  leafy  branchlets  ;  scales  yellow,  villous  l)t)th 
sides,  caducous  :  stamens  .'>-!»  with  filaments  hairy 
at  base ;  pistillate  aments  loose  with  lonsr-stalked 
narrow-ovoid  glabrous  ovaries  and  nearly  sessile 
emarginate  stigmas.  Fruit  globose  conical  with 
long  slender  pedicels. = 

1.  A.   W.,   Ill,  71. 

2.  For  genus  sec  pp.   4i:."-42G. 


LONG-STALK  WILLOW.     WARD  WILLOW. 

Sahx  longipes  Anders.^ 


Fig.  89.     Fruiting  branchlets,    i  ;  detached  capsules,  2  ;  leaves  from  vigorous  shoots,  3  ;  branchlets 
in  winter,  4. 

90.     Trunk  of  small  tree.     Meramec  River  valley,  Mo. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  North ekn   States  and  Canada. 


77 


A  small  tree,  rarely  over  .'id  ft.  in  licit^lit  or 
S  or  1(1  in.  in  thickness  of  trunk,  which  is 
vesteil  in  a  dark  i)n.\\ii  hark  rou;<h  with 
prominent  linn  ridges.  It  is  often  found  fruit 
ing  as  a  shrub.  It  dilTers  from  the  Ulaek 
Willow  in  distribution  in  that  it  is  found  more 
along  the  rocky  or  gravelly  banks  or  beds  of 
streanis.  wliere  its  dark  cohired  l)ark  and  small 
crooked  trunks  are  found  so  close  to  the  rush- 
ing waters  that  they  are  often  bruised  and 
battered  hy  the  passing  Hood-wood,  while  the 
I'dack  Willow  is  found  along  (he  baid<s  of  still 
flowing  streams  of  the  bottom-lands,  where  the 
waters  are  less  turbulent.  Its  geographic 
range  is  not  yet  well  determined. 

Its  wood  is  light,  soft,  not  strong  and  of  a 
reddish  brown  color  with  thin  nearly  white 
sap-wood. - 

Lcaroi  involute  in  the  liud.  4-7  in.  lontr,  lanee- 
c'late  to  ovate-Ianceolato,  cnneate  or  rounded  and 
the  largest  leaves  sometimes  cordate  at  base,  lonj;- 
pointed,  finely  and  unequally  serrate,  glabrous 
bri-jht  green  above,  somewhat  pubescent  and 
whitish  beneath  ;  the  foliaceous  stipules  reniform, 
often  %  in.  long :  petioles  short,  without  glands  ; 
winter  buds  small,  brown,  lustrous,  branchlets 
hoar.v  pubescent.  Flowers:  aments  terminal  on 
leaf.v  branchlets.  3-4  in.  long  ;  scales  ovate,  yellow, 
obtuse,  villous  ;  stamens  .3-7  with  filaments  hairy 
at  base  and  yellow  anthers ;  ovary  long-stalked 
with  nearly  sessile  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  capsules 
a'lont   U    in.  long,  globose  conical. 

1.  Syn.  Snlix  AVardi  Bebb.  Kali.r  occidental  is 
Koch. 


A.    W.,    XII,    290. 


BLACK  WILLOW. 

Salix  nigra  Marsh. 


Fig.  91-     Branchlet  with  leaves  and  mature  fruit,   leaves  fror 
and  leafless  branchlets  in  vi^inter. 

92.     Trunk  of  tree  near  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


vigorous   shoots,   showing  stipules, 


IIandijook  of  Trees  of  the  Nortiiekn   States  and   Canada. 


The  Black  Willow  is  the  largest  and  most 
abundant  of  the  American  Willows,  sometimes 
in  the  forest  attaining  a  height  of  120  ft.  with 
trunk  3  or  4  ft.  in  diameter,  but  these  dimen- 
sions are  attained  only  under  most  favorable 
conditions  and  it  is  usually  a  tree  of  less  than 
half  tlic  dimensions  above  mentioned.  When 
isolated  it  develops  a  rather  irregular  broad 
or  roun<l-topped  head  with  fine  branchlets  and 
drooi)ing  yellow-green  foliage.  It  commonly 
sends  up  clusters  of  crooked  or  inclined  trunks 
from  a  common  base.  It  is  a  tree  of  very  wi(i<> 
distribution,  skirting  the  low  banks  of  streams 
and  lake  shores  from  the  Atlantic  nearly  to 
the  Pacific.  It  is  very  abundant  in  the  ]\Iis- 
sissippi  valley  and  throughout  the  Atlantic 
states,  and  attains  its  largest  dimensions  in 
southern  Illinois  and  in  the  Colorado  River 
valley  in  Texas. 

The  light   soft  wood   is   said  to   check  badly 

in  drying  and  is  little  used  save  for  fuel  and 

for    charcoal.      A    cubic    foot    when    absolutely 

dry   weighs   27.77    Ibs.i      The   bark    is    rich    in 

tanning   and    is   used   in    domestic    practice    in 

I  the  treatment  of  fevers. 

Leavcfi  involute  in  the  hud,  lancpolato.  some- 
times falcati'  (markedly  so  in  var.  fnU-iitu)  very 
Ion',;  atlenuate  often  witti  curved  tip.  .".-Ci  in.  Ions;, 
wedge-sliaped  or  rounded  at  t)ase.  finely  serrate. 
jjlahrous  lijilit  jrreen  above,  soniewliat  paler  and 
sometimes  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath  and 
with  the  very  sliort  plandless  petioles  :  winter  buds 
small,  about  Mi  in.  Ions;.  Flotnrx  pxijandin-j  with 
the  leaves  ;  aments  l-T  in.  long,  terminal  on  short 
leafy  branchlets  :  .'scales  ypllow,  mnnded  at  apex, 
ha'ry  on  inner  surfnce  :  stamens  o-T  with  filaments 
hairy  at  base  :  ovary  loni-ovoid.  stalked,  and  with 
thick  nearly  sessile  sti-rmas.  Fniit  ( .Ttine-.Tidy )  : 
capsules  ovoid,  pradnally  narrowing  above  the 
middle,  about  Vh  in.  lon^.  short-stalked,  glabrous. 
S.  niam  falcntn  ( Prush )  Torr.  is  a  form,  with 
narrower  and  more  falcate  leaves  gr(>en  both 
sides,  ran.ging  from  Massachusetts  to  Ohio  and 
Florida. 

1.  A.  w.,  II,  a:,. 


SHINING  WILLOW.     GLOSSY-LEAF  WILLOW. 

Salix  lucidii  Muehl. 


I-ig.  93.     Portion  of  a  branchlet  bearing  mature  fruit, 
shoots,  3  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  4. 

94.     Trunk  of  tree  in  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 


detached  capsules,  2 ;  leaves  of  vigorous 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Noktjikkn   Statks  and  Canada. 


81 


The  Shining  Willow  is 
ing  the  height  of  25  ft. 
rarely  10  or  I'Z  in.  in  din 
often  shrubby  than  arlx 
growth.  Its  branc'lu's  gi 
ward  forming  a  rather  bi 
inhabits  the  banks  of  str 


sMiali    tree   attain- 
ith    a    sliort    trunk 

scent  in  lialiit  of 
u|irigii«  and  o.it- 
d  rounded  top.  It 
us,  lake-sliures  and 
swamps  in  eompany  witli  tiie  (Raucous  and 
otlu'r  Willows,  Alders,  etc.  among  which  its 
shining  bright  green  leaves  may  be  quickly  dis- 
tinguished. It  is  a  species  of  quite  wide  dis- 
tribution and  greater  abundance  in  the  nortli- 
ern  part  of  its  range  than  to  the  southward. 
Economically  the  species  is  of  little  import- 
ance, though  its  conspicuous  flowering  aments 
in  early  spring,  and  later  its  clean  glistening 
foliage,  give  it  value  for  planting  in  suitald;' 
localities  for  ornamental  jjurposes. 

Leaves  Involute  in  the  l)ud,  lanceolate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate,  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at  base, 
mostly  long-acuminate,  Hnel.v  serrate,  2-6  in.  loni. 
coriaceous,  covered  with  scattered  pubescence  when 
the.v  unfold  but  finall.v  glabrous,  lustrous  dark 
green  above,  slightly  paler  and  with  broad  yellow- 
ish midribs  beneath  ;  petioles  stont,  puberulous 
glandular  at  apex  :  stipules  small  oblong  or  semi 
cordate,  glandular-serrale.  Floirers  aments  termi- 
nating stout  lateial  leafy  branchlets,  erect,  with 
thick  tomentose  peduncles  ;  sca'es  pale  yellow, 
rounded  at  apes,  denticulate,  glabrous  above  ;  the 
staminate  short,  stout  and  densely  flowered  : 
stamens  usually  .5  with  long  free  filaments,  hairy 
at  base  :  pistillate  ament  more  slender  with  elon- 
gated long-stalked  glabrous  ovary  and  nearly  ses- 
sile emarginate  stigma.  Fruit  ca|)sule  long  ovoid, 
acute,  much  longer  than  the  pedicel,  lustrous  and 
often   long  persistent  after   liberating   the   seeds. 


BRITTLE  WILLOW. 

Salix  fragilis  L 


Fig.  95-     Portion  of  branchlet  bearing  mature  fruit,    i  ;  end  of  vigorous  leafy  shoot,  2  ;  branchlet 
in  winter,  3. 

96.     Trunk  of  tree  in  Albany,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  ISToirniKux   States  axd  Caxada.        8! 


The  Brittle  Willow  is  a  native  Of  Kiirope 
and  Asia,  where  it  is  one  Of  the  most  useful 
of  the  Willows  in  the  production  of  valuable 
timber.  It  was  early  introduced  into  Auierica 
and  has  become  extensively  naturali/cd 
throughout  the  eastern  states  and  Canada. 
It  is  a  tree  of  very  rapid  growth,  attaininj,'  a 
large  size,  sometimes  70  or  80  ft.  in  liciglit 
with  truidi  '.i  or  4  ft.  or  more  in  tliicUncss, 
covered  with  a  rough  scaly-ridgcd  gray  harU. 
Its  full  rounded  top  of  upriglit  and  s|)r('ading 
branches  and  clean  foliage  maUe  it  a  desirable 
tree  for  ornamental  planting  in  moist  locali- 
ties, but  its  special  value  is  for  planting 
along  the  banks  of  streams  to  prevent  erosion. 
This  can  be  very  easily  accomplished  by 
simply  sticking  stakes  made  from  freshly  cut 
branches  into  the  moist  soil  in  early  spring- 
time. Soon  they  become  clothed  with  foliage 
and  in  a  surprisingly  short  time  sturdy  trees. 
The  tree  takes  its  name  from  the  twigs  being 
very  brittle  at  base,  a  strong  wind  usually 
leaving  the  ground  beneath  a  tree  strewn  with 
them. 

The  wood  of  the  Brittle  Willow  is  very  light, 
soft,  tough  and  of  a  reddish  brown  color  with 
thick  whiter  sap-wood.  Lumber  is  manu- 
factured from  the  tree  in  Europe  and  is  said 
to  be  more  durable  than  that  of  most  of  <lie 
Willows,  but  the  use  of  the  wood  is  confined 
in  this  country  mainly  to  fuel  and  charcoal,  a 
large  part  of  the  charcoal  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  gunpowder  coming  from  this  source. 
The  trees  by  being  pollarded  can  be  de]K'nded 
upon  for  successive  crops  of  wood  at  regular 
intervals  of  a   few  vears  <Mch. 


Lravts      lanceolate,      ooinninnly      .'t-G 
cunentp     nt      l)ase.      long  .acuminate. 


1.      Inn-. 

anduliir- 
Kerratc,  Rlahrous  both  sides  at  maturity,  dark 
Kreen  above,  sliRlitly  paler  lieneath  :  "petioli-s 
'4-%  in.  long,  glandular  above:  stipiHes  fngiiciuiis  : 
branchlets  greenish.  Floirrrs  appi'aiiui:  with  tlie 
leaves  on  short  leafy  branchlets;  scmIcs  deciduous; 
Btigraas  nearly  sessile.  Fruit  capsules  long-coni- 
cal, glahious  with   veiv  short   pedirrls. 


SAND-BAR  WILLOW.     LONG-LEAF  WILLOW. 

Salix  fluviafiUs  Xutt.^ 


Fig.  97.      Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and   fruit,    i  ;   leafless  branchlet  in   winter,  2. 
08.     Trunk  of  a  tree  near  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  North Kitx   States  axd  Caxada 


85 


Tlie    Saml-l) 

ir    \\ill( 

)\V 

attains 

a    maximum 

heiglit  of  110  o 

r  70  fl. 

im 

1  triinU  ( 

iainetcr  of  2 

fl.,   but    only 

11    a    \cr 

\- 

illliteil    1 

lution   of   it-i 

vast  area   iloe 

s    it   att: 

in 

such   <lii 

lensions.      It 

is    generally    i 

I    small 

tr 

"e    and    t 

)ften    only    a 

slinil)   ')  or  tJ 

ft.   in   h 

MM 

It.     As 

1    tree    it   de- 

vel()i)s  a   nam 

w  top  w 

ith 

u|)iiglit 

and  inclined 

Inanclu's.    and 

its    lon.L 

n 

I  now    ])( 

ndent    leaves 

make  it  easily 

distingi 

lal.le.     C 

tniparatively 

rare  and   l():'al 

in  the 

■as 

t    it    is  v( 

"ly  ahunilant 

in    tlu'   nortliei 

n   and    \ 

es 

ern    iiite 

rior   ])ortions 

of  the  cDiitine 

it,   covei 

ing  the  liv 

■r  banks  and 

iidjoining  low- 

lands  w 

th 

great  tl 

iekets  of  its 

flexible  crowded  stems 

In  these 

regions  it  is 

usually  the  first  shrub  or  tree  to  spring  up  on 

the  newly  formed  sand-bars,  holding  them  with 

its  strong  roots  and  catching  new  deposits  of 

«ilt,  until  the  sturdy  Cotton  woods  can  find  foot 

ing  and  develop  their  towering  trunks. 

The   wood   of   the    Sand-bar    Willow   is   soft 

and   light,   a   cubic   foot   when   absolutely   dry 

weighing  30.72  lbs.  and  is  little  used  save  for 

light  fuel  and  charcoal. - 

Lcavc.1  involute  in  the  bud,  linoar-lanceolate, 
U-tS  in.  long,  gradually  taporing  to  botli  ends,  re- 
motely dentate  with  small  glandular  spreading 
teeth.  glabrous,  pubescent.  yellowisli  green  ; 
•stipules  small,  deciduous  petioles  short  and  not 
glandular.  Flowers  (April-May)  aments  on 
terminal  short  leafy  branchlets.  often  branching, 
with  pubescent  peduncles  or  from  axillary  buds  of 
same  branches ;  scales  light  yellow,  villous  : 
stamens  2  with  filaments  slightly  hairy  at  base; 
ovary  short-stalked  with  large  sessile  lobed  stig- 
mas.    Fruit  capsules  narrow-ovoid,  glabuate. 

1.  Syn.  Saltx  longifolia  Muehl. 


WEEPING  WILLOW.     NAPOLEON'S  WILLOW.     RING  WILLOW. 
Salix  Bdbylonica  L. 


Fig.  99.     Portion   of  branchlet  bearing  fruit,    i  ; 
leafless  branchlet  in  winter,  4. 

100.     Trunk  of  tree  near  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


detached   capsules,    2  ;    tip   of   leafy   branchlet,   3 ; 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northekn  States  and  Canada, 


87 


The  Weeping  Willow  is  a  familiar  and 
singularly  ornamental  tree,  and  sometimi's  at- 
tains the  height  of  50  or  00  ft.  witli  a  stiort 
thick  trunk  from  '.^-4  or  5  ft.  in  dianictor. 
This  is  covered  with  a  smoothish  grayish  bark 
divided  into  shallow,  firm  and  more  or  less 
reticulated  ridges.  It  lias  hccii  introduced 
into  this  country  from  eastern  iMirope  and 
Asia  and  is  naturalized  in  localities,  ap- 
parently spreading  mainly  if  not  wholly  by 
the  distribution  of  its  twigs.  These  falling 
upon  the  surface  of  a  stream  or  lake  Hoat 
until  they  eventually  find  lodgement  on  the 
shore  and  when  conditions  are  favorable  take 
root  and  grow. 

The  tree  thrives  best  in  moist  soil  and  par- 
ticularly on  the  banks  of  quiet  streams  and 
ponds.  Its  trunk  usually  divides  within  a  few 
feet  of  the  ground  into  a  few  large  branches 
which  ramify  and  the  ultimate  branchlets, 
sometimes  yards  in  length,  droop  and  hang 
like  a  great  natural  portiere  to  the  surface  of 
the  water.  These  great  locks  of  branchlets, 
as  they  wave  in  the  winds  of  a  stormy  day.  give 
the  tree  a  singular  and  striking  appearance. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  usual'y  3-6  in.  long. 
cuneate  at  base,  tapering  to  a  long  slender  point, 
finely  serrate,  puljescent  when  jouag  but  finally 
glabrous  dark  green  above,  pale  beneath  ;  stipules 
small  semicordate  ;  petioles  usually  ';j  in.  or  less 
In  length,  glandular  above  ;  branchlets  olive-green, 
very  long  and  slender.  Floiccm  appearing  with 
the  leaves  in  small  slender  aiuents  with  ovate- 
lanceolate  bracts  on  lateral  leafy  branchlets. 
Fruit  capsules  narrow-ovoid  glabrous. 

A  number  of  varities  are  recognized  as  :  var. 
aurea  Ilort.,  with  yellow  branchlets  :  var.  an- 
nularis Forbes,  with  leaves  curling  back  suggestive 
of  rings;  var.  dolorosa  Rowen.  (Wisconsin  Weep- 
ing Willow)  a  hardy  northern  form  with  leaves 
very  glaucous  beneath,  etc. 


YELLOW  WILLOW.     GOLDEN  OSIER. 

Salix  vitcllina  Kocb.^ 


Fig.  loi.     Section  of  branchlet  with  mature  fruit,   i  ;  empty  capsules,  2  ;  tip  of  vigorous  shoot,  3 
leafless  branchlet  in  winter,  4. 

102.     Trunk  of  tree,  in  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 


ANDBOOK    OK    TrKES    OF    TIIK    jSToirrilKltX     StA'1I;s    AM)    ("a.nai 


89 


Tlii.s  large  and  beautiful  WillOw,  like  the 
Brittle  Willow,  is  an  immigrant  from  the  Old 
World,  and  so  |)rolilie  i,  it  and  so  adapted  to 
our  cdimatie  conditions  lliat  it  is  now  growing 
spontaneously  on  the  haid^s  of  almost  every 
stream  that  Hows  through  the  populated 
regions  of  the  middle  and  eastern  states  and 
Canada.  Jts  bright  yellow  branches,  especially 
conspicuous  in  early  spring  before  the  appear- 
ance of  the  leaves,  are  seen  in  greater  abun- 
dance even  than  most  of  our  native  Willows. 
In  size  and  habit  of  growth  it  is  a  noble  tree 
sometimes  attaining  the  height  of  70  or  80  ft. 
with  short  thick  tniid^  :{-')  ft.  in  diameter 
clothed  in  a  dark  gray  bark  rough  with  promi- 
nent scaly  ridges.  It  divides  near  the  ground 
into  a  few  large  branches,  which  radiate  out 
and  form  a  rather  irregular  broad  or  rounded 
top.  It  is  a  favorite  ornamental  tree  in  moist 
localities  and  particularly  adapted  to  planting 
along  the  banks  of  streams  and  dikes  to  pre- 
vent erosion.  Sections  of  fresh  branches 
merely  stuck  into  the  wet  soil  in  early  spring 
is  all  that  is  required.  Soon  these  put  out 
leaves  and  grow  with  surprising  rapidity,  as 
though  cognizant  of  their  mission  and  the  im- 
portance of  prompt  action.  In  a  few  ye.irs 
they  become  large  trees,  sometimes  increasing 
in  trunk  diameter  at  the  rate  of  3  or  4  in. 
in  a  year,  and  their  roots  firmly  bind  the  soil 
together. 

The  wood  of  the  Yellow  Willow  is  very  light, 
soft,  tough  and  of  a  light  brown  color  with 
thick  sap-wood. 2  Its  chief  use  in  this  country 
is  for  charcoal  and  fuel,  though  adajited  to 
other  uses  to  which  it  is  ai)plie(l  in  its  native 
land. 

Leaves  lanceolate.  i;-.">  in.  Ions,  taiiering  to  base, 
long  acuminate,  fiiicl.v  senate,  sillt.v  hairy  both 
sides  when  younj;,  fi'ahroiis  at  maturity  and  dark 
preen  al)ove.  paler  and  glaucous  beneath  ;  stipules 
ovate-lanceolate,  deciduous  ;  petioles  i.-s  in.  long 
or  less,  slightly  if  at  all  glandular :  branchlets 
glabrous,  t;right  yellow  or  reddish  tinted.  F/outis 
appearing  with  the  leaves  aments  terminating 
lateral  leafy  branchlets,  scales  yellowish,  falling 
before    the    ripening   of  'the    fruit  ;   stigmas   nearly 


sessile.         Fruit:      capsules      narrow-ovoid, 
pointed,   glabrous,    with   very   short   pedicel. 

1.   Syn.  Salix  alba   var.    vitvUina   Koch. 
•2.    A.   \V..    II.    tC. 


lOHK 


MISSOURI  WILLOW. 

Salix  Missouriensis  Muehl,^ 


Fig.  103.     Branchlet  with  mature  fruit,  i  ;  branchlet  with  vigorous  leaves  and  stipules,  2;  branchlet 
in  winter,  3. 

104.     Trunk  of  a  tree  near  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern   States  and  Canada. 


01 


Tlie  Mi^ssollri  Willow  occasionally  attains 
the  lieiglit  of  50  or  tJU  ft.  with  trunk  from  10 
to  14  in.  in  diameter.  It  (lc\t'lo|)s  a  ratlicr 
narrow  roiuulcd  top  of  iij)rijjlit  slender  smooth 
barked  branches,  and  the  bark  of  trunk  is  of  a 
grayish  color,  tiiin  and  smooth  or  with  low 
firm  ridges.  It  is  a  tree  of  limited  distribntion 
and  confined  mainly  to  the  low  rieli  bottom- 
lands of  the  lower  Missouri  River,  wliere  it  is 
found  in  company  with  the  Black  Uillow, 
Sand-bar  Willow,  Peach-leaf  Willow,  the  Sweet 
Gum,  Green  Ash.  Red  Maple,  etc. 

The  wood  is  unimportant  tliough  sometimes 
used  for  charcoal. - 

Leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  lanceolate  to  ob- 
lanceolate  and  occasionall.v  ovate-lanceolate.  ;>-."> 
in.  long,  narrowed  and  wedge-shaped  or  rounded 
at  base,  acuminate,  finely  serrate  with  small 
gland-tipped  teeth,  pubescent  at  first  but  finall.v 
nearly  glabrous,  dark  green  above,  paler  and 
often  glaucous  beneath  :  petioles  pubescent  ;  tin- 
persistent  stipules  semicordate,  ofter  M;  in.  long  : 
winter  buds  large  and  hoary-tomentose  :  branchlets 
pubescent  the  first  season.  Floirrrs  unfold  very 
early  (February-March)  on  short  branchlets 
bearing  small  scale-like  leaves ;  staminate  about 
IVi  in.  long:  scales  light  green,  hairy  outside: 
stamens  2  with  long  glabrous  free  filaments : 
ovary  glabrous,  beaked,  with  very  short  style  and 
emarginate  stigmas.  Fruit:  a  narrow  cylindrical 
ovoid  V  long-pointed  capsule  with  slender  stalk 
about  as  long  as  the  scale. 

1.   Syn.  Salix  cordata  var.   vcstita   Sarg. 

•J.   .\.    W.,   XII.   297. 


^ 

V'^'f  \             4k. 

y^ 
^K- 

£v:. 

yj; 

f 

:y 

aT^^ 

^i 

n^- 

1 

)  y^-c^-^ 

o  J|^ 

J. 

rt-^ 

^^<^^ 

"> 

''"^H^^ 

^Jx) 

■^  SPi.0.  r 

^"V 

LL    ■/■ 

uD'°^yltT^ 

4^ 

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^i:^F^ 

^ 

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iVLAfoA    ^y/ 

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-^ 

7 

^ 

y^> 

GLAUCOUS  WILLOW. 

Salix  discolor  Miielil, 


Fig.  105.     Branchlet  with  leaves  and  mature  fruit,    i  ;   empty   capsules,   2  ;   branchlet   in   winter,   3. 
106.     Trunk  of  tree  with  leaves  at  base  in  Black  River  valley,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Xoktiikkn   States  and  Canada. 


93 


The     r;iaiicc)iis      U'IIIdw 

randy     attains     a 

greater    lieij^lit     tiiaii    20    i 

r    i2.')    ft.    or    f^reater 

(iiaiiieter  of  trunk  tliaii    I'. 

or    14   in.,   ant!   coin- 

inoiily    is    no    nioic    tlian 

a     iarjre    siuul.    with 

nnniero'.is  crooked   stems   t 

ro;n   a   eoiunion   l.ise. 

W'lien    it    attains    the    stat 

ire    of    a    t  re:'    it    de- 

velops  a   rather  wide   roun 

i.'d   toj)   witli    nunier- 

(),is    u|irii,dit     or    arrhiny 

liranclies    and     short 

trui 


It   is  the  (Mnnnion   I'lissi/   Willotr  in  tlie 

parkmre  of  .diildnn.   who   hail    with   deii-ht    its 

oidar<,Mn<,'    iiairy    catkins    as    tlie    first    evidence 

of   approiichiiiij;   >])rin,i;.   and    liatlicr    l)iinclies    of 

its  branches  for  iionie  decoration.     Tlie  tree  is 

indeed   at    this   season   a    handsome   ohje-t.   and 

when  in  full   llower  the  humming  of   numerous 

bees  among  its  branches  ttdls  us  that  tbey  find 

in    its    flowers   their   first    harvests   after   their 

long  winter's  lest.      It   is  an  abundant   species, 

growing  along  the   baid<s   of   streams   and   low 

wet  meadows  in  company  with  other  \N'illows, 

Ashes.  Arbor-Vita',  etc. 

Its   wood    is   o:'casionally    used   for   charcoal. 

A  cubic  foot   wlien  absolutely  dry  weighs  20.50 

Lcarrx  convnhite  in  tli(>  lind.  narrow  nlilont;.  or 
ol)long-lancpolatp,  '2-'t  in.  Ions;,  acute  at  l)()th  ends, 
remotely  crenate-serrate.  pubescent  at  first  but 
finally  glal)rous  thiclv  and  firm,  dai'k  green  above, 
glaucous  white  beneath  with  btroad  midribs ; 
stipules  seraicordate  and  commonly  caducous  ; 
winter  buds  rather  large,  purple  and  lustrous. 
Flowers  in  earliest  spring,  iu'fore  the  loaves,  in 
dense  erect  sessile  aments.  1  in.  or  more  in  length, 
pale  tomentose  with  dark  rod  and  finally  blackish 
scales  covered  on  the  back  with  long  silky  white 
hairs ;  stamens  2.  with  long  glabrous  filaments : 
ovary  villous  with  short  style  and  entire  spread- 
ing stigmas.  Fruit  cajtsules  narrow  vonical, 
pubescent  and  with   long  point. 


COTTONWOOD.     NECKLACE  POPLAR.    CAROLINA  POPLAR. 

Populus  deltoides  Marsh.' 


Fig.  107.     Branchlet  with  leaves  and   mature   fruit,    i  ;   leafless  branchlet  bearing  two  flower-buds 
(the  larger  ones)  and  leaf-buds,  2  ;  terminal  of  a  vigorous  shoot,  showing  angular  nature,  ^. 

108.  Trunk  of  tree  on  Genesee  River  bank  above  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

109.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Koktiikijx   Statk.s  and  Canada. 


95 


This  stately  tree  is  the  hirgest  representa- 
tive of  its  genus,  sometimes  surpassing  100  ft. 
in  height,  with  trunk  G-8  ft.  in  diameter.  It 
develops  a  full  wide  or  rounded  top  with  few- 
massive  branches,  and  these  often  spreading  far 
out  extend  their  drooping  branches  and  shining 
dark  green  leaves  over  a  very  wide  area.  It 
is  confined  to  the  rich  moist  soil  of  river  bot 
toms  and  the  banks  of  streams  and  along  those 
of  the  mid-continental  regions  it  is  the  largest 
and  most  characteristic  tree.  East  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains  it  is  less  abundant  and 
a  smaller  tree;  still  here  and  there  con- 
spicuously  large  trees  are  found. 

Tlie  wood  is  light  and  soft,  a  cubic  foot  when 
absolutely  dry  weighing  24.24  lbs.,  and  is  used 
for  paper  pulp,  in  the  manufacture  of  lumber 
for  packing  cases  and  for  fuel.  Owing  to  ten- 
dency to  warp  and  difficulty  in  seasoning  it  is 
little  valued  for  lumber.  In  early  days,  how- 
ever, before  railroads  crossed  the  western 
plains  the  pioneer  settlers  found  in  the  Cotton- 
wood trunks  material  for  building  purposes 
from  the  rough  stockade  to  the  houses  and 
buildings  of  their  first  villages. - 

Leaves  broadly  deltoid-ovate,  3-7  in.  long,  usually 
abruptly  acuminate  at  apex,  truncate  or  slightly 
cordate  at  base,  crenate-serrate,  entire  at  liasc.  at 
first  jrummy  with  fragrant  exudation  but  tinally 
lustrous  dark  green  above,  pairr  hciicatli  :  pctiidi's 
loni;.  slender,  and  laterally  coiiipi^'ssi'd.  I'lain  is 
(.\pril-May)  :  aments  short-stalked  ;  staminate 
stout  and  densely  flowered.  .{-.">  in.  lonu: ;  stamens 
numerous :  pistillate  at  first  smaller  Init  elongat- 
ing as  fruit  ripens;  scales  glabrous,  laciniate. 
Friiit  with  ovoid  2-4-valved  capsules,  which  liber- 
ates in  May  their  crowded  contents  of  small  light 
brown   seeds  with  cottony  coma. 

y.  (Irltoides  occidentalis  Rydb.  is  a  western  form 
ranging  from  Sask.  to  New  Mexico  with  leaves 
broader  at  base,  longer-acuminate  and  more 
coarsely  toothed  with  young  branches  shining, 
light   yellow." 

1.  Syn.  Populus  monilifcra  Ait. 

2.  A.  W.,  II,  48. 

3.  For  genus  sec  pp.  42G-4-7. 


■■■..'?' 

1 

1^ 

1    *''^i*^f"y^ 

-^j::^i^X^SVt/s;;- 

??  ^  jt»  "V^  ••sC  .%z  -^  V 

• ---.^■i.- •..•••   -?•       .■•••-?      • 

LOMBARDY  POPLAR. 

Populus  nigra  Italica  DuEoi.^ 


Fig.  no.     Branchlet  with   mature  leaves.     As  staminate  trees  only  are   found  in   this  country   we 
are  unable  to  illustrate  the   fruit.     Leafless  branchlet  in  winter. 
III.     Trunk  of  tree  near  I.owville,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  tub  jSTortiiekx   States  am>  ("anada. 


07 


The  Lombardy  Poplar  is  tlio  most  disluu't 
of  tlie  roplars  in  habit  of  <rio\\th.  ami  prob- 
ably no  other  introdiK-ed  tree  has  been  more 
widely  [)lanted  for  ornamental  purposes.  Its 
tall  spire-shaped  tops  are  laml-marUs  in  al- 
nu)-t  excry  pupulatetl  region  ivotw  the  Atlantic 
to  tlie  I'arilie  and  from  the  Canadian  frontiiT 
to  the  Mexican  lionndary,  and  in  some  h'.ure- 
pean  countries  it  is  niueh  more  abundant  than 
here.  It  is  a  tree  of  very  rapid  growth  and. 
in  our  northern  states,  short-lived,  but  once 
planted  it  spreads  by  means  of  suckers  and 
persists  in  the  soil  for  generations,  often  be- 
coming a  nuisance  in  its  abundance.  Its  de- 
sirability, however,  in  landsca])*'  architecture. 
as  for  the  relief  of  a  monot(nious  sky-line,  is 
undisputed.  It  sometimes  attains  the  height  of 
100  ft.  with  short  ridged  and  buttressed  trunk 
(!-S  ft.  in  diameter,  and  this  latter  measure- 
ment is  hardly  more  than  doubled  in  the  width 
of  its  compact  narrow  top.  Botanically  the 
tree  is  a  bone  of  contention.  Its  leaf  and 
floral  characters  are  so  clo.se  to  those  of  the 
European  P.  nigra  L.  that  it  is  held  by  seme 
to  be  a  sport  of  that  species,  all  existing  trees 
having  come  from  a  certain  one  or  few  trees 
found  growing  somewhere  naturally  many 
3'ears  ago.  This  theory  would  seem  to  be  sub- 
stantiated by  the  fact  that  in  this  country  at 
least  all  of  the  trees  are  staniinate,  repro- 
duction being  effected  by  its  stoloniferous 
roots  and  fallen  branches.  The  theory  is  mili- 
tated against  by  the  fact  that  its  new  shoots 
are  glabrous,  while  those  ol  /'.  nifpa  are 
pubescent.  For  convenience  we  will  consider 
it  a  sport  of  the  /'.  nifim.  It  takes  its  name 
from  the  province  of  Lombardy  in  Italy,  imt 
its  hardiness  in  far  colder  climates  than  that 
of  Italy  would  indicate  its  origin  in  a  more 
northern  region.  It  is  thought  to  have  origi- 
nated in  .Afghanistan  wliere  it  is  said  to  grow 
naturally  as  a  forest  tree. 

The  botanical  characters,  so  far  a<  we  are 
al)le  to  observe  them  by  a  study  of  the  tiee  as 
we  ha\e  it  in  this  country  —  the  staniinate 
only. —  are  apparently  identical  with  those  of 
the  I',  nigra,  excepting  its  fastigiate  habit  of 
growth  and  glabrous  new  shoots.2 

1.  Svn.  Populus  (lUatata  Alt. 

2.  For  P.  nigra  L.  see  p.  427. 

3.  A.   W.,  Ill,  73. 


LANCE-LEAF  COTTONWOOD. 

Populus  acumitiatd  Kydb. 


Fig.  112.     Fruiting   branchlet   and   mature   leaves   and   fruit;    branchlets   in   winter,   the   upper   one 
bearing  four  flower-buds,  the  lower  one  two  leaf-buds  and  one  terminal  flower-bud. 

113.     Trunk  near  Greeley,   Colo. 

For  this  trunk  picture  and  specimens  the  author  is  indebted  to  Prof.   B.  O.  Longyear. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern   States  and  C^ 


99 


The  Lunco  li'iif  Cottonwood  is  the  least 
abundant  iopie«oiitative  of  tlio  giMius  within  the 
United  States.  Jt  is  a  tree  of  medium  stature, 
rarely  if  ever  surpassing  50  or  tiO  ft.  in  height 
or  2  or  3  ft.  in  tliiekness  of  trunk,  with  rounded 
or  pyramidal  top  of  stout  spreading  brandies. 
The  bark  of  branches  and  upper  trunk  is  of  a 
pale  grayisii  brown  eolor  fissured  into  narrow 
Hat  ridges.  Like  the  Narrow-leaf  Cottonwood, 
with  which  this  tree  was  confounded  until 
recently  separated  by  jNIr.  Rydberg.  the  bark  of 
hranches  and  upper  trunk  is  very  smooth  and 
of  a  pale  ash-gray  color,  but  that  of  the  branch- 
lets  differs  in  being  of  a  light  greenish  brown 
color,  rather  than  orange-brown,  and  its  buds 
are  larger,  more  resin-coated  and  more  curved. 
It  is  confined  in  its  distribution,  as  far  as  now 
known,  to  the  banks  of  streams  along  the 
eastern  dry  foot-hills  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 
from  Assiniboia  to  New  Mexico.  It  is  occasion- 
ally planted  as  a  shade-tree  in  cities  and  vil 
lages  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

The  wood  is  light,  soft,  not  strong  and  suit- 
able for  the  uses  to  which  the  common  Cotton- 
wood is  applied. 

Leaves  rhombic-lanceolate,  2-5  in.  long:,  cnnpa(<- 
or  rarely  rounded  at  base,  acnminatc.  coarsely 
crenate-serrate  exceptinK  at  ba.se  and  apex  which 
arc  mostly  entire,  lustrous  dark  green  above,  d.'li 
green  beneath;  petioles  slender,  terete,  l-:{  in 
long.  Floircrs  rather  open  loose  aments ;  staml 
nate  IVj-.l  in.  long;  disk  of  flower  oblique  saucer 
shaped  with  numerous  stamens  ;  pistillate  aments 
becoming  .'5-4  in.  long,  drooping  ;  disk  ciii)-shaped  : 
stigma  laciniate-lobed.  FriiH  in  rather  loose 
drooping  aments  with  oblong-ovoid  distinctly 
pediceled  and  usually  3-valved  capsules. 


NARROW-LEAF  COTTONWOOD. 

Populus  angustifolia  James. 


Fiff.  114.     Fruiting    branchlet,    leaves    and    fruit;    branchlets    in    winter,    the    lower    one    bearing 
mainly  flower-buds. 

lis.     Trunk  of  tree  near  Fort  Collins,  Colo. 

For  this  trunk  picture  and  specimens  the  author  is  indebted  to  Prof.  B.  O.  Longyear. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the   Xortiieun   States  axd  Canada.      101 


The  Narro\v-le;ii  Cottonwood  is  a  niodiuni- 
size  tree  rarely  surpassing  00  or  70  ft.  in 
heiglit  or  18  in.  in  tliic-i<ness  of  trunk.  It 
develops  a  rather  narrow  pyramidal  top  of 
ascending  pale  ashen  gray  branches,  light 
orange-brown  lustrous  branchlets  of  the  season 
and  small  buds.  The  livid  smooth  bark  of  the 
younger  trunks  becomes  lissnicd  witli  n'^i'.  as 
the  trunk  enlarges,  and  linally  is  furrowed 
with  dark  firm  ridges.  Its  small  short- 
stemmed  narrow  green  leaves  are  more  sug- 
gestive of  some  of  the  broader-leaved  \\illows 
than  of  the  other  Poplars,  and  constitute  a 
feature  by  which  this  tree  is  quickly  recog- 
nized. It  is  the  commonest  Cottonwood  over  a 
considerable  part  of  its  range  skirting  the 
banks  of  streams  and  moist  places  between  the 
altitudes  of  5000  and  10000  ft.  above  the  sea. 
It  is  extensively  planted  as  a  shade  tree  in  the 
streets  of  towns  of  Colorado  and  Utah. 

The    wood    is    light,    a    cubic    foot    weighing 

24.38    lbs.,    soft,    not    strong,    and    of    a    light 

brown  color  with  lighter  sap-wood. 

Lrnrrs  lanceolate  to  ovato-lanccdlate.  2-.".il.  in. 
long,  rounded  or  cum'ati'  at  base,  iiarrowiiii;  to  an 
acute  or  hlunt  api'x,  tiiu'ly  sci-rati'  tlic  ciilirc  Icnuili 
(or  coarsely  serrate  on  \  ij^oroiis  slmotsi  rather 
thin,  slabrous,  .vollow-fireen  above,  paler  beneath. 
with  broad  midribs;  petioles  1/2-%  in.  Ions  srrooved 
above  but  not  laterall,v  flattened.  F1air(rs  in 
closely  flowered  s'abroiis  short-stalked  aments  : 
stami'nate  with  cup-shaped  disk  and  12-20  sta- 
mens :  pistillate  with  cup-shaped  disk  and  broad- 
lolied  stigmas.  Fruit  in  erect  or  inclined  aments, 
2-;;  in.  long  with  broad-ovoid  crowded  short- 
[)ediceled   capsules. 


BALM  OF  GILEAD. 

Populus  candicans  Ait.^ 


Fig.  1 1 6.     Mature  leaves  and  fruit,  i;  branchlet  in  winter,  2. 
117.     Trunk  of  a  tree  near  LowviTIe,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  or  Tkkes  of  the  Nortiiep.n   States   am)   Caxai 


103 


Tlie  B;ilm  of  Gilead  when  in  its  prime  is  a 
beautiful  largo  Poplar,  attaining  the  iioight  of 
70  or  SO  ft.  or  more  witli  broad  and  irregular 
spreading  top.  and  trunk  attaining  a  thiekness 
of  3-6  ft.,  vested  in  a  rather  thick  firmly  ridged 
gray  bark  at  base,  while  the  ui)per  truid<  and 
branches  are  covered  with  a  smooth  yellowish 
brown  bark.  In  a  wild  state  it  is  a  rare  tree 
and  apparently  quite  local  in  distribution,  but 
from  early  times  it  lias  been  a  favorite  tree 
for  shade,  and  being  very  hardy  was  planted 
abundantly  in  the  dooryards  of  country 
homes  throughout  the  uortlicrn  states  and 
Canada.  It  is  a  beautiful  object  at  first  with 
its  large  parti-colored  heart-shaped  leaves  con- 
stantly fluttering  from  the  slightest  breezes. 
Unfortunately  it  is  a  short-lived  tree  and  early 
becomes  decrepit.  Then  its  dropping  limbs 
make  it  unsightly  and  undesirable,  but  suckers 
generally  spring  up  in  abundance  about  it  and 
eventually  take  its  place,  if  allowed  to  do  so, 
and  in  this  way  trees  once  planted  continue  to 
occupy  the  soil  for  a  long  time.  The  fra- 
grance of  the  sticky  buds  and  new  leaves  of  this 
tree  is  so  marked  as  to  be  detected  sometimes 
at  some  distance  from  the  tree,  and  attracts 
the  bees  to  it  in  abundance  after  the  sticky 
varnish  on  its  buds.  This  they  gather,  pack 
onto  their  thighs  and  carrj'  away  to  seal  the 
crevices  of  their  hives  —  the  material  called 
propolis  by  the  bee-keepers.  I  have  observed 
that  goose-berry  and  currant  bushes  planted 
beneath  the  branches  of  this  tree  are  not 
molested  by  the  destructive  cur  rant- worm,  the 
emanations  of  the  tree  seeming  to  be  distaste- 
ful or  disastrous  to  them.  According  to  Prof. 
L.  H.  Bailey,  the  Balm  of  Gilead  was  an  im 
portant  lumber  tree  in  the  forests  of  Michigan 
in  early  days. 

The  wood  is  soft,  light,  a  cubic  font  veigliin.i.' 
2.J.93  lbs.  when  absolutely  dry.  easily  worke.l 
and  suitable  for  the  niamif  u'tuic  n{  Ix.xe-, 
pails,  excelsior,  etc. 

Leaves  broad  heart-shapod.  .3-0  in.  lonu'.  .icniniii.Tir 
rather  coarsely  crenat<>-serrate  and  ciliair-iiia' 
siinefl,  pulieseent  when  yoiinfr  lint  (inall.v  ulaluon- 
ciark  sreen  above,  whitish:  stronsily  id  iculiilctl  ami 
sometimes  rusty  lien ea 111  :  petinlcs  ticailv  trrn. 
and  veins  liencatli  eommnnly  piilirscciit  :  Inids  \;\v-< 
and  covered  with  a  sticky  aromatic  n'sin.  h'loin  i  s 
in  piilx'sccnt  aments.  the  scales  falliim  early 
stamens  ir>-:',0:  lobes  of  stigma  hroad  and  larur 
/•'(•i/i7  capsules  crowded  on  the  stems,  ovoid,  - 
valved  and  with  short  pedicels. 


r^J^^^ 


^•*-~'  -^i""*,.-'-  "Wait.  ■  -ff* 


1.   Svn.      Pnpiiliis 
Gray. 


bnl'iliDiifrrn 


BALSAM  POPLAR. 

Populus  halsamifera  L. 


'ig.  ii8.     Branchlet   with   mature   leaves   and    fruit,    i;    leafless   branchlet   in    winter, 
119.     Trunk  of  tree,  in  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trkes  of  tiik  Noktiikkx   Stat 


AM)   Canada.      105 


The  Balsam  Poplar  sometimes  attains  in  the 
forest  a  height  of  100  ft.  ami  a  trunk  diameter 
of  0  or  tJ  ft.  \\  hen  isolated  from  other  trees 
it  develops  a  rather  narrow  irregular  pyra- 
midal open  top  of  few  large  branches,  and  its 
parti-eolored  leaves,  as  their  dark  green  upper 
surfaces  and  light  under  surfaces  show  suc- 
cessively as  moved  by  the  wind,  make  it  a 
handsome  object.  It  is  distinctly  a  northern 
tree,  tliriving  and  attaining  its  largest  size 
along  tlie  banks  of  the  streams  which  are  tribu- 
tary to  the  ^lackenzie  River  in  a  climate  too 
severe  for  the  existence  of  most  other  trees. 
In  those  cold  regions  this  is  the  largest  and 
most  characteristic  tree.  It  is  confined  mainly 
to  alluvial  bottom-lands  and  borders  of 
swamps,  and  in  our  northern  states,  where  it 
finds  its  southernmost  limit  of  distribution, 
is  by  no  means  as  large  a  tree  as  it  is  to  the 
northward. 

Its  wood  is  soft  and  light,  a  cubic  foot  when 
absolutely  dry  weighing  22.65  lbs.,  and  in  the 
region  of  the  Great  Lakes  and  northern  INIichi- 
gan  is  used  for  paper  pulp,  and  in  the  manu- 
facture of  boxes,  pails,  etc.i 

Lcavfs  .3-6  in.  lon,<;.  ovate,  roimded  or  broadly 
ounoato  at  base  with  crenate-serrate  .slishtly 
thickened  margin,  acute  or  aciiiiilnate  at  apex, 
darlv  glabrous  green  above,  much  pnhr  and  con- 
spicuously reticulated-veined  and  sdinctinics  rusty 
beneath  :  petioles  long,  terete  :  winter  buds  large, 
taper-pointed  and  very  resinous.  Floircrs  (in 
.Vpril)  ;  Scales  of  aments  scarlous,  brown,  lacine- 
atc  lobed :  stamens  20-80 ;  ovary  ovoid,  slightly, 
2-lobed  and  with  2  large  dilated  stigmas.  Fruit 
(ripe  in  May)  with  ovoid  oblong  2-valved  short- 
pediceled   capsules ;   capsules   about    %    in.    long. 


SWAMP  POPLAR. 
Popnlus  heterophylla  L. 


ig.  120.     Branchlet  with  leaves  and  mature  fruit,   i;  leafless  branchlet  in  winter, 
121.     Trunk  of  tree,  with  leaves  at  base,  near  Kennett,  Mo. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Noktiikun   SrAiics  and  Canada.      107 


The  Swamp  Poplar  wlioro  conditions  are 
favorable  for  best  de\eln])nu'nt,  in  tlic  lowor 
Mississippi  \'alley.  attains  a  licij,'lit  uf  SO  or 
90  ft.,  with  straight  cdhnHnar  trnnk  I'.i  ft.  in 
diameter  vested  in  a  grayish  brown  bark  with 
prominent  scaly  ridges,  and  develops  an  open 
irregular  top  with  few  large  brandies.  In  the 
Atlantic  states  it  rarely  attains  a  greater 
height  than  40  or  50  ft.  Here  it  i.s  rare  and 
local  and  is  confined  to  tlie  borders  of  ponds 
and  swamps  more  or  less  permanently  in- 
undated. In  the  Mississippi  basin  it  is  more 
abundant,  and  it  is  found  in  company  with  the 
Honey  and  Water  Locusts,  Mississippi  Hack- 
berry,  Swamp  White  Oak,  Red  and  Drummond 
Maples,  Sweet  Gums,  Tupelos,  etc. 

The  wood  of  the  Swamp  Poplar  is  of  a 
grayish  brown  color  with  light  sap-wood.  A 
cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighs  25.48 
lbs.  It  is  manufactured  into  lumber,  under 
the  name  of  Black  Poplar,  for  interior  finish- 
ing, etc.i 

LcarcM  4  8  in.  lone;,  broad  ovate  with  petioles 
long  and  terete,  varying  from  round  to  cordate  at 
base,  crenate,  obtuse  or  subacute  at  apex,  covered 
with  white  woolly  tomentum  at  first  but  finally 
glabrous  with  brown  buds  acute  or  obtuse,  resin- 
ous. Flowers  (April-May)  glabrous  scarious  fim- 
bricated  scales,  staminate  aments  stout,  densely- 
flowered,  finally  2-:*.  in.  lonsj  and  drooping ; 
stamens  12-20;  pistillate  aments  small,  raceme- 
like, few-flowered  with  short  style;  ovary  ovoid. 
and  thick  2  or  ."t-lobed  sti^-mas.  Fruit  (ripe  in 
May)  with  ovoid-oblong  pointiMl  2-:!-valved  cap- 
sules,  shorter   than   or   efpialling   the   pedicels. 

1.  A.   W.,   IV,  97. 


QUAKING  ASP.     TREMBLING  POPLAR.     POPPLE. 

Pop  id  us  t  re  undo  ides  Miclix. 


Fig.  122.  Branchlets  with  mature  and  young  leaves,  i  ;  isolated  empty  capsules,  2  ;  a  capsule 
and  its  actual  contents,  procured  by  confining  the  capsule  at  the  time  of  opening,  3  ;  branchlet  in 
winter  with  cluster  of  flower-buds  near  tip,  4. 

123.     Trunk   of   tree   in   Essex   Co.,   N.   Y.     Note   the   transition   from    smooth   young   bark   to 
rough  old  bark. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  I^okthern  States  am*  ( 


10l> 


Ihe  Quaking  Asp  is  usually  a  slender  tree 
developing  in  the  open  a  loose  rounded  top, 
and  the  trunk  seldom  more  than  18  in.  or  2  ft. 
in  diameter,  but  in  forests  where  it  attains 
its  largest  size  it  grows  to  a  height  of  90  or 
100  ft.  with  trunk  sometimes  3  ft.  in  diameter. 
The  bark  of  branches  and  young  trunks  is  of  a 
pale  yellowish  green  color,  or  often  nearly 
white,  and  on  older  trunks  becomes  fissured 
and  divided  into  nearly  black  scalj^  ridges.  A 
conspicuous  f-ature  of  tlie  tree  is  the  constant 
iL'itation  of  its  small  rounded  leaves,  occasioned 
even  by  tlie  slightest  breezes,  on  account  of 
their  long  llattened  stems.  It  is  a  very  useful 
tree  in  the  economy  of  Nature  in  that  its 
seeds,  seeming  possessed  of  an  exceptional 
power  of  germination,  are  easilj^  scattered  In 
the  winds,  and  it  quickly  covers  forest  lands 
recently  denuded  by  fires  with  a  fresh  growth 
of  little  forest  trees.  In  the  shelter  of  these 
the  tender  seeds  of  more  useful  trees  germinate 
and  thrive,  and  eventually  monopolize  the  soil, 
ungratefully  crowding  to  the  wall  by  their 
overpowering  shade  the  slender  Aspens  which 
assisted  them  into  existence. 

The  wood  is  light,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso- 
lutely dry  weighing  25.1.3  lbs.,  soft  and  is 
used  mainly  in  tlie  manufacture  of  paper  pulp 
and  excelsior.' 

Leaves  ovate  to  siiborbicular,  lMi-3  in.  Ion?, 
rounded  or  sut)cordatP  at  base,  short  acuminato 
at  apex,  with  finely  crenato  and  ciliate  margin, 
glabrous  :  petioles  very  slender  and  laterally  com- 
pressed :  winter  buds  slabroiis.  Flowers  1V.-2  in. 
Ions :  .scales  deeply  .'i-.">-cleft  info  linear"  lobes 
frinped  with  gray  hairs  :  staminate  aments  with 
disk  entire,  and  0-12  stamens:  stigmas  2  with 
linear  lobes.  Fruit  (May-.Iune)  capsules  oblong 
conical.  2-valved ;  seeds"  about  l-;i2  in.  long, 
obovate. 


\V. 


LARGE-TOOTH  POPLAR.     ASPEN. 

Populus  grandidentata  Mickx, 


Fig.  124.  Fruiting  branchlet  with  mature  and  young  leaves,  1-2;  isolated  capsules,  3;  tip  of 
young  shoot,  4  (Note  the  velvety  pubescence  as  compared  with  the  glabrous  young  leaves  of 
P.  tremuloides)  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  s- 

125.     Trunk   showing  the   smooth   young  bark  above  and   the   furrowed  older  bark  at  base, 
Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  North ekn  States  and  Canada.     Ill 


The  Large-tooth  Poplar  rarely  if  ever  at- 
tains a  greater  height  tlian  70  or  80  ft.  or  2 
ft.  in  thickness  of  trunk.  Wlicii  sullicieiitly 
isolated  from  otlu-r  trws  it  devi-lops  a  loose 
oval  or  rounded  top  of  liimdsoinc  clcnii  foliajic 
always  rustling  with  the  slightest  lucczo,  (Mi 
account  of  the  peculiar  formation  of  petioles. 
The  hark  of  hranches  and  younger  trunks  is 
smooth  and  of  a  grayish  green  color.  Later  it 
becomes  fissured  into  rough  lirni  ridges.  It  is 
found  mostly  on  sandy  slopes  and  the  baidcs  of 
streams  in  company  with  the  Hemlock,  Pines, 
Oaks,  Maples,  8had-l)ush,  Butternut.  Red 
Spruce,  etc.  As  with  the  Quaking  Asp,  its 
hardy  seeds  scattered  widely  by  the  wind 
quickly  clothe  with  new  verdure  tracts  of 
forest  lands  recently  denuded  by  fires.  Then 
protected  by  the  shade  of  these  seedlings  the 
more  tender  seeds  of  more  useful  trees  are  able 
to  germinate  and  grow. 

Its  wood  is  light,  a  cubic  foot  weighing 
28.87  lbs.,  soft  and  not  strong  and  is  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  excelsior.  ])aper,  wooden- 
ware  and  occasionally  for  lumber. i 

Leaves  orbicular-ova  tp,  '5-6  in.  lon^.  coarsely 
and  irregularly  dentate,  from  obtuse  to  rounded 
at  base,  sliort  acuminate,  densely  white  tomentose 
at  flr.st  but  finally  glabrous,  thinand  firm  ;  petioles 
Ion?,  slender  and  laterally  compressed ;  winter 
Itiids  puberulons.  Floirer.i:  aments  1-3  in  lonsr ; 
sc.Tles  with  silky  pale  hairs  and  irregularly  ,5-7- 
fleft  ;  stamens  6-12  :  stigmas  2  with  long  filiform 
lobes.  Fruit  (May-.Tune)  :  capsules  long-conie.  2- 
valved.  about  i/s  in.  long;  seeds  dark  brown, 
minute. 

1.    .\.   W.,  I,  IS. 


WHITE  POPLAR.     ABELE.     SILVER-LEAF  POPLAR. 

Populus  alba  L. 


Fig.  126.     Branchlet   with   mature    leaves   and    fruit,    i;    isolated    empty   capsules,    2;    branchlet 
winter,  3. 

127.     Trunk  with  leaves  at  base.     Near  Albany,  N.  Y. 


IIandkook  of  Tkees  ok  the   Xoktiikkx   States   and   Canada.      11 

The  W'liito  Poplar  is  a  nativo  of  central  and 
southern  Kurope,  the  eorre^pondinii  latitudes 
of  Asia,  as  far  east  as  the  lliniahiya  Moun- 
tains, and  of  northern  Africa.  11  was  ( arly 
introduced  into  this  counlry  fur  oi  n  unental 
l)urposes  and  has  heeonie  nalurali/eil  in  many 
Idealities  throuj^hout  northeastern  L'niteil 
Slates  and  Canada.  It  is  a  larye  tree  some- 
times attaining  the  height  of  100  ft.  with 
trunk  .'i  (u-  4  ft.  or  more  in  diameter,  vested 
ill  a  eharaeteristie  gn'enish  gray  and  wliitisli 
hark  of  liraneiies  and  upper  trunk,  wliih-  tliit 
at  the  hase  of  old  trunks  becomes  deeply  ehft 
into  tirm  dark  ridges.  It  commonly  (le\ehi[)s 
a  large  irregular  open  broad  or  rounded  t(jp. 
The  contrast  between  the  dark  green  ujiper 
surfaces  of  its  leaves  and  the  velvety  wliite 
miller  >urfaces  causes  a  i)leasing  scintillating 
eliVct  a>  tiiey  are  agitated  by  the  wind,  and 
this  gives  to  the  White  Poplar  a  peculiar 
ornamental  value.  The  abundance  of  the  trees 
about  the  >.itcs  of  old  country  Iinmes  attests 
its  long  po[)ularity  as  an  ornamental  tree  and 
its  hardiness,  but  the  rapidity  and  persistence 
with  which  it  spreads,  by  means  of  its  long 
>toloniferous  roots,  makes  it  in  some  places  a 
nuisance. 

Its  wood  is  light,  soft,  tough  and  of  a  red- 
dish yellow  color  with  nearly  white  sap-wood.' 

Leaves  f|iiito  varial)lo  l)nt  commonly  suborbicii 
lar  or  broad  ovate.  2-4  in.  Ions,  obtuse  or  nciiti' 
at  apex,  tnincnte  or  cordate  at  l)ase,  irregiilaih 
dentate,  sinuate-dentate  or  lespeciall.v  on  y\->>\- 
ous  shoots)  palmately  ."'.-.")- lobed  and  with  pciidl.s 
and  branehlets  white  velvety  toiueiitos(>  at  first. 
but  many  of  the  leaves  heciiiiiini;  ylabriite  late  iu 
the  .season  dark  fjreen  above  or  bv  Inie  suiiinur 
often  scurfy  or  nearly  slabrmis  beneath,  wliib 
those  on  viRoroiis  shoots  retain  their  white  to- 
mentum  beneath:  petioles  shorter  than  the  blade; 
branehlets  and  bud  in  winter  white  scurfy  to- 
mentose.  Floircrs  staniinate  aments  lV>-2  in. 
long  (becoming  :i-4  in.  long)  stout:  pi'stillate 
aments  more  slender:  stigmas  digitately  lobed. 
Fruit:  capsules  ovoid-oblong,  about  .{-IG  in.  long, 
2-valved. 

Popiiliix  alba  var.  IMUann  (Rolle's  Poplar) 
was  found  in  Turkestan  in  1S7.">.  They  are  tre<-s 
with  narrow  pyramidal  tops  of  fastigiate  branches 
and  are  now  extensively  planted  for  ornanienta! 
purposes  in  the  Atlantic  states.  They  are  con- 
sidered as  of  greater  (unamental  value  than  is 
tlie  typical   form. 

1.   A.    \V.,   IV,   96. 


HORNBEAM.     BLUE  OR  WATER  BEECH.     IRON-WOOD. 

Carpinus  Caroliniana  Walt. 


Fig.  128.     Branchlet  bearing  leaves  and  fruit,   i;  detached  nutlets  with  their  involucres,  2;  leafy 
branchlet,  3  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  4. 

129.  Trunk  of  tree  at  Biltmore,  N.  C. 

130.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


Hi^NDBOOK    OF    TkEES    OF    THE    NoKTJlEBN    StATES    AND    CaNADA.        115 


The  Hornbeam  in  the  forest  sometimes  at- 
tains the  height  Of  30  or  40  ft.  and  a  diameter 
of  trunk  of  18  in.  or  2  ft.  vested  in  a  thin  very 
close  and  smooth  bluish  gray  bark  often  mot- 
tled witli  lighter  or  darker  tints.  When  iso- 
lated from  oilier  trees  it  develops  a  broad  open 
head  with  numerous  tough  branches,  the  larger 
of  which  and  the  trunk  are  much  furrowed  and 
ridged,  suggestive  of  knotted  sinews,  on  ac- 
count of  wiiicli  resemblance  the  Indians  called 
it  "  Otantahrteweii,"  meaning  " //ic  lean  tree." 
It  grows  (in  low  moist  bottom-lands  in  com- 
pany with  tlie  Holly,  Sweet  Bay,  Swamp  Buy, 
Gums,  lied  .Ma])le,  Water  Locust,  Prickly 
Ash,  etc.  in  the  south  Atlantic  states,  where 
it  is  more  abundant  than  northward  and  at- 
tains its  largest  size.  In  the  northern  part  of 
its  range  it  is  a  small  tree  with  less  sym- 
metrical and  crooked  trunks  or  often  a  tall 
shrub.  Here  it  is  commonly  found  along  the 
banks  of  streams  over  whose  waters  it  extends 
its  many  handsome  sprays  of  beautiful  foliage 
and  curious  clusters  of  leaf-like  fruit. 

The  wood  of  the  Hornbeam  is  hea\'j',  a  cubic 
foot  when  dry  weighing  45.41  lbs.,  tough, 
strong  and  of  a  light  brown  color  with  abun- 
dant whitish  sap-wood.  It  is  used  chiefly  for 
fuel  thougl,!  suitable  for  tool-handles,  and 
articles  of  wooden  ware.i 


Lrarrs  ovate-olilong, 
acumiDate,  rounded  or  si 
and  unequally  soi'rate  w 
often  iii('(|uil;it('ial.  pulic 
but  finally  Klalirous,  du 
pressed  veins  above,  palt 
hairs     in     the     axils     of 


2-5  in.  long,  acute  or 
bcordate  at  base,  sharply 
th  stout  spreadins  tooth, 
icoul    and    plioato   at    first 

1-  alid  with  tufts  of  \vhito 
veins     lioucath  ;     petioles 


slender,  pubescent  ;  winter-hiids  ovoid,  acute 
somewhat  incurved  with  numerous  brown  white- 
margined  scales.  Floircrs:  starainate  aments  I-l'.. 
in.  long;  pistillate  V2-%  in.  long  with  green 
scales  and  scarlet  style.s.  Fruit  nuts  Vg  in.  liiui 
with  invo  ucres  with  stout  stalljs  1-1 1/2  in.  long 
with  middle  lobe  large  and  serrate  on  one  side  and 
one  lateral  lobe  commonly  wan  ting. - 


1.  A.   W.,   II,   42. 

2.  For  genus   see 


p.   427. 


HOP  HORNBEAM.     IRON-WOOD. 

Ostrya  Virginiana  (Mill.)  Koch. 


Fig.   131.     Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,   i  ;  involucral  sacs  opened,  to  show  nutlets,  and 
detached  nutlets,  2  ;  branchlets  in  winter  bearing  young  staminate  aments  and  leaf-buds,  3. 

132.  Trunk  of  tree,  in  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 

133.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Tkees  of  the  Northern   Si 


ir 


The  Hop  MonibtMin  is  a  liaiidsoine  tree  of 
medium  size  rarely  over  (30  or  70  ft.  in  licifjlit 
or  2  ft.  in  diameter  of  trunk.  W'lien  isolate  1 
it  develops  a  broad  rounded  top  of  many  small 
tough  branches,  and  when  covered  with  its  rich 
yellow-green  leaves  and  pale  hop-like  fruit  is  a 
handsome  object.  The  bark  of  trunk  is  rough 
with  narrow  louse  elongated  scales.  It  in- 
habits wt'll-drained  gravelly  ridges  and  slopes 
and  in  tlic  nortliLM-n  Atlantic  states,  where  it  is 
abundant  and  reaches  its  largest  size,  is  as- 
sociated with  the  Beech,  Sugar  Maple,  Yellow 
Birch,  White  and  Cork  Elms,  Butternut. 
White  Ash,  etc. 

Its  wood  is  heaAy,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso- 
lutely dry  weighing  51.63  lbs.,  hard,  tough, 
and  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  tool-handles 
and  other  small  articles  of  wooden  ware,  for 
fuel,  etc.i 

Leaves  ovate-oblong,  2-5  in.  long,  acute  or 
acuminate,  narrowed  and  rounded  or  cordate  often 
inequilateral  at  base,  sharply  and  unequally  ser- 
rate, at  maturity  glabrous  and  dull  yellow-green 
with  impressed  midribs  and  veins  above,  lighter 
and  downy  beneath,  especially  along  the  midribs 
and  in  the  axils  of  the  veins.  Flowers:  staminatr 
aments  about  14  in.  long  during  the  winter  and 
when  unfolding  2-3  in.  long  ;  pistillate  aments  very 
slender,  with  hairy  stems  and  light  green  or  red- 
dish leaf-like  scales,  those  near  the  base  the 
longest.  Fruit:  strobules  1M!-214  in.  long  with 
slender  stems  about  1  in.  long ;  involucral  sacs 
about  %  in.  long,  pubescent. = 

1.  A.  W.,  II,  41. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.   42S. 


WHITE  BIRCH.     GRAY  BIRCH.     OLD-FIELD  BIRCH. 

Betula  populifolia  Marsh. 


Fig.  134.  Branchlets  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  the  one  to  the  right  bearing  also  young 
staminate  anient,  i  ;  broken  cone  with  scattered  cone-scales  and  seeds,  2  ;  vigorous  leafy  shoot,  3  : 
branchiet  with  leaf-buds  and  young  aments  in  winter,  4  ;  do,  with  flower-buds  only,  5. 

135.  Cluster  of  trunks,  near  Albany,  N.  Y. 

136.  Wood   structure  magnified    15   diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  ISortiiern  States  and  Canada.      119 


This  is  the  smaUcst  of  the  tree  Birdies  of 
eastern  North  America,  coinnionly  not  more 
than  2(1  or  ;{()  ft.,  or  exeeptionally  40  ft.,  in 
height,  with  trunk  sometimes  IS  in.  in  di- 
ameter. Tiie  hark  of  younger  trees  is  dull 
creamy  white,  usually  with  dark  triangular 
marks  at  the  insertion  of  branches,  and  peeling 
ofl  tardily  in  strips  around  the  trunk.  On 
older  trunks  it  is  darker  and  rough  with 
transverse  fissures.  It  develops  a  narrow  and 
more  or  less  irregular  top  of  many  small 
branches  commonly  clothing  the  stem  to  the 
ground.  With  its  long  stemmed  small  leaves 
in  constant  agitation  by  the  wind,  like  those 
of  the  Quaking  Asp,  and  white  bark,  it  is  a 
conspicuous  and  interesting  object.  It  com- 
monly grows  in  dry  sandy  and  often  quite 
barren  soil^  springing  up  in  abundance  after 
forest  fires  and  alTording  by  its  shade  a  shelter 
for  the  germinating  of  the  more  tender  seeds 
of  more  useful  trees. 

Its  wood,  a  cubic  foot  of  whicli,  when  abso- 
lutely dry.  weighs  35.00  lbs.,  is  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  small  wooden-ware,  as  spools, 
clothes-pins,  slioe-pogs.  Iioops  for  casks,  etc.. 
and  is  excellent  for  fuel  and  cliarcoal.i 


trianKnlai'-dvoid,     from    --:'>U_, 

slender     points,     truncate, 
i-date  and   entire  at    l)ase.   dou 
.ulandular     teetli,     dai 


rrarcs 
with  vei 
slii,'htlv  ( 
with     sj) 

Rreen  and  .i^landnlai-foiiKlicned  above  and  slij;litly 
paler  and  smooth  Ijcneath  :  petioles  long  and 
slender;  l)ranchlots  resin-glandular.  Floiccrs  tin- 
folding  with  the  leaves  :  staminate  aments  solitary 
or  in  pairs,  about  1  in.  or  less  in  length  and  slender 
in  winter,  becoming  from  2-.SV2  in-  Ion-;,  will) 
apiculate  scales ;  pistillate  aments  slender,  alieni 
v..  in.  long,  on  glandular  pedicels  of  about  the 
same  length  with  pale  green  scales.  Fruit:  stro- 
biles cylindrical,  nliout  %  in.  long  and  '4  in. 
thick,  erect  or  spreading  with  slender  peduncle  : 
scales  with  lateral  lobes  recurved,  the  middle  one 
narrow;   nutlet  narrower  than   its  wings.- 

I.   .\.    W..   III.   70. 


CANOE  BIRCH.     PAPER  BIRCH. 

Betida  ijapyrifera  INFarsli.^ 


Big.  137.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit  and  young  staminate  catkins,  i  ;  broken  cone 
with  scattered  seeds  and  cone-scales,  2  ;  branchlets  in  winter,  one  bearing  young  catkins  for  the 
next  season's  flowers,  3. 

138.     Trunk  of  tree  in  Adirondack  region,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trkks  of  tiif.  Xoktiikicx    Statkh   and   Canada.      121 


The  Paper  Birt'li.  west  of  tlie  Rooky  Moun- 
tains, is  said  to  attain  a  lu'lglit  of  120  ft.  with 
trunk  from  3-4  ft.  in  thii-kness,  but  elsewliere 
rarely  e.xceeds  70  or  80  ft.  in  height.  When 
isolated  from  other  trees  it  develops  a  full 
rounded  and  usually  irregular  top  of  many 
branches.  The  bark  of  the  larger  branches 
and  young  trunks  is  laiiiinatc.  smooth  and  of 
creamy  or  i\ory  w  hiti'Mi'ss,  marked  with  long 
horizontal  rai.sed  lenticels.  As  the  trunk  en- 
larges the  bark  becomes  more  or  less  streaked 
and  blotched  with  blackish  and  the  outer  layers 
separate  and  roll  back  in  large  ragged  sheets. 
On  very  old  trunks  the  bark  at  base  becomes 
broken  into  large  closely  appressed  irregular 
scales.  It  inhabits  rich  slopes  and  ornaments 
the  banks  of  northern  streams  and  lake-shores 
from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  ranging  north- 
ward to  the  Arctic  Circle.  With  the  northern 
Indians  its  bark,  impervious  to  water,  is  an 
indispensable  material  for  the  manufacture  of 
their  canoes  and  for  many  articles  for  domestic 
use. 

The  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot  when  abso- 
lutely dry  weighs  37.11  lbs.,  is  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  wooden- ware,  wood-pulp,  etc., 
and  is  excellent  for  fuel. 2 

Leaves  ovate.  2-4  in.  long,  acute  or  acuminato 
at  apex,  rounded  or  obtuse  ( cordate  in  var.  ronli- 
folia  Fern.)  and  entire  at  liase,  doubly  or  ir- 
FPfruIarly  serrate,  thick  and  firm  at  maturity, 
glabrous  dark  green  above,  paler  and  pubescent  on 
the  veins  and  with  black  glands  beneath.  Floircrx: 
staminate  amcnts  ''j-l^i  in.  long  in  winter,  fin-illy 
;>-4  in.  lonir :  pistillate  aments  l-H^  in.  lon>?, 
slender,  with  lii^ht  i^reen  scales  and  red  styles. 
Fruit:  strobiles  cylliKlrieal,  about  1%  in.  long, 
drooping,  glabrous,  middle  lobe  of  scales  longer 
than  broad  ;  nutlet  much  narrower  than  its  wings. 

1.    Syn.   /{.  jKiiii/raci  u  .\ . 


L'.    A.    \V, 


II,    4: 


RIVER  BIRCH.     WATER  BIRCH.     RED  BIRCH 

Betula  nigra  L. 


Fig.  139.     Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  i  ;  isolated  scales  of  fruiting  cone,  2;  seeds,  3; 
assortment  of  leaves,  4. 

140.     Trunk  of  tree  in  Washington,  D.  C. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern   States  and  Canada.      123 


This  interesting  tree  occasionally  attains 
the  height  of  80  or  90  ft.  with  trunk  4  to  5 
ft.  in  diameter.  When  isolated  it  develops  a 
narrow  oblong  head  of  many  small  branches, 
but  with  age  a  fuller,  rounder  and  usually 
irregular  picturesque  head.  The  bark  of 
branches  is  smooth  at  first,  of  a  lustrous  red- 
dish brown  color,  but  with  age  breaks  and 
separates  into  successive  layers  which  curl  up 
and  long  persist  as  thin  papery  scales  of 
various  tints  of  red  and  brown.  These  form  a 
veritable  mat  on  the  larger  limbs  and  trunks 
of  medium  size,  while  the  bark  of  old  trunks 
becomes  rough  with  thick  irregular  plate  like 
scales.  It  inhabits  the  banks  of  streams  sub- 
ject to  frequent  inundation,  and  here  its  grace- 
ful branches  hanging  over  the  waters  and  al- 
most touching  their  surface  with  long  sprays 
of  handsome  foliage  add  greatly  to  their  charm. 
Prof.  Sargent  has  called  attention  to  the  fact 
that  the  early  ripening  of  the  seeds  of  this 
and  other  riparian  trees  greatly  assures  their 
germination  and  growth,  as  they  fall  on  the 
banks  at  the  season  of  low  water,  germinate 
and  make  substantial  growth  when  a  later 
seed  would  have  found  only  water  in  which  to 
perish. 

The   wood   of   the   River   Birch,   of   which    a 

cubic  foot  when  dry  weighs  35.91   lbs.,  is  used 

in  the  manufacture  of  wooden  ware,  etc.i 

Lea  res  rhombic-ovate,  acute,  2-4  in.  long,  wide 
cuneate  or  almost  truncate  and  entire  at  base, 
serrate  and  serratoly-lolird  (ir  doubly  serrate,  pale 
tomentose  at  first  but  finally  lustrous  dark  green 
above  and  tomentos"  on  midiMbs  and  veins  be- 
neath ;  petioles  slender,  tomentose  ;  branchlets  the 
first  season  tomentose.  Flowers:  staminate 
aments  1  in.  or  less  long  in  winter  with  rounded 
lustrous  scales  finally  2-3  in.  long:  pistillate 
aments  about  Vi  in.  long  with  pubescent  ciliat" 
scales.  Fruit  ripening  in  May  or  .Tune  in  cylindri- 
cal strobiles  1-1 V2  in-  long,  with  short  tomentose 
IM'duneles  and  scales  with  .".  about  equal  narrow 
lolies  :  nutlet  oval  and  alxmt  as  wide  as  the  ciliate 
wings. 

1.   A.   W.,   IV,   95. 


SWEET  BIRCH.     BLACK  BIRCH.     CHERRY  BIRCH. 

Betida  Iciita  I.. 


Fig.  141.     Branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit,   i  ;  scales  from  cone  and  seeds,  2  and  3;  branchlets  in 
winter,  one  bearing  young  staminate  catkins,  4. 
142.     Trunk   of  tree  near  New  York. 


Handbook  of  Tijef.s  of  the  Xortiikkx   States  and  Canada.      125 


Tho  Sweet  Bircli  attains  tlie  height  of  70  or 
SO  ft.,  witli  a  trunk  diaiiiefcr  (if  from  2-5  ft., 
and  when  <,'r<)\viTii,'  away  fruni  other  trees  de- 
velof)s  a  syninietrical  ovoid  or  ])yraniidal  top 
at  first  witii  many  stronjj;  small  branehes,  but 
finally  rounded  or  broad  by  the  lengthening 
of  the  lateral  l)ranches.  The  bark  of  truid<  is 
at  first  smooth  and  peels  off  transversely  in 
thin  strips,  but  finally  becomes  fissured  with 
large  and  small  irregular  scales  suggesting 
the  bark  of  the  Black  Cherry,  for  which  re.ison 
the  tree  is  sometimes  called  the  Cherry  I^ireh. 
The  darkness  of  its  color  gives  it  the  name  of 
Black  Birch  and  from  the  sweet  aromatic  flavor 
of  its  leaves  and  bark  it  is  called  the  Sweet 
Birch.  It  flourishes  on  rich  well-drained  up- 
lands, and  in  early  spring  while  tiie  branches 
are  bare  of  leaves  and  it  is  trimmed  with  its 
golden  tassels  of  catkins,  unloading  their 
pollen  on  the  lightest  touch,  it  is  a  particu- 
larly handsome  object. 

'I"he  wood  is  heavy,  hard  and  strong,  a  cubic 

foot   wlien   absolutely  dry  weighing  47.47    lbs., 

and  is  valued  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture, 

agricultural    implements    and    general    wooden 

ware,  and   for  fuel.^ 

Leaves  ovate  to  ovatc-nbloi)?^.  2ij  to  '>  in.  Ions;. 
acute  to  acumiaate  at  apex,  iduiidcd  or  cordate  at 
base,  sharply  unevenly  senate,  silky  pubescent  at 
first  but  finally  slabroiis  sliiniir^  green  above, 
paler  and  ijubcsient  along  the  prominent  veins  be- 
neath ;  petioles  stout,  hairy  and  grooved  above. 
Flowers  stamiuate  generally  in  clusters.  1  in.  or 
less  in  length  and  Vs  in.  thicli  and  scales  with 
free  apiculate  tips  in  winter,  finally  3-4  in.  long 
in  spring ;  pistillate  aments  %  in.  long  with 
greenish  round-pointed  scales  and  pink  styles. 
Fruit:  strobules  erect  ovoid-oblong,  sessile,  1-1  i/i 
in.  long,  glabrous  with  lobes  of  scales  about  equal, 
lateral  lobes  divergent ;  nutlet  obovoid,  broader 
than  its  wings. 


W. 


44. 


YELLOW  BIRCH.     GRAY  BIRCH. 

Betula  lutea  Michx. 


Fig.  143.     Branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit,    i  ;   cone  scales,   2  ;   seeds.   3  :   branchlet   bearing  leaves 
and  young   staminate   catkins    for   next   season's   flowering,   4;    branchlets    in 
young  catkins,  5. 

144-     Trunk  of  tree,  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 


winter,    two    bearing 


Handbook  of   Tkees  of  the  NoKTiii:i:.\ 


Ca.xai 


The  Yellow  Birch  is  a  large  and  important 
forest  tree  of  the  northeastern  states  and  tlie 
eastern  provinces  of  Canada,  sometimes  at- 
taining the  heigiit  of  100  ft.  with  trunk  3  or 
4  ft.  in  diameter.  When  isolated  it  develops 
a  broad  rounded  top  of  many  small  straigiit- 
ish  branches.  Its  peculiar  bark  is  its  most 
striking  feature  and  distinguishes  it  from  all 
other  trees  of  the  forest.  The  bark  on  its 
branches  and  smaller  trunks  is  very  smooth 
and  lustrous  silvery  or  golden  gray,  breaking 
finally  as  the  trunk  e.xpands  and  rolling  back 
in  ribbon-like  strips  and  curls,  which  long  re- 
main attached  rustling  with  every  passing 
breeze.  On  very  old  trunks  the  character  of 
the  bark  is  quite  ditTerent.  as  it  is  there  rougli 
with  irregular  plate-like  scales.  It  inhabits 
rich  moist  uplands  in  company  in  our  northern 
forests  with  the  Beech,  Sugar  and  Red  Maples, 
Black  and  White  Ash,  White  Elm,  Hop  Horn- 
beam, etc. 

Its  wood  is  hard  and  strong,  a  cubic  foot, 
when  absolutely  dry,  weighing  40.84  lbs.,  and 
is  highly  valued  in  the  manufacture  of  agri- 
cultural implements,  wooden  ware,  etc.,  and 
furniture,  occasional  "  figured "  trees  being 
especially  valuable  for  the  latter  use.  It  is 
also  one  of  the  best  woods  of  its  range  for  fuel.i 

Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  2-r>  in.  long,  acute 
or  acuminate  at  apox.  louiulfd.  <)l)tuse  or  heart- 
shaped  at  base,  sliarply  doubly  serrate,  silky 
pubescent  at  tirst  luit  tinally  jilabroiis  dull  green 
above,  paler  and  with  silky  bails  on  midrib  and 
prominent  veins  beneath  ;  petioles  slender,  liairy  : 
branehlets  at  first  green  and  pilose  piiliesceiit  but 
finally  smooth.  Flowers:  staminale  aments  usually 
in  clusters  of  2-4,  3-3^2  in.  long  wben  fully  ex- 
panded (  %-l  in.  long  in  winter  and  %  in.  thick! 
with  rounded  scales ;  pistillate  aments  about  % 
in.  long  with  acute  pilose  scales  ;  styles  pink. 
Fruit  an  erect,  subsessile,  pubescent  oblon;;  stro- 
bile, 1-1  Vi  in.  long  witb  lobes  of  scales  about 
equal,  ciliolate  and  slightly  spreading  witb  obovate 
nutlet  about  as  broad  as   its  wiugs. 

1.   .\.    W.,    I,    17. 


SEA-SIDE  ALDER. 

Almis  maritima  (Marsh.)  j\luelil. 


Fig.  145.     Leafy   branchlet   in   late   summer,    i  ;    do,   bearing 
and  seeds,  3  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  4. 

146.     Trunk  of  tree  near  Seaford,  Del. 

T47.     Wood  structure  masnified    15   diameters. 


mature    fruit,    2  ;    open    strobiles 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Nohtjikkx   States  and  Canada,      129 


This  curious  ;uid  iiitorostiiig  Aider  is  a 
small  tree,  Ofrasionallv  attaiiiiu-,'  tlio  lieight 
of  30  ft.,  witli  narrow  tO|)  an. I  slciulcr  hranclies 
and  smootli  liarkcil  truMk  .")  or  (i  in.  in  di 
ainrtcr.  It  is  very  di>tiiut  from  all  other 
Alders  in  several  respeets.  Its  liright  glos-y 
green  foliage  is  in  strong  eontrast  to  the  dull 
green  of  the  other  Alders,  and  its  period  of 
hh.ssoniing.  instead  of  being  when  the  trees  are 
leilless  in  early  >prii;g.  as  with  the  other 
sjiefies,  is  not  until  autumn.  Then  the  ell'eft 
of  its  golden  catkins  and  handsome  foliage 
together  is  very  pleasing  and  gives  the  tree  a 
peculiar  ornamental  xalue.  (^)uite  as  diflerent, 
too.  as  this  tree  is  from  the  other  Alders  in 
its  foliage  and  period  of  lloweriiig  is  it  in  its 
distribution.  The  Alders  are  generally  species 
of  wide  distribution,  but  this  is  limited  to  two 
small  areas,  one  near  the  sea  coast  ou  the 
Delaware  and  ^Maryland  peninsula  and  the 
other  far  inland  on  the  banks  of  the  Tied 
Kiver  in  Indian  Territory. 

Its  wood  is  light,  a  cubic  foot  weighing 
31.14  lbs.,  soft  and  with  numerous  larg? 
medullary  rays. 

I.ains  ovate-oblong  to  obovate,  wedge-shaiicd 
at  base,  usually  acute  or  acumiuato  at  apex,  r<^- 
motely  and  sharply  serrate,  scurfy  pubescent  wlna 
young  but  at  maturity  dark  green  and  very  lust- 
rous, pale  and  minutely  glandular  punctate  'i  •- 
neath.  rion-vrs  expanding  in  September,  llie 
staminate  aments  in  racemes,  l\->--Vi  in-  long 
from  tlie  a.'dls  of  the  upper  leaves  ;  the  pistillate 
usually  solitary  from  the  axils  of  lower  leaves. 
Fniil:  strobile  about  %  in.  long  with  thinnisli 
crenate-lobed  scales  and  wingless  oblong-obovate 
seeds  liberated  late  in  autumn  of  the  year  subsc- 
(luent  to  fertilization.' 

1.    I\jr  genus  sop  p.   4 'JO. 


BLACK  ALDER.     EUROPEAN  ALDER. 

Alnus  glutinosa  (L.)  Grertn. 


Fig  148.  Branchlet,  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  and  young  aments  (both  staminate  and  pis- 
tillate) for  next  season's  flowers,  i  ;  portion  of  cone  with  detached  scales  and  seeds,  2  ;  branchlet 
in  winter  bearing  young  staminate   (the  larger)   and  pistillate    (the   smaller)    aments,   3  ;   do.  with 


leaf-buds  only, 

149.     Trunk  of  tree  with  leaves  at  base. 


Ftaten  Island,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Tkeks  of  the  Noktiikkn  States  and  Canada.     131 


The  Black  Akior  is  a  naturalized  troo  found 
in  various  localities  in  the  Atlantii;  states, 
particularly  in  southern  New  York  and  Xew 
Jersey.  In  its  native  home  it  is  generally  dis 
tributcd  over  Europe,  western  Asia  and 
northern  Africa  in  moist  localities,  and  at 
tains  a  height  of  from  50  to  70  ft.  with  a 
eymmetrical  pyramidal  or  when  old  rounded 
top,  and  with  trunk  1-2  ft.  in  diameter.  Being 
a  vigorous  growing  tree  of  desirable  (pialities 
for  ornamental  planting,  particularly  on  low 
grounds,  it  was  brought  to  America  and 
planted  for  ornamental  purposes,  and  being 
possessed  of  a  hardy  adaptable  constitution  it 
seeds  freely  and  grows  spontaneously  in  suit 
able  localities.  Few  introduced  trees  of  the 
ornamental  value  of  this  are  so  well  suited 
to  planting  in  very  wet  localities.  Those 
are  mainly  Willows  and  Poplars  and  among 
them  the  straight  smooth  trunks  of  the  Black 
Alder,  with  their  symmetrical  tops  of  hand- 
some foliage,  have  a  very  pleasing  eflfect.  They 
are  not,  however,  very  long-lived  trees  with  us, 
and  individuals  are  not  found  as  large  as  those 
in  their  native  land. 

In  Europe  the  tree  is  of  considerable  com 

mercial     importance,     as     its     soft     straight 

grained   wood   is   easily   worked   and   valuable 

in    turnery,    for    wooden-ware,    wooden-shoes, 

etc.,  and   for   carving.      It   is   valued,   too,   for 

water  pipes,  pumps,  piles,  etc.,  and  is  largely 

used    for    charcoal    and    fuel.      The    bark    and 

fruit  are  used  in  tanning  leather  and  a  yello  v 

dye  is  made  from  the  bark  and  leaves.     The 

bark  is  also  used  in  medicine,  having  astringent 

and  alterative  properties. 

Lravrx  orljiciilnr  to  ohovato.  2-r)  in.  long,  mostly 
obtuse  at  l);isi'  ami  rdiusc  or  iNJiuidcd  ,it  aprx. 
irroKuInrly  scn-alr-di'tnatc  distinctly  ijlulinous  at 
first,  Klaliroiis  dull  ^n'''"  al>ovo.  Krccn  and  f,'':il)rous 
or  pnt)i>sci'nt  on  tti(>  veins  lioneath.  Floircru  ap- 
pear in  onrl.v  spring  l)oforo  the  leaves  ;  staminatc 
amonts  L'-.'!  in.  and  the  pistillate  about  V>  in.  loni;. 
Fruit:  strohile  oblong-ovoid.  1/2-%  in.  long,  with 
wingless  seeds. 


BEECH. 

Fagus  Americana  Sweet.^ 


Fig.  150.     Fruiting   branchlet   with    mature    fruit,    i;    leafy   branchlet,   2;    open    involucre,    3;    nuts 
from  same,  4 ;  branchlet  in  winter,  5. 

151.  Trunk  of  tree  on  bank  of  Black  River,  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 

152.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Teees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canai> 


The  Beech  is  one  of  tlie  most  distinct  and 
beautiful  trees  of  our  eastern  American  forests, 
sometimes  surjiassin^'  lUO  ft.  in  hei^'ht  aiui 
witli  straight  coluiuiuir  trunk  ;>  or  4  ft.  in 
thickness  vested  in  its  trim  smoolli  l,luisli 
gray  bark.  When  isohitcd  it  .h'v.'lops  a 
rounded  or  broad  upri^^ht  spreading,'  ti)[)  ot 
many  brandies  an,l  >l.'ndcM-  branchlcts.  It  in- 
habits ricli  well-drained  uplanils  and  slopes,  in 
the  north  in  conii.aiiy  with  the  Sugar  Maple, 
Birches,  Hop  llondHMni,  liasswood.  Hemlock, 
etc.  and  in  the  south  is  found  along  the  borders 
of  swam()s  and  bottom-lands.  It  often  in  old 
age  sends  up  many  shoots  from  its  roots  which 
form  a  thicket  about  its  base,  and  as  the 
parent  declines  the  fittest  of  these  survive  and 
grow  into  trees  to  take  its  place.  It  is  a 
beautiful  tree  at  all  times,  each  successive 
season  of  the  year  giving  to  it  a  peculiar 
charm,  and  not  the  least  of  these  is  its  leafless 
condition  in  winter.  Its  nuts  form  the  chief 
article  of  food  for  many  denizens  of  the  forest 
and  they  are  sometimes  gathered  and  sold  in 
northern   markets. 

The  wood,  a  cubic  foot  of  which,  when  abso- 
lutely dry,  weighs  42.8!)  lbs.,  is  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  furniture,  wooden-ware,  plane- 
stocks,  etc.,  and  for  fuel.-' 

Leaves  ovate-olilong,  H-6  in.  Ions;,  acuminate, 
wedge-shaped,  rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  coarsely 
serrate,  a  vein  terminating  in  each  tooth,  [yule 
green  and  silky  tomentose  when  they  unfold,  hut 
finally  glabrous  darli  green  aljove,  paler  and  witli 
hairs  in  the  axils  and  <m  the  midribs  boneatli  : 
petioles  short.  rimnis  appear  after  the  leaves 
unfold.  Fruit:  nut  aluuU  %  in.  long;  involucre 
covered  with  many  slender  pricldes,  with  stout 
peduncles  and  persisting  open  ni)on  the  Oranchlets 
late  into  the  winter.^ 

1.  Syn.  Fagus  ferruginea  Ait.  Fagus  atro- 
punicea   (Marsh.)    Sudw. 

2.  A.   W.,    I,    16. 

3.  For  genus   see   p.    420. 


-'•-^^^B 

-^^fl 

w^-{-; 

;. 

Jj 

V 

1 

HRR«' 

~.   J 

w 

^^^ 

^ 

\       •  ', 

-'-■  -. 

*^ 

-  1 

- 

,                            fi 

CHESTNUT. 

Castanea  dentata   (Marsh.)  Borkh. 


Fig.  153.     Branchlet   bearing   mature 

the  nuts,  2  :  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

154.     Trunk  of  tree  in  western  North  Carolina, 
155-     Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


eaves   and    fruit,    i  ;   involucres    (burrs)    opening   to   hberate 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  North kkn   States  and  Canada.      135 


When  growing  in  the  forests  the  Chestnut 
tree  attains  the  height  of  100  ft.  with  straight 
columnar  trunk  3  or  4  ft.  in  diameter  vested 
in  a  grayish  brown  shailow-ridged  bark.  It 
is  in  the  open  fields,  however,  that  it  shows 
best  its  noble  form  and  proportions.  Tliere  it 
develops  a  very  large  broad  or  rounded  head 
sometimes  covering  an  area  100  ft.  across  witli 
massive  branches  and  short  sturdy  truid< 
sometimes  8,  10  oi-  cxcii  li  ft.  in  tliicktie-is. 
Its  long  handsome  leaxcs  always  <^i\e  it  a 
peculiar  charm,  but  its  beauty  is  greatly  eii 
hanced  in  early  suuuiier  when  it  puts  out  its 
great  clusters  of  fragrant  golden  catkins. 
These  are  succeeded  in  a  few  weeks  by  its 
hardly  less  conspicuous  pale  green  clusters  of 
fruit,  tiie  precious  nature  of  which  is  indicated 
by  the  forbidding  barricade  of  sharp  spines 
which  efTec'tually  protects  it  until  ripe,  and 
then,  opening,  cast  it  out  to  be  eagerly  coveted 
i>y  both  man  and  beast. 

Chestnut  wood,  a  cu.  ft.  of  which  when  abso- 
lutely dry  weighs  28.07  lbs.,  is  very  durable 
in  contact  with  the  soil  and  makes  useful 
lumber  for  many  purposes.  It  is  also  rieli  in 
tannin,  which  is  extracted  and  used  for  tan- 
ning purposes.2 

Lea  res  oblong-lanceolate,  fi-0  in.  Ions,  enneati'. 
roundt^d  or  obtuse  at  base,  piibe.seen*:  at  first, 
ylalii-ous  both  sides  and  firm  at  maturity,  dark 
Kieen  above,  paler  beneath  ;  petioles  short,  stout, 
puberulous.  Flowers:  { .Tune-.Tuly )  :  staminale 
aments  numerous.  8-6  in.  long  with  stout  tomen- 
tose  stems:  androgynous  aments  2V2-^  in.  Ions. 
Fruit  nut  %-l  in.  long,  much  compressed  and  2-:> 
together  in  each  involucre  which  is  glol)ose,  about 
2   in.   in   diameter,  densely   covered   with   pricl<les.' 

1.  Syn.   Caatanea  vesca  var.  Americana  MIchx. 

2.  A.   W.,  II,  40. 

3.  For  genua  see  p.  430. 


CHINQUAPIN. 

Castenea  ptimila  (L.)  Mill. 


Hlf;ritl^^  J.?'*'"l  ^'■^u?''^^-*'     '■'    '"^-olucres    opening    and    liberating    each    its    solitary    nut     2- 

wereto'rn"e"tL^ieSorbSo;e,I"^^^     """""  ^'^^'"'"'^  '"'  '^^^"'^^"^  ^^"^'  "^^--^  ^^"'^  ^"^^^^ 
157-     Trunks  of  trees  near  Suffolk,   Va. 


Handbook  of  Tkees  of  the  >.' 


AND   Canada.      1 


The  Chinquapin  is  a  small  tree  and  is  otten 
found  fruiting  in  abundance  as  a  shrub. 
Under  favorable  conditions  it  attains  the 
height  of  4U  or  51)  ft.  and  a  trunk  diameter  of 
2  or  3  ft.,  but  tliese  dimensions  are  rare. 
Wlien  isolated  it  develops  a  low  broad  rounded 
tup.  similar  to  that  of  tlic  L'licslmit.  but  nnudi 
smaller.  It  iidiabits  dry  iiillsi.k's  and  uplands 
as  well  as  rich  bottom-lands  and.  like  the 
Chestnut,  is  of  greatest  beauty  when  in  early 
summer,  after  the  close  of  the  liowering  season 
of  nearly  all  other  trees,  it  puts  out  its  numer- 
ous fragrant  yellow  catkins.  In  September  its 
well-guarded  fruit,  which  it  produces  in  abun- 
dance, is  ripe  and  liberated,  and  this,  though 
a  small  nut,  is  tlelicious  in  llavor  and  is  oc- 
casion.illy  gathered   for   market. 

The  wood  is  similar  to  that  of  the  Chestnut 

\\ith    very    thin    sa])-\\ood,   a    cui)ic    foot,    when 

absolutely  dry,  weighing  ;36.09  lbs.,  and  is  used 

for  fence  posts,  railway  ties,  etc.i 

Leaves  narrow-oblong,  .S-.5  in.  long,  mostly  aciitp 
at  apex,  narrowed  and  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at 
base,  coarsely  serrate  with  slender  pointed  teeth, 
tomentoso  at  first,  at  maturity  glabrous  dark  green 
above,  whitish  tomentose  beneath  :  petioles  short 
stout  and  branchlcts  the  first  season  pubescent. 
Floirrrs  (.Tune-.Tuly )  :  staminate  aments  2-6  in. 
long,  hoary-tomentose :  pistillate  flowers  at  the 
bases  of  the  upper  androgynous  aments,  sessile  or 
nearly  so.  Fndt:  involucres  1-1 14  in.  in  diameter, 
commonly  in  spike-like  clusters,  densely  crowded 
with  slender  sharp  spines  outside,  opening  gen- 
erally by  2  or  3  valves  and  contnining  a  sinule 
round-ovoid  lustrous  dark  brown  nut  pointed  and 
white-pubescent  at  apex,  V>-%  I"-  long  and  con- 
taining a  lartre  sweet  seed  naked  at  apex  with 
scars  of  abortive  ovules. 


RED  OAK. 

Quercus  rubra  L. 


Snt^r^",    ?M  ?^'ll'    ''''''""^    "'^.^"'■^    ^'^°''"'    ^"^    ^^^^^s    ^"d    young    acorns,     i  ;    branchlet    in 
rnSlo':^at^u'Je1he'\'ol?o:fng"season^?.""'   ''^'"^   ^^^"'^'"^   '^""^   ^^^'^^   °^"   '""^   P^^^'°"^   ™- 

159-     Large  trunk  of  tree  in  Genesee  valley,  N.  Y 

1 60.     Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


HaISiDBOOK    of    ThKKS    of    TJIK    NORTIIEUN    StATES    AND    CaNADA.        139 


One  of  the  commonest  and  largest  of  the 
Oaks  of  the  Atlantic  states,  the  Red  Oak,  in 
the  forest  sometimes  surpasses  100  ft.  in  height 
with  columnar  trunk  3  or  4  ft.  or  more  in 
diameter.  When  isolated  from  other  trees  it 
develops  a  wide  rounded  top  with  few  large 
far-reaching  branches.  It  inliabits  rich  up- 
lands, well  drained  slopes  and  river  banks,  in 
company  with  the  White  and  Red  Pines,  Aspen, 
Balsam  Poplar,  Red  Maple,  etc.,  among  which 
its  shining  dark  green  foliage  shows  in  pleas- 
ing contrast.  Seeming  possessed  of  a  con- 
stitution hardier  or  more  adaptable  than  other 
Oaks  it  ranges  farther  north  than  any  other 
species  and  is  more  abundantly  grown  in  Eu- 
rope than  any  other  American  Oak. 

The  wood  of  this  species,  though  inferior  to 
that  of  the  White  Oak,  is  largely  used  for  in- 
terior finishing,  furniture,  etc.  A  cu.  ft.  when 
absolutely  dry  weighs  40.76  Ibs.i 


0  in.  lonjj,  obtuse  or 
uminate  at  apex,  pin- 
way    to 


Lrnvcs  oval   to  obovate, 
rounded  at  base,  acute  or 

nately  divided  about  half  way  to  midrib  with 
obliijiie  sinuses  rounded  at  the  bottom  and  tri- 
ansiilar  lobes  broad  at  base  and  l-.'vtoothed  at 
apex  with  bristle-pointed  teeth,  at  maturity  glab- 
rous dark  green  above,  paler  and  usually  glabrous 
beneath.  Flowers  (May-.Tune)  :  staminate  in 
pubescent  aments.  .S-.")  in'  long :  calyx  4-r.-lobed ; 
stamens  4-6  :  pistillate  tlowers  with  glabrous 
peduncles  :  styles  elongated  and  spreading.  Fruit, 
ripe  in  October,  of  the  second  year  after  flowering 
solitary  or  in  pairs,  with  short  stalk  ;  acorn  oval 
with  broad  fiat  base,  %-lV4  in.  long,  shell  to- 
mentose  inside,  abortive  ovules  apical,  acorn  sub- 
tended by  a  very  shallow  saucer  of  closely  im- 
bricated puberulous  scales." 


SOUTHERN  RED  OAK.     SCHNECK'S  OAK. 

Que  re  us  Texana  Biickl.^ 


Fig.  i6i.     Branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit  and  young  acorns,   i  ;  branchlet  in  winter  bearing  young 
acorns  and  leaf-buds. 

162.     Trunk  of  tree  in  Meramec  River  valley,  Mo. 


Handbook 


Tki 


F     rilK     XORTHKKN     StATKS     AM)     CaNADA.        141 


This  trco  in  tlio  rich  hottom-lands  of  the 
Wabasli  Kivcr  U:\>\u  i<  said  to  attain  a  lipiylit 
of  nearly  200  ft.,  witii  sturdy  Imltrcssod  trunk 
?.)inc1iiiics  7-S  ft.  in  (iianu'tcr  and  80-!M)  ft. 
to  its  hranclu's  —  dinicnsions  whicli  would 
niaUo  this  one  of  tlie  larsicst  of  the  American 
Oaks  —  but  such  a  size  is  very  exceptional,  as 
it  i.s  usually  a  niucli  smaller  tree.  It  is  com- 
mon alonjT  the  hanks  of  sticams  and  bottom- 
lands of  the  ]\Iississip|)i  ba.sin  in  company  with 
the  Cottonwood.  River  Birch,  Sour  Gum,  Sweet 
Hum.  llackberry.  C, lice  tree.  Red  and  Silver 
Maples,  etc.  In  the  extreme  western  [)art  of 
its  range  it  is  sometimes  found  fruiting  as  a 
large  shrub. 

Its  wood  is  considered  by  lumbermen  as  of 
better  grade  than  that  of  the  Northern  Red 
Oak.  It  is  applied  to  the  same  uses  as  that 
timber  and  is  generally  not  distinguished  from 
it  in  commerce. 2 

Leaves  ovate  to  broad  oval,  SV^-S  in.  Ion?,  trun- 
cate or  broad  wedge-shaped  at  liase,  deeplj'  pin 
natifld  with  broad  rounded  sinuses  and  ">-0 
spreading  lobes  narrow  below  and  spreading.'  and 
dentate  at  apex  with  bristle-pointed  teeth,  at  ma- 
turity thin,  firm  and  shinin'i  diirk  s;reen  above 
paler  and  with  tufts  of  whitish  hairs  in  axils  be- 
neath. Flowers:  staminate  in  slender  pubescent 
aments ;  calyx  4-.")  with  laciniately  cut  lobes; 
pistillate  with  short  tomentose  peduncles,  stigmas 
red.  Fruit  usually  solitary,  sessile  or  with  short 
stalks,  ovoid,  puberulons  light  brown  acorn,  Vj-lVj 
in.  long,  sometimes  striated.  2-;!  times  as  high  as 
the  shallow  or  somewhat  turbinate  cup  with  thin 
closely  appressed  light  brown  tomentose  scales. 

1.   Syn.   Qiierciis  Schneukii   Britt 

■_'.    A.    W.    XII,   -I'.ii. 


PIN  OAK.     SWAMP  OAK. 

Quercus  jMlustris  Muencb. 


Fig.  163.     Branchlets  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,   i  ;  branchlet  in  winter  bearing  young  acorns 
and  leaf-buds,  2. 

164.     Trunk  of  tree  near  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  tiiio  Northern   States  and  Canada.      143 


The  Pin  Oak  occasionally  attains  the  height 
of  70  or  80  ft.  with  trunk  2  or  3  ft.  in  diame- 
ter vested  in  a  close  snioothish  bark.  \\  lien 
growing  in  the  open  it  develops  an  ohhjng  or 
narrow  rounded  top  of  many  upright  and 
spreading  branches,  the  lowermost  reaching 
downwards  nearly  to  the  ground.  It  is  one  of 
our  most  distinct  and  beautiful  Oaks,  witli  its 
clear-cut, handsome  leavesand  smooth  columnar 
trunks,  and  well  worthy  of  more  extensive 
planting  for  ornamental  purposes.  It  natii 
rally  grows  in  deep  rich  soil  of  bottom-lands 
and  the  borders  of  ponds  and  swamps  in  com- 
pany with  the  Sour  Gum,  Sweet  Gum.  Ked 
Maple,  Swamp  Poplar,  Water  Beech.  Horn- 
beam, etc.,  but  thrives  well  when  transplanted 
to  dryer  situations. 

The  wood  of  the  Pin  Oak  is  used  for  in- 
terior finishing,  shingles,  clap-boards,  etc.,  and 
in  cooperage.  A  cu.  ft.  when  absolutely  dry 
weighs  43.24  Ibs.i 

Leaves  obovate  and  broad  oblong  in  outline,  4-6 
in.  long,  pinnatified  with  broad  rounded  sinuses 
and  5-7  spreading  lobes  wide  near  apex  and  usually 
each  2-.S-toothed  and  bristle-tipped,  at  maturity 
lustrous  dark  green  above,  paler  and  with  tufts  of 
pale  hairs  in  axils  beneath  ;  petioles  slender. 
Flowers:  staminate  aments  slender,  pubescent,  2-.'> 
in.  long ;  calyx  lobes  denticulate :  pistillate  with 
tomentose  podunclos  and  slondor  spreading  bright 
red  stigmas.  Fruit:  acorns  maturing  second  year, 
subglobose  or  nearly  hemispherical,  about  Vy  in. 
in  diameter,  with  light  brown  shell,  tomentose  in- 
side and  with  thin  saucer-shaped  or  slightly  tur- 
binate cup  with  thin  closely  appressed  puberulous 
scales. 

1.    .\.    \V.,    IV.   9-1. 


HILL'S  OAK.     NORTHERN  PIN  OAK. 

Quercus  ellipsoidalis  E.  J.  Hill. 


Fig.  165.  Fruiting  branchlet  with  both  mature  and  young  acorns,  i  ;  leaves  from  vigorous 
shoots,  2  ;  branchlet  in  late  autumn  from  which  leaves  have  been  removed,  3.  These  specimens 
were  taken  from  the  type  tree  near  Glenwood,  Chicago,  111. 

166.     Trunk  of  tree  with  spray  of  foliage  at  base.     Near  Chicago,   111. 

For  the  bark  picture  and  specimens  of  leaves  and  fruit  the  author  is  indebted  to  Rev. 
E.  J.  Hill. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern   States  and  Canada.      145 


This  interesting  and  distinct  Oak  has  only 
recently  been  iiKule  known  to  science,  through 
the  keen  observation  of  its  discoverer  whose 
name  it  bears,  it  is  an  Oak  of  medium  size 
attaining  tiie  height  vf  tiO  or  70  ft.,  with 
short  trunk  2  or  3  ft.  in  tliickness  vested  in 
smootiiish  or  closely  ribbed  i>aik  similar  to 
that  of  the  Pin  Oak.  Similar  to  the  I'in  Oak. 
too,  is  its  habit  of  devtdopiiig  an  oblong  top 
of  many  upright  and  iiorizontal  upper  branches 
and  drooping  lower  branches,  sending  out  many 
small  branches  near  tiie  ground.  .\s  these 
lowfM'most  die  ill  eoii-.c(|uence  of  too  imicii  shade 
from  those  ;  bove,  they  break  otl'  and  their 
bases  persist  for  some  time  as  stul>s  or  pins 
about  the  trunk  and.  as  Mr.  Hill  suggests,  it 
is  doubtless  due  to  these  that  this  and  the 
southern  <^.  pahiNtris  are  commonly  called  the 
Pin  Oaks. 

Unlike  the  southern  species,  which  inhabits 
mainly  moist  low-lands,  this  tree  is  rather  an 
inhabitant  of  well-drained  uplands,  though 
sometimes  found  on  the  borders  of  ponds  and 
in  low  woods.  As  its  habitat  is  north  of  that 
of  the  other  tree,  the  two  ranges  overlapping  in 
the"  latitude  of  northern  Indiana  and  Illinois, 
and  this  is  already  known  as  the  Pin  Oak.  I 
suggest  the  name  Northern  Pin  Oak  as  appro- 
priate to  distinguish  it  from  the  more  southern 
tree. 

L<ar(X  oval  to  oh()vat('-oi-l)icnIar  in  onllino.  .'5-7 
in.  loiii;.  widi'-c-uneatc  or  tiimcatc  at  base,  deeply 
pinnalelv  lohi'd  witli  niostlv  ~>-~  narrow  icpand- 
dentate  ■  lii-istle-tipiied  lolx-s  and  wide  rounded 
sinuses,  liistroiis  sr'*''"  above,  paler  and  jilabrous 
or  nearly  so  l)eneath  :  ijetioles  slender,  glabrous. 
1-2  in.  long.  Floircr.i  with  spreading  recurved 
styles.  Fruit  maturing  the  second  year,  solitary 
or  in  pairs,  short-peduncled  or  sessile  with  mostly 
elliptiral  chestnut-brown  acorns  Vi-%  in.  long  and 
half  invested  by  the  thick  turbinate  cup  of  thin 
Email    puberulous   closely   appressed   scales. 


SCARLET  OAK. 

Quercus  coccinea  Muench. 


Fig.   167.    A  leaf  from  vigorous  shoot  and  fruiting  branchlet,  with   mature  and  young  acorns, 
branchlet  in  late  winter  bearing  young  acorns  and  leaf-buds,  2. 
168.     Trunk  of  tree  at  Biltmore,  N.  C. 


Handbook  of  Tkees  of  the  Nokthekn  States  and  Canada. 
lit   of  70  or 


147 


The  Scarlet  Oak  att;iiii^  tlio  lici 
80  ft.  with  trunk  dianieter  of  2  ( 
ered  with  a  dark  brown  sliallow 
reddish  internally.  Its  lial)it  of 
isolated  from  otlicr  trees  is  to  for 
or  oblong  head  often  (juite  irrejiuia 


of 

r  ."5  ft.,  cov- 
lidj^ed  bark. 
;ii)\vtli  when 
n  a  rounded 
■  and  always 
md- 


beautiful  in  summer  on  account  of  its 
some  deeply-lobed  leaves.  But  it  is  not  mil  11 
it  takes  on  its  brilliant  autumnal  cidors  IhaL 
its  beauty  and  individuality  arc  especially  pro- 
nounced. Then  the  appropriateness  of  its  name 
is  at  once  evident,  as  it  assumes  a  brilliant 
scarlet  color,  and'  other  tints  of  icd,  and  re- 
tains them  until  late  in  the  autunm  after  the 
leaves  of  many  of  its  associates  have  withered 
and  fallen.  It  is  an  abundant  tree  over  a 
larj^e  portion  of  its  ran^e.  jKuticularly  in  the 
coast  region,  growing  in  sandy  soil  and  on 
gravelly  slopes  and  uplands  in  compixny  with 
the  Red,  Black  and  other  Oaks,  the  Pig-nut 
and  Shag-bark  Hickories,  the  Sweet  Birch,  Red 
Cedar,  etc. 

Its  wood  is  not  distinguished  from  that  of 
the  Red  Oak  in  commerce  or  in  uses.  A  cu.  ft. 
when   absolutely   dry   weighs   40.15   Ibs.i 

Leaves  broad  obtivatc  or  oval  in  outline,  trun- 
cate or  obtuse  at  base,  deeply  pinnatifid  witb  wide 
rounded  sinuses  and  ■')-!>  spreadinu  lobes,  repand- 
dentate,  with  few  spri>adiiis  liristle-pointed  teeth 
at,  the  ends,  reddish  and  imle  pul)eseent  at  first, 
tlien  light  green  and  at  iiiatiirily  glabrous.  lust- 
rous above,  paler  and  sunn'i  iincs  liaiiy  tufted  in 
the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath  :  petioles  Ion:, 
slender.  Flowers  staniinate  anients  slender,  glab- 
rous :  calyx  4-5-Iobed  :  styles  slender,  recurved. 
Fruit  sessile  or  short-stalked,  solitary  or  in  pa'rs 
with  usually  short  ovoid  brown  and  occasionally 
striated  acorns  about  half  enveloped  in  a  deep 
large  turbinate  cup  with  thin  closely  imbricated 
pointed  scales. 

1.   A.    W.,    ITT,  00 


YELLOW  OAK.     BLACK  OAK.     QUERCITRON  OAK. 

Quercus  vehdina  Lam.' 


Fig.   169.     Fruiting  branchlet,  with  mature  and  young  acorns,    i  ;   branchlet   in   winter,   2. 
170.    Trunk  of  tree  with   leaves  at  base.     Biltmore,   N.   C. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  JSTortiiekn  States  and  Canada.      149 


This  abundant  and  widely  distributed  Oak 
constitutes  a  considerable  portion  of  tlie  Oak 
forests  of  the  Atlantic  staies.  frequently  at- 
taining the  height  of  70  or  80  ft.  and  has  been 
known  to  considerably  sur[)ass  100  ft.  in  height, 
witli  trunk  3  or  4  ft.  in  diameter.  The  bark  of 
trunk  is  tirnUy  riilged,  d:\vk  brown  or  blackish 
outside  and  distinctly  yellowish  within.  When 
growing  apart  from  other  trees  it  develops  a 
rather  wide  rounded  or  oblong  top  of  which 
a  noticeable  feature  is  its  large  lustrous  leaves, 
particularly  those  of  its  lower  branches.  In 
autumn  they  assume  tints  varying  from  dull 
red  to  orange  and  brown. 

The  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot  when  abso- 
lutely dry  weighs  43. DO  lbs.,  is  not  distinguished 
in  commerce  and  uses  from  that  of  the  Red 
Oak.-  The  inner  b;uk  yields  tannin,  a  yellow 
dye,  and   is  sometimes  used   in   medicine. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oblong  in  outline,  .'^-12  in. 
long,  mostly  obtuse  but  sometimes  truncate  or 
rounded  at  base,  pinnatel.v  lobed  generally  to  about 
tiie  middle  with  round-pointed  sinuses  and  usually 
7  more  or  less  oblique  lobes  sparingly  mucronate 
dentate  at  apex,  broader  at  base  and  the  terminal 
pair  the  larucst.  red  at  first  then  hoary-pubescent 
and  at  maturity  lustrous  t\;\vk  iifeen  aliov«>.  paler 
and  pubescent  and  hairy-tufted  in  the  axils  of  tlic 
veins  lieni'Uth.  Leaves  are  sometimes  found  hardly 
distinj;uislialil(>  from  those  of  the  Scarlet  Oak. 
Fliiin  rs:  staminate  ameiits  4-(;  in.  Ion,;;  with  calyx 
pubescent  and  acute  lobes  ;  pistillate  aments  with 
short  tomentose  peduncles  and  red  stigmas. 
Fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs,  sessile  or  short-stalked 
with  stout  ovoid  brown  and  often  striated  and 
sometimes  pubescent  acorn,  1^-%  in.  long,  almost 
Im'f  eover(>d  witli  the  deep  turbinate  cup  with 
thin  light  brown  scarions  margined  scales,  closely 
imbricated  at  the  base  and  loosely  so  or  somewhat 
spreading  nearer  the  edges  of  the  cup. 

1.  Syn.   Qtnrcus   tiiivtoriu   Hartr. 

2.  A.   W.,   IV,  9:5. 


m^ 


.m^-;.^-/ 


SPANISH  OAK. 

Quercus  digitatd  (Marsh.)  Sudw, 


M                            H^ 

V     ^^^K.^^^^1 

H 

1^1 

Fig.   171.     Branchlet,  with  mature  and  young  acorns,  and  an  assortment  of  leaves;  leafless  branch- 
let  in  winter. 

172.    Trunk  of  tree  near  Suffolk,  Va. 


Handbook  or  Tijees  of  the  jSTortiiekn  States  and  Canada.      151 


This  interesting  Oak  is  usually  not  more 
than  70  or  80  ft.  in  height  or  with  trunk  more 
than  2  or  3  ft.  in  diameter,  but  in  the  stately 
forests  of  tlie  lower  Ohio  basin  it  oecasionally 
attains  100  ft.  in  height  with  trunk  4  or  5  ft. 
in  thiekness.  When  isolated  it  develops  a  wide 
roiiiiilcd  top  of  still"  far-reaching  branches  and 
stout  biiUU'hk'ts.  The  drooping  nature  of  llic 
leaves  give  the  tree  a  jicculiar  asjiecl  which  is 
at  once  noticeable  and  quite  ditl'erent  from  that 
of  other  Oaks.  It  is  an  al)undant  tree  of  the 
South  Atlantic  and  (iulf  states,  extending  up 
into  the  northcastcni  states  only  along  the 
coast  and  in  the  Mississippi  X'alley.  The  name 
Spanish  Oak  is  said  to  have  been  given  to  this 
tree  by' early  Spanish  settlers  on  account  of  a 
similarity  in  its  leaves  to  those  of  an  Oak  they 
were  familiar  with  in  Spain. 

Its  vi'ood  is  heavy,  a  cu.  ft.  when  absolutely 

dry   weigiiing  4.3.18   lbs.,   hard   and    strong   and 

is  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  the  Red  Oak. 

Its  bark  also  is  rich  in  tannin. 2 

/.((/rr.v  variable,  oblons;  to  obovato,  rounded  or 
wed-c  sliaped  at  base  and  often  irre.i;iilai-l.v  deeply 
phitiatifid  with  3-7  olilique  and  often  falcate  or 
Inii'j;  and  narrow  entire  or  dentate  and  bristle- 
tipped  acnniinate  lobes  or  sometimes  with  merely 
8  shoi't-spreadinsf  lobes  at  apex,  lustrous  dark 
preen  above  and  gray  or  pubescent  beneath. 
FIniccrs:  staminate  with  thin  scarious  pube.scent 
4-r)-lobed  calyx  :  stismas  slender,  dark  red.  Fniil 
sessile  or  short-stalked  aroi-n,  about  %  in.  Ions 
and  not  more  than  one-third  coverpd  by  the  thin 
flat  or  turbinate  shallow  cn|)  covered  with  thin 
obtuse  closely  appressed  scales. 

1.  Syn.   Qucrciis  falcafa  Michx. 

2.  A.    W.,    XI,    26!). 


SWAMP  SPANISH  OAK. 

Quercus  pagodcefolia  (Ell.)  Aslie. 


Fig.  173.  Fruiting  branchlet  with  both  mature  and  young  acorns,  leaves  from  vigorous  shoots; 
leafless  branchlet  in  late  autumn. 

174-    Trunk  of  tree  with  a  spray  of  foliage  at  base.     Near  Mt.  Carmel,  111. 

For  photograph  of  trunk  and  for  leaf  and  fruit  specimens  the  author  is  indebted  to  Dr.  J. 
Schenck  of  Mt.  Carmel,  111. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.      153 

This  beautiful  and  stately  Oak  attains  the 
height  of  upwards  of  100  ft.  in  forest-growth 
with  straight  coluniiKir  Iniiik  4  or  5  ft.  in 
diameter.  Wlifn  isolnti'ii  fruiii  other  trees,  as 
occasionally  found  un  liver  banks  where  it  has 
room  for  full  develu[inieiit.  its  nias-;ive  brandies 
fiirin  a  wide  rounded  toi).  and  its  ample  i>.uly- 
colored  leaves  as  they  dis[)hiy  sueee»ively  llieir 
dark-gieen  and  silvery-wliiti'  surt'aeo.  when 
agitated  by  the  wind,  make  it  a  beautiful  ob- 
ject. The  bark  of  trunk  is  of  a  dark  gray  color 
fissured  into  rather  narrow  ridges  of  firm  small 
scales. 

It  is  distinctly  a  tree  of  alluvial  bottom-lands 
and  the  banks  of  streams  subject  to  inunda- 
tion, reaching  its  greatest  development  in 
northern  Mississippi  and  eastern  Arkansas 
where  it  is  a  very  valuable  timber  tree. 

The  wood  is  heavy,  hard,  and  strong  and 
useful  for  interior  finishing,  furniture,  agri- 
cultural implements,  etc.,  nearly  equaling  in 
value  the  wood  of  tlie  White  Oak  and  is  really 
one  of  the  very  best  of  the  Red  Onk  group. 

Leaves  oval  to  obloni;  in  outline,  5-10  in.  Ion?, 
wide-cuneate,  truncate  or  rounded  at  base,  with 
5-7  wide-based  and  often  falcate  narrow-pointed 
mostly  entire  bristle-tipped  si)rcadinj?  lobes,  at 
maturity  lustrous  dark  green  above,  pale  tomentose 
beneath  ;  branchlets  tomentose  at  first.  Fruit 
short-stalked  with  short  subglobose  puberuious 
acorn  about  %  in.  in  diameter  and  nearly  half 
Invested  by  the  fla*^  or  slightly  turbinate  cup  of 
small  puhernions  sfal.^s. 


'^J^i^V:^ 


^:-^mB^0  ■^"" 


'^x'^'L-'r^"'^ 


BLACK  JACK  OAK. 

hiercus  Marilandica  Muench.' 


Fig.   175-    Fruiting  branchlet  with  mature  and  young  acorns,   i  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  2. 
176.    Trunk  of  tree  on  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.      155 


The  Black  Jack  Oak  is  a  tree  of  medium  size, 
occasionally  attaining  the  height  of  40  or  50 
ft.,  with  a  trunk  rarely  more  than  18  in.  or  2 
ft.  in  thickn-ess,  and  these  dimensions  are  at- 
tained only  by  trios  which  are  especially 
favoifd  hy  soil  and  tliniate.  When  isolated 
fidiii  other  trees  il  develojjs  a  rounded  dome- 
shaped  or  ubovuid  top  with  wide  sprcadin;,' 
lateral  branches  and  droojjing  lower  branches. 
It  is  a  singular  fact  tliat  it  is  limited  in  dis- 
tribution mainly  to  dry  sandy  barrens,  the 
conditions  there,  whieh  most  trees  cannot  tol- 
erate, seeming  to  be  what  this  tree  actually 
requires  for  its  existence.  Rare  or  local  and 
poorly  developed  in  tlie  northern  part  of  its 
range  it  is  abundant  southward,  particularly 
in  the  lower  INIississippi  Valley,  where  it  attains 
its  largest  dimensions.  Its  singular  dark  green 
glossy  leaves,  tufted  at  the  ends  of  the  branch- 
lets,  are  pleasing  and  familiar  objects  within 
its  range  even  to  those  who  only  casually 
observe  trees. 

The  wood  of  the  Black  Jack  is  hard  and 
heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weigh- 
ing 45.64  lbs.,  and  is  little  used  except  for  fuel 
and  charcoal,  for   which   it   is  excellent. 

Leaves  obovate.  very  broad  and  rounclod  ami 
entire  or  more  or  less  3-lobed  and  bristle-tipi)ed  at 
apex  and  rounded  or  cordate  at  tbe  narrow  ba-;e. 
When  young  stellate-pubescent  above  and  rusty 
tomentose  beneath,  and  at  maturity  thick  and 
lustrous  dark  green  above,  yellowish  and  scurfy 
pubescent  beneath ;  petioles  short,  stout  and 
pubescent.  Flowers:  staminate  in  slender  hairy 
aments :  cal.yx  with  4-5  broad  lobes :  anthers 
apiculate  ;  pistillate  flowers  with  rusty  tomentose 
peduncles.  Fruit  sessile  or  nearly  so  with  suh- 
globnsp  acorns  puberulous  near  apex  and  hnlf 
covei-ed  with  the  turbinate  cup  of  rather  thin 
loosely   imbricated  pubescent  scales. 

1.   Syn.    Qiicrciis  nigra   Wang. 


WATER  OAK.     DUCK  OAK.     POSSUM  OAK. 

Quercus  nigra  L.^ 


Fig.    :77.      Fruiting    branchlet    with    both    mnturo    and   young   acorns.    :;   tip   of  a   vigorous   shoot,   .: 
branchlet   in   winter,   3- 

178.     Trunk  of  tree  in  southwestern  Ar'/ansas. 


IIandrook  of  Tkees  of  the  NoRTJiKKN   States  and  Canada.      "157 


The  Water  Oak,  as  its  name  implies,  grows 
naturally  only  on  the  moist  bottom-lands  or  on 
ridges  in  the  vicinity  of  same,  and  attains  the 
height  of  70  or  80  ft.,  witli  cohmiiiar  trunk 
2-31^  ft.  in  diaiiictor.  When  not  cruwded  by 
other  trees  it  develops  a  rather  narruw  oblong 
or  sometimes  wide  rounded  top  witli  many 
branches.  A  near  enough  view  to  reveal  tlie 
many  forms  and  sizes  of  its  leaves  surprises  one 
accustomed  only  to  the  northern  oaks,  wiiich 
have  leaves  of  generally  more  constant  forms. 
Being  a  handsome  tree,  of  rapid  growth  and 
easily  transplanted,  it  is  used  extensively  as  a 
shade  tree  in  the  streets  and  parks  of  the  cities 
and  villages  of  the  southern  states. 

The  wood  of  the  Water  Oak  is  hard  and 
heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weigh- 
ing 45.14  lbs.,  and  heretofore  has  been  little 
used  except  for  fuel  and  charcoal. - 

Leaves  variable  but  mostly  nan-ow-obovatc, 
tiaperins  gradually  fiom  the  broad  loundi'd  and 
ehtire  or  more  or  less  ^-lobed  apex  to  a  cuneate 
base;  or  on  vigorous  or  sterile  branchlets  the 
leaves  ace  pinnately  lobed  about  half  way  to  the 
midrib  with  8-7  short  triangular  oblique  bristle- 
tipped  lobes:  linear-lanceolate  leaves  with  inter 
mediate  forms  also  occur,  pubescent  at  first  but 
at  maturity  glabrous  and  dark  green  aliove.  paler 
and  glabrous  or  with  hairs  in  the  axils  of  veins 
beneath,  tardily  deciduous  during  the  winter. 
h'loiccrs:  staminate  aments  hairy,  2-H  in.  lon-z : 
calvx  thin,  pubescent,  with  4-.^)  rounded  lobes : 
pistillate  with  short  thick  tomentose  pedimcles ; 
stigmas  red.  recurved.  F)-iiit  short-stalked  with 
short  globose  ovoid  or  hemispheric  ac  orn,  about 
1/2  in.  long,  rounded  and  pubescent  at  the  pointed 
apex  and  scarcely  half  enveloped  by  the  flat 
saucei-- shaped  cup  having  Ihin  small  closely  im- 
bricated pale-pubescent  scales. 

1.  Syn.   Q.  aquatica  Walt. 

2.  A.   W..   V.    118. 


WILLOW  OAK. 

Quercus  Phellos  L. 


Fig-   179-     Branchlet  bearing  leaves  and  mature  and  young  acorns,  i  ;  detached  acorns  and  cups, 
branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

180.     Trunk  of   tree  on  grounds  of  Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington,   D.   C. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  JSTortiiern   States  and  Canada.      159 


This  curious  Oak  in  foipsts  occasionally  at- 
t.iiiKs  tlic  iiei-ilit  of  70  or  80  ft.,  and  wlion 
isolated  from  otlicr  trees  develops  aii  ovoid  or 
rounded  quite  syuiuieti  ical  top  with  many  slen- 
der branches.  The  trunks  are  sumetimes  ;5  or 
4  ft.  in  thickness,  cuhnnnar  and  vestcil  in  a 
smoothisli  bark,  .somewliat  roughened  om  old 
trunks  by  shallow  lon-itudinal  ridyes.  It  in- 
habits the  inarjiins  of  swamps  and  sti'eams  and 
sandy  uplands  mo^t  abundantly  in  the  soutii- 
ern  states  (t]iou,i;h  not  in  the  immediate  vicin- 
ity of  the  coast)  and  in  the  lower  .d  ississi])pi 
basin.  It  is  a  handsome  tree  and  especially 
curious  to  those  whose  familiarity  with  the 
oaks  is  limited  to  the  broad-leaved  species  of 
the  northern  states.  This  tree  to  them  seems 
to  have  the  leaves  of  a  willow  and  the  acorns 
of  an  oak  —  a  feature  which  gives  it  its  com- 
mon  name. 

Its  wood   is  used   to  snnio  extent   for  lumber 

and  shingles,  but   mainly  for  fu(d  and  eliareo:il. 

A  cu.  ft.  when  absolutel}'  dry  wei^i,'hs  40.57  lbs.' 

I.rnvrx  oblong  lanceolate  2i/2-''>  '«•  Ions;,  acute  at 
both  ends  with  very  short  petiole  and  usually 
hn'stle-tipped,  entire  or  with  slis;htly  undulatf> 
and  revoliite  margins:  revolute  in  the  bud  and 
liiibt  green  and  pubescent  when  they  unfold  but 
finally  lustrous  light  green,  paler  and  usually 
c'abrous  with  pubescpnt  midribs  beneath,  h'loircrs: 
staminate  calyx  yellow,  pubescent.  4-r)-lobed  :  pis- 
tillate with  short  glabrous  peduncles  and  slendpr 
recurved  stigmas.  Fruit  sessile  or  with  sho-t 
stalks,  usually  solitary,  with  subglobose  or  hemis- 
pherical pale-pubescent  nut  and  thin  flat  saucer 
shaped  cup  enveloping  only  its  base  and  covered 
with  small   thin  closely  imbricated  scales. 

1.   A.   W.,   XI.   271. 


LAUREL  OAK. 

Qucrcus  laurifolia  Miclix. 


Fig.   i8i.     Fruiting    branchlet    bearing    leaves    and    fruit,    i  ;    branchlet    in    winter    bearing    young 
acorns,  2. 

182.     Trunk  of  tree  on  the  border  of  Dismal   Swamp,  Va. 


Ham 


Trk 


OF   THE 


X()UJiiKi;.\  Sta'i- 


A.\l)    (  'a.NAD  \. 


h; 


Tliis  intorostiii<r  and  stately  oaU.  when  grow- 
ing among  other  tire-  in  f  ivoimMc  localil  ics. 
attains  a  licight  of  100  ft.  with  straight  c.il- 
nnmar  tnink  :i  4  ft.  i,i  dianicti'r,  rlothcd  in 
•  initc  smooth  barU,  hut  tissureil  on  old  trunk- 
into  flat  tirm  ridges.  It  is  distinctly  a  tree 
of  the  low-lands  of  the  (iulf  and  Atlantic  coast 
regions  reaching  its  northernmost  point  of  dis- 
tribution in  the  Dismal  Swamp  of  eastern  Vir- 
ginia. There  it  is  common  along  the  border  of 
the  great  swamp  in  company  with  the  Over  cup 
Oak.  Ked,  Loblolly  and  Sweet  Bays.  Carolina 
Ash,  Sourwood.  Water,  Tupelo  and  Sweet  Gums, 
White  Cedar,  etc. 

It  is  a  beautiful  tree  with  its  laurel-like 
leaves  and  sturdy  trunks  and  is  deservedly 
popular  as  a  shade  tree  in  the  southern  states, 
where  it  is  commonly  planted  and  is  usually 
called  the  Water  Oak.  The  wood  heretofore 
has  been  used  mainly  for  fuel  and  charco;;!. 
though  suitable  for  lumber  for  interior  finish- 
ing, etc.  A  cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry 
weighs  47.82   Ibs.i 

Lravc.t  narrow-oblons  to  ohlons-obovate,  some- 
tirncs  falcate.  2-4  in.  loni;,  cuneate  at  ba^se, 
rounded  or  ai^iite  at  apex,  entire  or  on  vigorous 
branches  unequall.v  lobed.  at  maturit.v  lustrous 
dark  green  above,  paler  beneath  ;  petioles  short 
and  stout.  Floirrrs:  staminate  in  reddish  hairy 
aments  2-3  In.  long :  pistillate  with  short  stout 
glabrous  peduncles.  Fruit  sessile  or  n-arly  so. 
usually  solitary  with  short  ovoid  to  hemispherical 
nut.  pubernlous  at  apex  about  one  fourth  inclosed 
in  a  thin  flat  saucer-shaped  cup  with  thin  pale^ 
pubescent  closely   imbricated   scales. 

1.    .\.    W..    XII,   20.5. 


SHINGLE  OAK. 

hiercus  imhricaria  Michx, 


Fig.  183.     Fruiting  branchlet  with  both  mature  and  young  acorns,   i  ;  branchlet  in   winter,   2. 
184.     Trunk  of  tree  near  mouth  of  River  des  Peres,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


Handbook  of  Trkes  of  tiik  Nortiiekn   States  and  Canada.     163 


Tlie  Shingle  Oak  in  tlie  forest  under  most 
favorable  conditions  of  growth  sometimes  at- 
tains a  height  of  100  ft.,  with  straight  eolumnar 
trunk  3  or  4  ft.  in  diameter,  hut  is  usually 
not  more  than  50  or  tiU  ft.  in  lieiyht.  \\  hen 
isolated  it  develops  an  oblong  or  rounded  top 
of  numerous  branches,  and  is  conspicuous  on 
vccount  of  its  huge  entire  leaves,  which  are 
very  dilTerent  from  those  of  all  otiier  .\nierican 
Oaks.  It  is  a  distinetl}-  handsome  Oak  inliabit- 
ing  both  rich  uplands  and  fertile  bottom-lands, 
and  is  one  of  the  most  abundant  Oaks  of  the 
lower  Ohio  basin  and  the  state  of  Missouri. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  a  cu.  ft.  when  absolutely 
dry  weighing  46.92  lbs.,  hard  and  strong,  and 
is  used  in  interior  finishing,  furniture  and  to 
a  considerable  extent  for  clapboards  and 
shingles  —  a  use  from  which  it  takes  its  name.* 

Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  4-6  in.  long. 
sometimes  bristle-tipped,  particularly  when  young, 
acute  or  obtuse  at  apes  and  wedge-shaped  or 
rounded  at  base,  with  entire  or  slightly  undulate 
margins,  coriaceous,  reddish  or  yellowish  green 
and  tomentose  at  first,  at  maturity  very  lustrous 
dark  green  above,  paler  and  pubescent  beneath 
with  yellowish  midribs  and  prominent  veins : 
petioles  short,  pubescent.  Flowers  staminatc 
aments  slender  and  numerous,  hoary-tomentose, 
2-.'{  in.  long  with  yellowish  pubescent  4-lobed 
calyx :  pistil  with  short  tomentose  peduncles  : 
stigmas  recurved.  Fruit  solitary  or  2  or  ;}  to- 
gether with  short  peduncles  and  subglobose  dark 
brown  or  striated  nut  about  lA  in.  long  and  one- 
third  inclosed  in  a  flatfish  turbinate  cup  of  small 
closely  imbricated  pubosci'ut  scales. 
1.   A.    W.,    XI,   270. 


WHITE  OAK. 

~)uercus  alba  L. 


Fig.  185.     Fruiting  branchlet  with  scattered  leaves  and  acorns,    i  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  2.     Note 
the  absence  of  young  acorns  with  this  and  the  subsequent  species  —  the   annual-fruiting  oaks. 

186.  Trunk  of  tree  near  Albany,  N.  Y. 

187.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northekn   States  and  Canada.      105 


The  Whito  Onk  i^  nno  of  tlio  most  useful 
trees  of  tlic  Aimricin  fiiri'-.ts.  uttuining  under 
most  favorable  ooiulit  inin  w  licii  yrowinj,'  in  the 
ture^t  a  lieiyht  of  l.'iU  ft.  ami  trunk  4-.')  ft.  in 
diameter.  When  isolated  from  oilier  trees  its 
habit  is  to  form  a  vny  l)ni,id  top  of  firm,  rigid 
horizontal  branelics  and  >liort  tliick  trunk  — 
the  emblem  of  strengtli  ;uid  snlidity.  It  tiikcs 
its  name  from  the  lii^lit  cnlor  of  thr  scily  ridgpil 
i.nrk.  tlie  aptness  of  which  is  >ho\vn  in  tlie 
accompanying  illustration.  it  is  one  of  tlu' 
most  common  and  gcniTil]\-  distributed  Oaks 
of  the  Atlantic  states  and  .M is^i>-,ippi  basin, 
growing  alike  on  rich  u]il  mds  and  ri\er  bot- 
toms where  not  too  moist,  in  company  with 
several  of  the  Hickories.  Tnlipt ree.  Sweet  and 
Sour  Gums,  Magnolias.  Ited  and  other  Oaks. 
etc. 

Its  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot  when  abso- 
lutely dry  weighs  4(i..S.)  lbs.,  is  the  standard  of 
excellence  among  the  Oaks  and  is  used  for  fur- 
niture-making, interior  finishing,  cooperage,  the 
manufacture  of  agriculutral  im|)lements.  bas- 
kets, railroad  ties,  etc..  and   for  fuel.i 

Lrarrx  obovate  to  olilnim.  wcdue  sliaped  at  base, 
sinuate  pinnatifid  witli  iisn.illy  .".7  broad,  but 
sometimes  narrow,  obliiim  rdiiinleil  entire  lolies. 
red  and  pale  pubescent  wlnu  tlie.v  unfold  lint 
finally  .glabrous  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath. 
4-0  in.  Ions,  turning  rich  dark  red  in  autumn, 
witherina:  and  hangin?  to  the  branches  until  late 
in  the  winter;  petioles  stout  glabrous.  Floiros 
staminate  aments  21/.-4  in.  Inns:;  cal.Vs  .yellow, 
pubescent;  stamen*:  6S;  pistillate  with  broad  in 
volucral  scales  and  short  dilated  stigmas.  Fniit 
maturing  the  first  aiUnmn.  sessile  or  nearly  so. 
abortive  ovules  basal  :  acorn  avoid  oblong,  lustrous, 
about  %  in.  long  and  about  'i  covered  by  the 
flattish  hemispheric  tomentose  cup.  warty  below 
with  thickened  and  united  scales  which  near  tlie 
rim  are  thin  and  membranuiis. 

I     A.    W..    II.   38. 


POST  OAK. 

Quercus  minor  (Marsli.)   Sarg.' 


Fig.  188.     Fruiting  branchlet  and  an  assortment  of  leaves  and  acorns,  x;  branchlet  in  wmter.  .. 
189.     Trunk  of  tree  near  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  ]^oktiii:i;.\    Statks   and  Canada.      167 


The  Post  Oak  is  usually  a  tree  of  medium 
stature  attaining  a  height  of  50  or  60  ft.,  but 
in  the  exceptional  forests  of  the  Ohio  basin  it 
is  said  to  attain  a  height  of  100  ft.  and  1l3 
trunk  a  diameter  of  about  3  ft.  Wlien  growing 
in  the  open  fields  it  develops  a  rounded  or 
obovoid  top  with  stout  branchlets  and  shining 
dark  green  foliage,  wliicli  in  autumn  turns  to 
various  shades  of  yellow  and  l)r(>wn. 

It  is  one  of  the  most  marked  of  our  oaks  in 
the  peculiarity  of  its  leaves,  which,  tufted  at 
the  ends  of  the  branchlets  in  great  star-shaped 
clusters,  suggests  at  once  the  appropriateness 
of  Wangenheim's  name,  Q.  stellatd.  It  inhabits 
limestone  ridges  and  sandy  plains  in  company 
with  the  Black  Jack,  Red,  White  and  other 
Oaks,  the  Sassafras,  Gums,  Flowering  Dogwood, 
Red  Cedar,  etc. 

Its  heavy,  hard  and  durable  wood  is  valued 

in  the  manufacture  of  agricultural  implements, 

casks,  etc.,   and  to  some  extent  for  furniture. 

It   is   also   used   extensively   for   railway    ties, 

fence    posts,    etc.,    and    makes    excellent    fuel. 

A  cubic  foot  Avhen  absolutely  dry  weighs  52.14 

Ibs.2 

Lrnrcs  broad-obovate.  4-8  in.  long,  ciinoate  or 
rounded  at  base,  deeply  lyrate-pinnatifid  with 
usually  v\  (sometimes  '.\  or  7)  wide  diversent  en- 
tire or  undulate  rounded  lobes,  the  central  pair 
much  the  largest  and  usually  notched,  at  ma- 
turity firm  shinin?  dark  green  with  scattered 
stellate  hairs  above,  grayish  or  yellowish  imlics- 
oent  beneath:  petioles  and  midribs  iHibcsrcnt. 
Flowers:  staminate  calyx  yellow  with  .">  laciniatdy 
cut  lobes;  stigmas  short,  dilated.  Fruit  maturin  : 
the  first  year,  sessile  or  nearly  so  ;  acorn  ovoid- 
oblong,  1/2-1  In.  long,  about  half  inclosed  by  the 
hemispheric  cup.  . 

1.  Syn.   Q.  obtiisiloba  Michx.     Q.  stellata  Wang. 

2.  A.    W.,    IV.    92. 


BURR  OAK.     MOSSY-CUP  OAK. 

Quercus  macrocarpa  Miclix. 


Fig.  190.     Branchlet    with    mature    fruit    and    leaves, 
near  Lexington,  Ky. 

191.     Trunk  of  tree  in  Genesee  valley,  N.  Y. 


;    branchlet    in    winter,    2 ;    specimens    fror 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Nortiiebn   States  and 

The  Burr  Oak  has  been  known  to  attain  the 

great  height  of  170  ft.  and  G  or  7  ft.  in  diame- 
ter of  trunk,  in  the  magnificent  forests  of  the 
Wabash  Kiver  basin  —  dimensions  wliich  make 
this  one  of  the  very  largest  American  O.iks. 
but  such  trees  are  very  uncommon.  When 
isolated  it  develops  an  ovoid  or  rounded  top 
■with  large  branches  and  stout  branchlets.  As- 
sociate with  its  majestic  stature  the  beauty  of 
its  party-colored  foliage  and  its  large  acorns 
with  mossy-fringed  cups  and  we  have  one  of 
the  most  interesting  trees  of  its  genus.  It  in- 
habits almost  exclusively  rich  bottom-lands, 
excepting  the  western  part  of  its  range,  in 
company  with  the  Swamp  White  Oak,  the 
Black  and  Silver  ilaples.  Big  Shelbark  Hick- 
ory, Hackberry,  Elms,  etc. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso- 
lutely dry,  weighing  40.45  lbs.,  tough  and 
stiDiiL;.!  It  i^  fully  (Miual  in  properties  to  that 
of  tlie  White  Oak  and  usually  not  distin- 
guished from  it  in  commerce.  It  is  highly 
valued  for  sliip  building,  furniture,  interior 
finishing,  agricultural  implements,  baskets. 
railway  ties,  fuel,  etc. 

Lrnvr.t  obovate  to  oblons.  n-9  in.  long:,  mostly 
wedge-shaped  at  base,  deeply  lyrate-pinnatifid. 
with  i")-?  lobes  the  terminal  one  the  larjrest  and 
irregularly  crenate  dentate,  sometimes  nearly  en- 
tire, lustrous  dark  green  above  and  whitish  pubes- 
cent beneath  :  petioles  short.  Flowers:  staminate 
aments  slender.  2-0  in.  long  ;  calyx  yellowish  with 
4-6  lacinately-toothed  lobes.  Fniit  solitary  or  in 
pairs,  sessile  or  with  stalk  shorter  than  the 
petioles :  acorn  broad-ovoid,  usually  rounded  or 
depressed  at  apex  from  i/>  in.  in  length  on  northern 
trees  to  2  in.  on  southern  trees,  with  usually  thick 
tomentose  cups,  tuberculate  below  and  with  scales 
near  the  rim  prolonged  into  awn  like  tips  forming 
a  fringed  border. 


Canada.      H't9 


OVER-CUP  OAK. 

Quercus  lyrata  Walt. 


Fig.  192.     Fruiting    branchlet,    i  ;    detached    acorns    showing   laceration    of    cup,    2 ;    branchlet    in 
winter,  3. 

193.     Trunk  of  tree  in  vicinity  of  Dismal  Swamp,  Va. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Nortiiekn  States  and  Can; 


171 


The  Overcup  Oak  is  a  tree  Ordinarily  or 
medium  stature,  but  rarely  attains  the 
height  of  nearly  100  ft.  with  trunk  3  or  4  ft 
in  diameter.  In  its  distribution  it  is  eonlincd 
to  swamps  and  low  wet  bottom-lands,  often 
that  are  more  or  less  inundated  during  the 
greater  part  of  the  year.  Its  associates  in 
these  localities  are  the  Water  and  Laurel 
Oaks,  Swamp  Bay.  Tupelo  Gum.  Water  Chun. 
Water  Ash,  River  Birch,  Cypress,  etc.  It  is 
not  often  found  isolated  from  other  trees,  but 
when  so  it  has  a  handsome  oblong  or  rounded 
top  with  more  or  less  pendulous  branchlets. 

The  wood  of  the  Overcup  Oak  is  heavy,  a 
cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighing  51.80 
lbs.,  hard,  strong,  and  is  durable  in  contact 
with  the  soil.  These  desirable  qualities  make 
it  applicable  to  the  same  uses  as  those  to 
which  the  White  Oak  is  applied,  from  which  it 
is  not  distinguished  in  commerce. i 

Leaves  obovate-obloug.  wedge-shaped  at  base, 
lyrate-pinnatifid  or  lobed  to  beyond  the  middle, 
with  5-0  entire  or  sparingly-toothed  triangular 
oblique  lobes  the  upper  pair  usually  the  larger  and 
more  divergent,  shining  dark  green  above,  white 
tomentose  beneath.  Flowers:  staminate  araents 
3-6  in.  long ;  calyx  with  5  acute  lobes.  Fruit 
sessile  or  with  short  peduncles  :  nut  mostly  de- 
pressed globose  and  nearly  or  quite  enveloped  by 
the  cup  which  is  rathor  thin,  hoary  tomentose, 
with  thick  rugged  united  scales  at  the  l)ase  but 
gradually  thinner  towards  the  margin,  which 
often  splits  irregularly. 

1.   .A.   \V.,  XII.  2!):i. 


SWAMP  WHITE  OAK. 

Quercus  platanoides  (Lam.)  Sndw. 


Fig.  194.     Fruiting   branchlet  with   detached   acorns  and  an   assortment   of   leaves,    i  ;   branchlet    in 
winter,  2. 

195.     Trunk  of  tree  near  Albany,  N.  Y. 


IIax 


UOOK 


OK     Tl 


NoKTiiEEN  States  and  Canada.      173 


The  Swamp  White  Oak  is  a  tree  commonly 
60  or  70  ft.  in  liciglit  with  trunk  2  or  3  ft. 
in  tliickness,  but  wlicn  crow  dec!  by  otlicr  trees 
in  forest  growtli  lias  been  known  to  attain 
the  height  of  DO  or  100  ft.  Tlie  siiort  stout 
trunks  of  isolated  trees  arc  sometimes  0  or 
8  ft.  in  thickness.  The  tops  of  these  are  usu- 
ally broad  or  rounded,  with  numerous  tortu- 
(HIS  l)iaiiclies.  and  iiioi-f  or  less  i)endulou3 
branchlets  which  often  fringe  the  trunk  al)ovc. 
As  its  name  implies  it  inhabits  the  low  grounds 
of  bolloni-Iands  growing  in  company  with  the 
Red  and  Silver  Maples,  King-nut  Hickory, 
Sweet  and  Sour  Gums,  Over-cup,  Pin  and  Burr 
Oaks,  Green  and  Black  Ashes,  etc. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  hard  and  tough,  a  cubic 
foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighing  47.75  lbs. 
and  is  applied  to  the  same  uses  as  that  of  the 
White  Oak,  no  distinction  being  made  between 
the  two   in  commerce. - 

Leaves  ol)ovate  to  obovate-oblong,  wedse-sbapod 
at  base,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  apex,  cdaiscly 
sinuate-crenate  with  6-8  pairs  of  primary  veins 
or  sometimes  pinnately  lobed  with  rounded  entin' 
lobes,  tomentose  at  first  but  at  maturity  dai-li 
green  and  lustrous  above,  whitish  and  more  or 
loss  tomentose  beneath  ;  petioles  stout  Va-l  in. 
long.  Floivcrs  staminate  aments  2-4  in.  long  with 
light  yellow  and  deeply  .S-0-lobed  calyx  ;  pistillate 
with  long  tomentose  peduncles  and  short  red 
stiamas.  Fruit  commonly  in  pairs  with  peduncle 
2-6  times  as  long  as  the  petioles  :  nut  ovoid. 
%-l  in.  long.  ii\Uicscent  at  ape.x  and  about  nne-tbird 
enveloped  by  the  beinisplieric  toiiienlose  cup.  some- 
times tuberculate  at  Itase  but  smooth  near  rim  and 
with  tips  of  scales  free  and  contorted. 

1.   Syu.   (Juervus  bivotur   Wilil 

•J.    .\.    \V..   Iir.  00. 


cow  OAK.     BASKET  OAK. 

Quercus  Michauxii  Nntt. 


Fig.  196.     Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  i  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  2. 
197,     Trunk  of  tree  in  border  of  Dismal  Swamp,  Va. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Nortiiebn  States  and  Canada.     175 


This  large  and  inipoitnnt  Oak  is  one  of  the 
most  valuable  tiiiil)er  tires  of  the  southern 
states,  and  in  forests  sometimes  attains  the 
height  of  100  ft.,  with  columnar  trunk  3  or  4 
ft.  in  diameter  vested  in  a  pale  gray  scaly 
ridged  bark.  It  is  one  of  our  handsomest  Oak- 
with  its  ample  leaves  showing  alternately 
their  glossy  dark  green  upper  surfaces  and 
velvety  white  lower  surfaces,  as  agitated  by 
the  wind.  It  is  confined  in  its  distribution 
mainly  to  low  swampy  grounds,  rich  bottom- 
lands and  the  borders  of  streams  subject  to 
frequent  inundation,  where  it  is  found  in  com- 
pany with  tlie  Water  Hickory,  Swamp  Bay, 
Planer  Tree,  Water  and  Laurel  Oaks,  the 
Gums,  Red  IVIaple,  etc. 

Its  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot  when  absolutely 
dry  weighs  50.10  lbs.,  is  hard,  tough,  strong  and 
very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil  and  is 
highly  valued  for  furniture  and  interior  finish- 
ing, cooperage,  the  manufacture  of  agricultural 
iniplonicnts,  fence  posts,  fuel,  etc.,  and  is  con- 
sidered the  best  of  our  woods  for  the  manu- 
facture of  baskets. 1 

Leaves  obovato.  usually  4-8  In.  long,  broad,  oli 
tnse  or  rounded  at  base,  acute  or  acuminate,  i-cirii 
larly  crcnato-toothed,  with  8-12  pairs  of  pi-iniary 
veins  terminating  in  the  teeth,  rather  thick,  lust- 
rous dark  green  ahove.  wliitisli  and  velvety  pubes 
rent  beneath.  Flmrcrs:  staniinate  aments  slender, 
."1-4  in.  long;  pistillate  with  short  tomentose  pe- 
duncles and  sbort  red  stigmas.  Fruit  solitary 
or  in  pairs,  sessile  or  nearly  so;  nut  I-IV2  in.  in 
li'Hgtb.  ovoid-oblong  and  about  14  enveloped  in  the 
Imary  tnnienldsi'  closely  inibrieated  pointed  scales, 
those  near  the  base  tbiek  t  uliereiilate. 

1.   A.   W.,    V,    116. 


CHESTNUT  OAK.     ROCK  OAK. 

Quercus  Prhms  L. 


I-ig.  198.     Fruiting  branchlet  with  an  assortment  of  leaves  and  acorns,   i  ;  branchlet  in  winter, 
199-     Trunk  of  tree  near  Albany,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trep:s  of  the  Noktjikkn   States  and  Canada.      177 


The  Chestnut  Oak  ii-^ii,illy  nttnins  a  height 
of  from  ()()  to  70  ft.,  Iml  in  forests  wliore 
foiiditions  ;uc  csiu'cially  favoralilo  somctiines 
'(Id  ft.,  with  trunk  :!  or  4  ft  in  dianioter  vested 
in  :i  dark  firm  l)roadly  ridj,'cd  l)ark.  A  tree 
of  tliis  spccios  of  excejjtional  tliickiiess  of 
trunk,  as  well  as  being  famous  from  historic 
association,  is  the  "  Washington  Oak,"  located 
on  the  east  bank  of  the  Hudson  River  near 
Fishkill.  It  is  7  ft.  in  diameter  and  the  esti- 
mated age  of  the  tree,  based  upon  the  known 
age  of  a  fallen  companion,  is  eight  or  ten 
centuries. 1 

The  Cliestnut  Oak  inhabits  well  drained 
slopes,  uplands  anil  rocky  ridges  in  company 
with  the  Sliag-bark  and  Pig-nut  Hickories, 
various  Oaks,  the  Tulip-tree,  etc. 

A    cubic    foot    of    its    absolutely    dry    wood 

weighs   46.73   lbs.,    and    is   used    for   the   same 

purposes  as  that  of  the  White  Oak.2     Its  bark 

is  used  for  tanning  leather. 

Leaves  from  ohlong-Ianceolatc  to  obovate,  ob- 
tuse, acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  from  obtuse  to 
subeordate  at  base,  coarsely  crenate,  with  10  to 
10  pairs  of  straight  primary  veins,  glabrous  dark 
green  above,  paler  and  puberulous  beneath. 
Flowers:  staminate  with  7-9  calyx  lobes  :  pistillate 
with  short  dark  red  stigmas.  Fruit  single  or  in 
pairs  with  pedicels  shorter  than  the  petioles  :  nut 
ovoid-oblong,  lustrous  brown,  from  1-1 1/^  in.  long 
and  about  half  immersed  in  the  thin  pubescent 
cup  which  is  somewhat  roughened  outside  by  the 
thickened  centers  and  free  tips  of  its  scales. 

1.   A.   W.,   Ill,  07. 


CHINQUAPIN  OAK.     CHESTNUT  OAK.     YELLOW  OAK. 

Querciis  acuminata  (Miclix.)  HoiiLa.^ 


Fig.  200.     Fruiting   liranchlets  and   detached   leaves   and  acorns,    i    and   2  ;   branchlet  in  winter,   3. 
::oi.     Trunk  of  tree  near  North  Rush,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of   Trkics  ok  the  Northern   Statks   and   Canada.      170 


Tlio  rhinqnnpin  T'ak  is  nn  abiindaiit  trop 
west  of  the  Allegheny  .Mountains,  and  in  the 
luxuriant  forests  of  the  Wabash  Kiver  \alley 
of  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois  has  hi'cn 
known  to  attain  the  e\.c|)t  ional  height  of  Hit) 
n..  with  -Iraight  ((duMinar  trunk  I?-.')  ft.  i!i 
thickness  above  the  wide  buttressed  base,  but 
it  is  generally  a  niueli  smaller  tree  and  in  the 
eastern  part  of  its  range  uneotunion  and  local 
in  its  distribution.  When  growing  apart  from 
other  trees  it  develoits  an  oblong  or  rounded 
top  of  many  branches,  and  its  trunk  is  vested 
in  a  pale  gray  scaly-ridged  bark.  Its  leaves 
very  much  resemble  those  of  the  Chestnut  and 
in  autumn  turn  to  various  tints  of  orange 
and  red. 

The  wood  is  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when  thor- 
oughly dry  weighing  53.63  lbs.,  strong  and 
hard  and  is  extensively  used  in  cooperage,  the 
construction  of  agricultural  iiiijilenients,  furni- 
ture,   etc..    and    for   posts   and    railway    ties.-' 

Lrarrs  lanceolato-ohlons;,  to  obovate.  4-8  in. 
long,  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at  base,  acute  or 
acuminate  at  apex,  erpially  and  coarsely  serrate, 
with  glandnlar-mucronate  teeth,  darlc  green  above, 
whitish  pubescent  beneath,  the  straight  prominent 
veins  terminating  in  the  teeth  :  petioles  slender. 
Flotrers:  staminate  aments  pilose.  3-4  in.  long, 
with  yellow  5-6-lobed  calyx  ;  stigmas  short,  red. 
Fruit  sessile  or  short-pedunclate  with  lustroiis 
brown  short  ovoid  acorn  Vj-%  in.  long  and  half 
invested  by  the  hoary-tomentose  hemispheric  cup 
covered  with  small  appressed  scales :  seed  some- 
times edible. 

A  division  of  this  species  has  recently  been 
suggested,  and  the  name  Q.  Alexander!  Britt  ap- 
plied to  covf-r  trees  with  leaves  broader  above  the 
middle  and  acnins  with  rather  shallow  cnps.  l>ut. 
inasmuch  ns  both  forms  of  leav(>s  and  acorns 
are  often  found  on  the  same  tree,  the  proposed 
new  species  would  hardly  seem  to  be   valid. 

1.  Syn.   Q.  Miililrnbcrf/ii  Engelm. 

2.  A.    \V.,    Ill,   ()S. 


LIVE  OAK. 

Quercus  Yirginiana  Mill.^ 


FitT   202.     Fruiting  branchlets  with  an  assortment  of  leaves  and  acorns. 

203.  Trunk  of  tree  and  portion  of  a  gigantic  grape-vine  killed  by 
Arhich  became  involved  in  a  crotch  of  the  oak. 

204.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


constriction   of   its   base, 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  iSToRTiiEKisr  States  and  Canada.      IS] 


The  T.ivo  0:il<  i-;  (he  ninst  majestic  and  im- 
pressive Uak  (.1  thr  Athiiilic  slates.  Its  heij^ht, 
rarely  www  than  M  m  (U)  f(..  is  nut  as  re- 
markable as  its  great  spread  of  brandies.  Rs 
massive  trunk  is  sometimes  0  or  S  ft.  in  diame 
ter  and  usually  divides  near  tlie  L'ldund  inli) 
a  few  ,;^real  In  anelie-..  wbieli  -oiiielimes  reaeii 
uut  iH.ri/ontally  finm  .Id  in  7.")  ft.  —  a  -rcald 
distance  tlian  timsc  of  any  other  American 
tree.  \'isitors  to  tliecoist  rc-imis  of  t  lie  Soul  li- 
ern  States  are  always  ini|.ressi.d  with  the<e'jreat 
and  beautiful  trees.  After  conteni|ilatinL;  Ihein 
one  can  hinlly  realize  that  the  same  species 
is  found  (in  var.  iiiiiiiiiiu}  on  sandy  barrens 
near  the  cost  of  Florida  as  a  shrub  bearing 
fruit  when  no  more  than  1   ft.  in  height. 

Our  bark  inctuic.  while  it  shows  nicely  the 
characteristic  baik  of  the  species,  tells  also 
the  story  of  a  long  struggle  for  existence, 
which  the  tree  liad  had  with  a  gigantic  CJrape- 
vine.  and  the  linal  victory  of  the  Oak. 

The  wood  of  the  Live  Oak,  of  which  a  cubic 
foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighs  59.21  lbs., 
is  so  hard  and  dilficult  to  work  as  not  to  be 
extensivcl\'  u-ed  nowadays,  though  it  was 
once  highly  valued  for  sliip-buikling  before 
iron  was  substituted  for  that  purpose,  and 
Congress,  in  its  early  sessions,  enacted  laws 
for  perpetuating  the  supply. - 

Leaves  evercreen,  vor.v  thick  and  coriaceous, 
obovate  olilancoolate  to  olilong.  mostl.v  rounded  at 
apes  and  wedire-sliaped  at  base  with  entire  revo- 
lute  mar,ains  (rarel.y  spinose-dentate  alcove  the 
middle),  sliining  dark  green  above,  whitish  pubes- 
cent beneath,  falling  with  the  appearance  of  new 
leaves  :n  the  spring.  Fruit  with  nnusuall.v  Iod'j; 
peduncles  l-.'i  acorns  to  each  peduncle :  acorns 
small  lustrous  dark  brown,  ovoid  to  obovoid  and 
one-third  covered  by  the  tliiii  tnrl>inate  hoar.v- 
tomentose  cup  wiib  small  aitpressed  scales;  seed 
sweet. 

1.  Syn.    Querciis   virens  .Vit. 

2.  A.   W.,   V,    117. 


WHITE  ELM.     WATER  ELM. 

Ulmus  Americana  L. 


Fi-.  205.     Branchlet  with  mature  fruit  and  young  leaves,  surrounded  with  mature  leaves  gathered 
later,  i  ;  branchlet  in  winter  bearing  three  leaf-buds  above  and  four  flower-buds  below,  enlarged,  2. 

206.  Trunk  of  tree.     Lowville,  N.  Y. 

207.  Wood   structure   magnified    15    diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern   States  and  Canada.     1S3 


The  Wliite  Elm  is  one  of  the  largest  trees 
of  the  Atlantii-  States,  freciueiitly  attaining 
the  height  of  100  or  125  ft.  witli  a  trunk  G  to 
10  ft.  in  diameter.  These  large  trunks  are 
widely  buttressed  at  base  and  in  the  forest 
usually  columnar  and  undivided  to  the  height 
of  30-00  ft.  or  more.  Its  beautiful  form  when 
growing  in  the  open  field  is  a  familiar  and 
beloved  feature  of  almost  every  landscape  of 
New  England  and  the  Northern  States.  These 
trees  usually  divide  within  20  or  .SO  ft.  from 
the  ground  into  few  large  branches,  which  rise 
u|)war(l.  ramify  and  curve  gracefully  outward, 
forming  a  broad  rounded  or  Hat  top  with  more 
or  less  drooping  branchlets.  The  trunk  and 
large  limbs  are  often  fringed  to  tlie  ground 
with  short  contorted  branches.  It  inhabits 
naturally  moist  bottom-lands  and  the  borders 
of  streams. 

The  wood  when  absolutely  dry  weighs  40.56 

pounds    per   cubic    foot,    is   strong,    tough    and 

difficult  to  split,  and   is   a   favorite  timl)er  for 

wagon  making,  particularly  tlie  hubs  of  wheels. 

and    for   saddle-trees,   tool-handles,   etc.i 

LravcH  oval  to  oblong-obovate.  rounded  or  honrt- 
phaped  on  one  .side  at  Ijase  and  short  or  wcd','i'- 
shai)ed  ou  the  other,  abruptly  acuminate  at  api'x. 
doubly  serrate,  dark  green  and  smooth  or  ncai-lv 
so  above,  paler  beneath.  Flowers .  before  th'c 
leaves,  in  fascicles,  with  slender  drooping  .iointed 
pedicels ;  calyx  with  7-0  short  rounded  lobes ; 
ovary  and  styles  light  green.  Fruit,  ripening  as 
the  leaves  unfold,  an  oval-obovate  samara  short 
stipitate,  glabrous  with  ciliate  margins. - 

1.  A.  w.,  II,  ;{:i. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  V.Vi. 


Wi^^  h 

^-^.'r^ 

li'^^^ 

JZ^P^k^ 

Vi^^^ 

y^^-/f^f^ 

pQ;;^'ALi^^''»<>'A  I""** 

kT^r 

o   ''■^'  °^  /Ck^v 

B^^ 

^M 

\S&4 

& 

^y 

W^iv'^ 

•"■c^jp 

XVV         ^'^'n    / 

5>*~>:y 

v\  --» 

i\\  \    M 

\J  {,-\^, 

CORK  ELM.     ROCK  ELM. 

Uhiuis  Thoiiuisi  Sai-o'.i 


Fig.  208.     Branchlet    with    mature    fruit    and    leaves    nearly    full    grown,    surrounded    with    mature 
leaves  gathered  later,   i  ;  branchlet  in  winter  enlarged  to  show  minute  characters,  2. 
209.     Trunk  of  tree,  in  Martinsburg,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  jSToKriiKRN   States  and  C; 


185 


The  Cork  Elm  attains  the  lioii^^lit  of  SO-100 
ft.,  with  trunk  3  or  4  ft.  in  diaiix'tcr,  ami  in 
forests  has  a  straii^lit  coluiniiar  trunk  sonic- 
times  free  from  hramiics  to  tiic  iu'i<,'lit  of  CO 
or  70  ft.  When  growing  outside  of  tiic  forest 
its  habit  of  growtli  is  generally  quite  different 
from  that  of  tlie  ^Yhitc  Kim,  as  it  develops  a 
ratlicr  narrow  oblong  top  \\ith  strongly  droop 
ing  lateral  and  lower  branches  and  corky- 
winged  branclilots,  as  shown  in  our  trunk  ])ic- 
ture. 

It  is  a  tree  inhabiting  uplands,  rocky  ridges 
and  slopes,  in  company  with  the  Sugar  Maple, 
Hop  Hornbeam,  Butternut,  Basswood,  White 
Ash,  Beech,  etc..  but  is  much  less  abundant 
and  general  in  its  distribution  than  the  W^hite 
Elm. 

Its    wood    is    heavy,    a    cubic    foot    weighing 

when  absolutely  dry  45.25  lbs.,  and  is  especially 

sought    where    great    strength,    toughness    and 

flexibility  are  required,  as  in  the  manufacture 

of  heavy  agricultural   implements,  the  handles 

of  tools,  etc.2 

Lcfirrs  obovate-oltlonT.  narrow  and  obtuse  to 
subcoi-date  and  somewhat  ineciuilateral  at  base, 
doubly  serrate,  with  usually  incurved  teeth, 
smooth  lustrous  dark  .sreen  above,  pale  pubescent 
beneath  :  petioles  and  branchlets  pubescent  :  buds 
taper-pointed  with  puberulous  oiliate  scales. 
Flotrcis  in  racemes  with  slender  tiliform  jointed 
pedicels  ;  calyx  7-8-lobed  ;  anthers  purple.  Fruit 
ripening  when  the  leaves  are  about  half  grown, 
samaras  obovate-oblong,  pale,  obscurely  nerved, 
pubescent  and  ciliate. 

1.  Ulmtis  racemosa   Thomas. 

2.  A.   W.,    II,   34. 


WINGED  ELM. 

['hints  alata  :\Iiclix. 


Tm,,   210      Section   of    corky   branch    with    branchlets   bearing    mature    fruit,    i    (Observe    the    leaf- 
h^ds  Le  sLrc  "as  ye     swollen)  ;  branchlet  with  mature  leaves.  .;   branchlet  in  winter  showing 
'eaf-buds  andTncipient  corky  flanges,  3  :  do,  bearing  leaf-buds  above  and  flower-buds  below,  4. 
211.     Trunk  of  tree  near  Kennett,  Mo. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Xorthekx   States  and  Canada.     187 


Coinparpd  witli  the  liriir  cliiis  nf  tlie  North- 
ern States,  tho  \\'iri,-,'e(l  Kliii  is  a  tree  of 
medium  size.  It  rarely  attains  a  j^rcatcr  lu'i^'ht 
than  50  or  (iO  ft.  or  ^ival.T  tliicknc-s  of  tniir,< 
tliaii  2  ft.,  and  wlicii  isolated  foi  lus  a  >yin- 
metrical  ol)loii,-  or  ohovoid  top.  it  iiihal)its 
well  drained  upland-  and  th.'  borders  ,^f 
swamps  and  streams,  hein.u  ni(i>t  aliundant  ia 
tiie  regions  west  of  tiie  Missi-si|)pi  i;i\er  in 
t'onipany  with  tlu'  llaeklierries.  Honey  1  luu-t. 
Willuw-leaf  and  Sliin-le  Oaks.  I'riekly  A-li, 
ete.  It  dill'ers  materially  from  our  northern, 
iln-.s  in  the  size  of  its  small  leaves,  and  a  |ieru 
liar  feature  is  the  wide  winp;]i!<c  growths  of 
cork  which  develop  on  o])]iosite  sides  of  some 
of  its  br.uielilets.  particularly  the  lowermost 
and  those  near  the  tnuik  of  the  tree.  It  is 
from  this  feature  that  it  takes  both  its  com- 
mon and  technical  names. 

Its  wood   is  heav'j",  a  cubic  foot  when  abso 

lately  dry  weighing  46.68   lbs.,  hard  and  ditfi- 

cult   to    split,    though    it    is    not    considered    as 

strong  as  that  of  the  northern  Elnis.i 

Lrnrrft  ovate-ohlons.  from  abruptly  wedgp-sliaped 
to  subcordate  at  base  and  somewhat  inequilateral, 
acute  or  acuminate,  doubly  serrate,  at  maturity 
firm,  smootli,  dark  green  above,  pale  pubescent  be 
neatl).  Floirrrs  appearing  in  early  spring  before 
the  leaves,  in  short  few-tiowei-ed  fascicles :  calyx 
glabrous  with  ;">  obovate  lobes.  Fruit  ripening 
usually  before  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves,  samara 
from  V-i-Vn  in.  in  length,  long-stipitate,  wbite- 
hair.v  especially  on  tbe  thickened  margin  ;  wings 
narrow  and  with  protruded  points  incurved  at 
apex. 

I.   A.   W.,   XII,   289. 


SLIPPERY  ELM.     RED  ELM. 

Uhnus  pabcscens  Wall.-" 


Fig.  212.     Branchlet  with  mature  fruit,  young  leaves  and  stipules,  surrounded  with  mature  leaves 
gathered  later,  i  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  with  leaf  and  flower-buds,  enlarged. 
213.     Trunk  of  tree  in  Genesee  valley,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Ti^ees  of  the  Nortiiekn  States  and  Canada.      189 


The  Slipi 
or  70  ft.  \vi 
nuirc  tlinii  l 
latcil  the  ti 
feet  cif  tlie 
wliic'li     hnni 


Klin  at  til  ins  the  lieight  of  60 
straight  columnar  trunk  rarely 
r  o  ft.  in  (iiainctcr.  \\lien  iso- 
k  divides  usually  within  a  few 
round    into    a    few    lar";e    limbs 


ich     am 
luciadtoppc'd     head,     si 
Wiiite    Khu.      Its    lar-re 


levcdop     into    a    graceful 

similar     to     that    of    the 

riier  rugose  leaves 


are    features    wliieli 

It    thrives    hest    ii 
lands    and    along   th 


readily 
tlu'  ri 
hmks 


distinguish   it. 

•h    soil    of   bottom- 

of   streams.     Here 


it  is  usually  associated  witii  tiie  Burr  and 
Swamp  White  Oaks,  Bhuk.  Silver,  and  Red 
Maples,  Hackberry,  etc..  but  it  is  also  found, 
though  in  smaller  stature,  on  rocky  ridges 
and  slopes.  Its  fragrant  mucilaginous  inner 
bark  is  used  in  medicine  and  is  also  some- 
what nutricious,  a  fact  which  occasionally 
leads  to  the  destriiction  by  boys,  who  sometimes 
literally  skin  it  alive  wlien  once  its  identity 
is  discovered. 

A  cubic  foot  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood 
weighs  43.35  lbs.  It  is  tough  and  strong  and 
especially  valued  for  the  ribs  of  small  boats 
and  in  the  manufacture  of  agricultural  imple- 
ments,  for  railway   ties,   etc. 2 

Lravrs  obovate-oblong,  from  obtuse  to  subcord- 
ate  and  inequilateral  at  ba«p.  aliruptly  acuminate 
at  apex,  doubly  serrate,  thick,  tirm,  rugose,  dark 
green  and  very  rough  above,  pale  tomentose  bo- 
neath.  especially  in  the  axils  of  the  veins ;  buds 
obtuse  or  rounded,  densely  rusty  tomentose. 
Flowers  in  crowded  spreading  fascicles  with  sliort 
pedicels;  calyx  7-0-Iobed  ;  stigmas  reddish  purple. 
Fruit  ripening  when  tlie  leaves  are  about  liali 
grown,  suborbicular,  iA--y,  in.  long  with  tomentose 
cell  and  broad  thiu  glabrous  wings. 

I.    Ulmns  fulva   Michx. 
•2.   A.    W.,    I,    11. 


PLANER-TREE.     WATER  ELM. 

Planera  aqimiica  (Walt.)  Gmel. 


Fig.  214.  Branchlets  with  mature  leaves  in  summer,  i  ;  fruiting  branchlet  in  spring  with  mature 
fruit  and  young  leaves,  2;  fruit  with  epicarp  opened  to  display  seed,  3;  isolated  seeds,  4; 
branchlet  in  winter,  5. 

215.  Trunk  of  tree  in  Red  River  valley,  Ark. 

216.  Wood  structure  magnified   15   diameters. 


ANDKOO 


K  OF  Trees  of  the  Xoutiikkx   States  and  Canada 


101 


The  Planer-tree  rarely  attains  a  greater 
height  than  30  or  40  ft.  or  thicker  trunk  than 
18  or  20  in.  It  is  distinctly  a  water-loving 
species,  being  confined  in  its  habitation  to  de- 
pressions in  bottom-lands  and  deep  swamps 
which  are  inundated  during  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  year.  In  these  localities,  too 
wet  for  nearly  all  other  trees,  it  holds  undis- 
puted sway  and  presents  a  singular  appear- 
ance, with  its  broad  tops  of  irregular,  contorted 
branches.  As  if  by  common  agreement  they 
seem  determined  to  maintain  this  low  habit 
of  growth,  even  though  it  requires  them  to  en- 
dure the  shade  of  the  taller  trees  about  them 
which  are  constantly  vieing  with  each  other  in 
reaching  up  to  the  light. 

The  light  soft  wood,  of  which  a  cubic   foot 

when    absolutely   dry   weighs   32.99   lbs.,    is    of 

little  or  no  commercial  value.i 

Leaves  1-3  in.  long,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  or 
rounded  and  more  or  less  inequilateral  at  base, 
coarsely  crenate-serrate,  subcoriaceous,  dull  dark 
green  and  roughish  above,  duller  and  with  con- 
spicuous veins  beneath,  and  with  slender  puber- 
ulous  petioles.  Flowers  in  early  spring  with  or 
before  the  leaves ;  calyx  greenish,  campanulatf. 
4-.'>-cleft :  the  staminate  in  fascicles  from  the 
axils  of  the  outer  scales  of  the  bud  on  twigs  of  tho 
previous  season,  short  pedicelate  ;  anthers  emargi- 
nate ;  the  pistillate  are  perfect  flowers.  l-S  to- 
gether, with  longer  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  the 
leaves  of  the  year ;  ovary  stipitate,  slightly  com- 
pressed :  styles  two,  reflexed,  papilose  and  stig- 
matic  on  inner  faces.  Fruit  ripening  in  April,  and 
oblong  oblique  coriaceous  droupe,  V;i  in.  long, 
with  short  stipe,  subtended  by  the  calyx  and 
tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the  style,  ridged,  and 
covered  with  fleshy  processes ;  seed  compressed 
ovoid  with  straight  embryo,  unequal  thick  coty- 
ledons, no  albumen. = 


A.    W.,    V.    114. 

For  genus  see  ] 


\"\ 

^- 

v.s.f/ 

^^M-^.A^\ 

■  iqvvA 

'ill.  ■^^.  °"'Vjt.^^ 

J^s 

j      MO. 

yr 

s 

— 

^^■-'^Zp 

■\~*< -1^ 

"^•\   / 

(mis^Waj  ga.  y               I 

v\ 

\U 

^yn 

'^^^t^A 

.     N 

./ 

y>  ^ 

Jf 

vu 

/ 

^  ^-\- 

HACKBERRY.     SUGARBERRY. 

Celtis  occidentalis  L.^ 


f^'ig- -217.     Branchlet    with    leaves    and    mature    fruit,    i;    fruit    detached,    2;    fruit    in    section,    3 
isolated  pits,  4  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  5 

218.  Trunk  of  tree  in   Meramac  River  valley.   Mo. 

219.  Wood   structure  magnified   15   diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northekn   States  and  Canada.      193 


The  Haokborry  in  the  forests  of  the  rich 
bottom-lands  of  me  Ohio  River  basin  some- 
times exceeds  100  ft  in  heij^ht  and  its  trunk 
is  sometimes  4  or  5  feet  in  diameter,  but  when 
in  dryer  soil  of  regions  more  unfavorable  to 
its  growth  it  is  a  much  smaller  tree.  Wlion 
isolated  it  develops  an  ovoid  or  oblong  top  of 
many  small  branches  and  line  branehlcts.  it 
is  abundant  in  the  Mississippi  basin,  but  in 
the  northeastern  states  and  Canada  so  uncom- 
mon or  local  in  its  distribution  as  not  to  be 
generally  known  by  the  country  people  wlien 
it  is  observed,  and  strange  names  are  often 
given  to  it.  Two  large  trees  having  considera- 
ble local  celebrity  as  "  Unknown  Trees  "  ( one 
near  Palatine  Bridge  and  the  other  near  Schuy- 
lerville,  N.  Y. )  I  have  found  upon  examina- 
tion to  be  of  this  species,  anu  my  father  has 
told  me  of  having  had  several  similar  ex- 
periences. 

The  leaves  of  the  trees  of  this  species  in 
the  Black  River  valley  of  northern  New  York 
commonly  show  an  interesting  variegation  in 
mid-summer  and  becoming  more  marked  as 
the  season  advances.  This  I  am  informed  by 
Dr.  B.  T.  Galloway  is  due  to  a  parasitic  fungus, 
known  as  the  PhyUosticia  Celtidis  E.  &  K. 

The  wood  is  rather  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when 
absolutely  dry  weighing  45.40  lbs.  and  is  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  furniture  and  agricul- 
tural  implements,  for  fuel,  fences,  etc. 2 

Lmf-s  inequilateral,  ovate,  more  or  less  falcate, 
rounded  or  cordate  or  taperinfr  and  oblique  at  base, 
coarsely  serrate,  thin,  prominently  reticulate, 
light  srreen  and  smooth  or  rou.srhish  above,  paler 
and  glabrous  or  nearly  so  beneath.  floirns  as 
described  for  the  genus.  Fruit  subKlobose  or  ob- 
long, about  14  in.  long,  with  thick  dark  purple 
skin,  yellowish  flesh  and  smooth  pit.' 

Var.  puniUa  Gray,  is  a  shrubby  form  of  the 
Southern  states,  through  Missouri  and  westward, 
with  small  and  more  rugose  leaves. 

1.  Including  C.  crassifolia  Lam.  and  V.  caniiia 
Uaf.  Some  botanists  consider  these  distinct,  but 
tenable  directive  characters  do  not  seem   to  exist. 

2.  A.   W.,    I,   12. 

3.  For  genus  see  pp.   4:!2-4.".:!. 


MISSISSIPPI  HACKBERRY.     SUGARBERRY. 

Celtis  Mississipplensis  Bosc. 


Fig.  220.     Branchlets  with  leaves  and  mature  fruit 
from  vigorous  shoots,  4  ;     branchlet  in  winter,  5. 

421.    .Trunk  of  tree  with  leaves  at  base.     Red  River  valley,  Ark 


detached  fruits,  2  ;   isolated  pits,  3  ;   leaves 


Handbook   ok   Tk'kks  of  the  Xortiikra'    Statks 


AX  I)    C. 


195 


This  tree  attains  the  heif,'ht  of  (iO  or  SO  ft. 
and  in  thickness  of  trunk  2  or  15  ft.  It  de- 
velops an  open  oblong  lu-nil  with  more  or  Ic-^s 
drooping  lateral  and  lower  branches,  antl  is 
always  of  interest  to  one  seeiii<,'  it  for  the 
first  time  on  account  of  its  sinj^ular  li<j;lit  gray 
smooth  bark,  covered  at  intervals  with  promi- 
nent excrescences  and  bosses.  It  is  a  liandsomc 
tree,  as  it  is  foun<l  hanging  over  the  borders 
of  lakes  and  bajous  of  tlie  lower  Mississippi 
valley  in  company  witli  the  Prickly  Ash,  Pe- 
can. Nutmeg  Hickory.  Planer-tree,  Decidu- 
ous Holly.  Cypress,  and  otiicr  trees  of  tlu> 
bottom-lands  of  those  regions  and  tlu'  Gulf 
states.  That  its  ornamental  value  is  being 
justly  appreciated  is  shown  by  the  fact  that 
it  is  being  planted  in  the  streets  and  parks  of 
many  of  the  southern  cities  and  villages. 

The  wood  is  rather  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when 
absolutely  dry  weighing  49.57  lbs.,  and  is  not 
distinguished  in  commerce  or  uses  from  that  of 
the  C.  occidentalisA 

Ijcarrs  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  inequilateral 
and  often  falcate,  S-nerved.  from  wedge-shaped  to 
rounded  and  very  oblique  at  base,  long  taper- 
pointed,  entire  or  with  remote  low  sharp  teeth, 
Bmooth  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath.  Floiccrs 
as  described  for  the  genus.  Fruit  small  orange 
brown  drupes,  Vh  to  %  in.  long,  with  tbiii  flesh 
and  reticulated  pit. 

Var.  rrliciilata  (Torr.)  Sarg.  is  the  Palo  Blanco 
of  the  Southwest,  but  not  found  within  the  area 
covered  by  this  work. 

1.  A.  W.,  XI,  265. 


WHITE  MULBERRY. 

Morns  alba  L. 


Fie.  222.     Branch    with    mature    leaves    and    fruit,    i  ;    an    assortment    of    leaves,    2 ;    branchlet    in 
winter,  3. 

223.  Trunk  of  tree  on  Staten  Island,  N.   Y. 

224.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Nortiierx  States  assd  Canada.     197 


The  White  Mulberry,  in  that  its  leaves  fur- 
nish the  most  valuable  food  known  for  the 
Silk-worm,  has  the  distinction  of  being  the 
tree  about  wliieli  more  has  been  written  than 
any  otlicr  tree.  Ipon  its  existence,  too,  de- 
pend the  ciiipluyiiicMt  (if  va-tly  mure  pi'oph- 
and  capital  than  any  otlicr  tree,  and  no  otlicr 
tree  has  been  so  cxlcn-ivcly  cvdtivatcd.  It 
grows  naturally  in  northern  China  and  Japan, 
but  has  been  carried  into  all  countries  where 
climatic  conditions  are  favorable.  As  early 
as  in  the  seventeenth  century  it  was  brought 
to  America  and  until  the  outbreak  of  the  Re- 
volutionary War  its  propagation  was  en- 
couraged by  the  British  government,  as  a  basis 
for  the  establishment  of  silk  production  in  this 
country.  Many  thousands  of  trees  were  planted 
and  great  preparations  made,  but  the  value  of 
labor  here  has  always  made  it  impossible  to 
compete  with  the  Old  World  in  silk  production 
and  the  fortunes  spent  in  early  days  were  lost. 
but  the  White  ^Mulberry  tree  remains  as  a  last- 
ing monument  to  the  departed  hopes. 

The  Wood  of  the  White  Mulberry  is  of  sec- 
ondary importance,  but  is  hard  and  durable 
and  used  to  some  extent  for  furniture,  boat- 
building, etc.i  Its  fruit  is  edible  and  from 
that  of  a  variety  growing  in  Turkestan  it  is 
said  a  Hour  is  made. 

Jjcnvis  mostly  ovate.  .1-7  in.  long,  serrate,  and 
on  visoroiis  slioots  often  with  from  l-.T  wide  lobes, 
cordate  or  tiuncati'  at  base,  mostly  acute  at  apex, 
thin,  shininu;  dark  green  above,  duller  beneath. 
Fniit  maturing  in  .Tune  or  .July,  %-!%  in.  long, 
sweet  and  succulent,  usually  'white  or  pinkish 
tinted.  Several  varieties  have  originated  in  culti- 
vation, cue  with  nearly  black  fruit.- 

X.  A.  w.,  xii,  •^i)^). 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  433. 


RED  MULBERRY. 

Morus  rubra  L. 


Fig.  22S.     Branchlets   with   mature   leaves  and   fruit,    i  ;   an   assortment   of  leaves,   2  ■    branchlet   in 
winter,  3.  ' 

226.     Trunk  of  tree  in  Genesee  valley  near  Scotts  Hill,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.     199 


Tlie  Rod  Mulberry  wlicu  growing'  in  the  ft)i- 
est  attains  i.he  height  of  from  tlO  to  80  ft.  an>l 
ii;  sometimes  3  or  4  ft  in  diameter  of  trunk. 
When  growing  apart  from  the  influence  of 
other  trees  it  develops  a  compact,  broad, 
rounded  top  of  many  small  branches,  and  the 
siiort  trunks  of  these  isolated  trees  are  some- 
times tliicker  tlian  tlie  measurements  above 
noted,  it  is  a  hamlsomc  tree  with  large  dis- 
tinct leaves,  on  account  of  whicli  it  casts  a 
dense  sliadc,  and  is  well  worthy  of  being 
planted  as  an  ornamental  shade  tree.  It  in- 
habits rich  bottom-lands  and  low  liillsides 
which  it  enlivens  in  autumn  with  its  bright 
palc-ycllow  atituninal  garb.  Its  sweet  juicy 
fruit,  very  much  resembling  a  blackberry  in 
ai)])carance,  is  esteemed  as  one  of  our  choice 
n;itivf  fruit-,  and  some  natural  varieties,  dis- 
tinguished on  account  of  the  abundance  or 
si;:e  of  fruit,  are  being  propagated  by  horticul- 
turists. The  fruit  is  eagerly  devored  liy  birds 
and  other  denizens  of  the  forest  and  on  the 
farm  by  poultry,  etc. 

The  wood  is  rather  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when 
absolutely  dry  weighing  45.41  lbs.,  moderately 
soft  and  very  durable  and  is  used  in  cooper- 
age and  boat  building,  for  fences,  etc.i 

fjcarcs  mostly  orbicular-ovate,  some  ."?  ."(-lobed  or 
with  single  lobe  on  one  side,  from  rounded  to 
cordate  at  base,  abruptly  acuminate  at  apex,  ser- 
rate, dark  green  and  ronsliish  above,  pale  puhes- 
cent  and  prominently  reticulated  l)eneath.  The 
primary  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the  mar- 
gins :  stipules  lanceolate,  pale  or  reddish  green. 
Flowers:  staminate  spikes  drooping,  with  stout 
pubescent  peduncles  :  stamens  with  flattened  fila- 
ments tapering  from  base  to  anther:  pistillate 
spike  smaller  and  with  shorter  peduncles.  Fruit 
purplish  black  when  fully  ripe,  oblong,  averaging 
about  one  inch  in  length,  juicy  and  delicious. 

1.  .\.   \v..  Ill,  u.:. 

::.    For    j;eiu;s    s.^e    i..    4:;:'.- 


PAPER  MULBERRY. 

Broussonetia  papyrifera   (L.)   Vent. 


Fig.  227.  Portions  of  branches  showing  mature  fruit,  i  ;  leafy  branchlet,  2  ;  branchlets  in  winter, 

228.  Base  of  an  old  gnarled  trunk  at  Suffolk,  Va. 

229.  Trunk  of  a  younger  tree  with  leaves  at  base,  near  New  York. 

230.  Wood  structure  magnified    15   diameters. 


Handbook  of  Treles  of  the  North kkn   States 

Tlie  Paper  Mulberry  is  an  introduced  tree 
from  eastern  Asia  and  the  neighboring  ishuids. 
Introduced  into  this  country  for  oniainciital 
purposes  it  has  escaped  and  become  naturalized 
in  many  localities  in  the  Atlantic  states  from 
New  York  to  Florida  and  as  far  west  as  Mis- 
souri. It  does  not  often  attain  a  greater 
heiglit  than  40  or  50  ft.  but  develops  a  wide- 
spreading  rounded  top  of  ample  vigorous  foli- 
age and  short  trunk  3  or  4  ft.  in  thickness. 
The  bark  of  young  trunks  is  quite  smooth  and 
handsomely  reticulated  with  pale  yellow  lines. 
Old  trunks  commonly  become  singularly 
gnarled  and  convoluted.  The  tree  is  called 
Paper  Mulberry  from  the  fact  that  paper  of 
very  good  quality  is  made  in  China  and  Japan 
from  its  inner  bark.  The  tapa-eloth  which  is 
used  extensively  by  the  South  Pacific  Islanders 
is  also  a  product  of  this  tree,  being  made  from 
the  inner  bark  by  maceration  and  pounding 
to  remove  the  non-fibrous  portion. 

The  wood  is  rather  soft,  light,  coarse-grained 
and  easily  worked,  but  of  no  commercial  im- 
portance in  this  country. 1 

Leaves  usually  ovate.  .3-8  in.  long,  not  lobed  and 
also  (especially  on  young  plants  i  variously  o-5- 
lobed  Of  with  single  lobe  on  one  side  all  forms 
commonly  on  the  same  tree,  cordate  or  rounded 
at  base,  acuminate,  serrate-dentate,  rough  above, 
velvety  tomentose  l)eneath,  long  "petiolatc 
Floireis  in  middle  spring,  staminate  anicnts 
pedunoled.  Fruit  heads  %  in.  across,  with  nd 
exserted  fleshy  perianth. - 

1.  A.  W.,  XI,  266. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.   4:!8. 


AND     C 


201 


OSAGE  ORANGE. 

Toxylon  -pomiferum  Eaf. 


Fig.  231.      Branchlet   bearing   leaves   and   mature   fruit,    i;    fruit   in    section,    2;    isolated    seeds,    3; 
section  of  branch  with  old  branchlet.  4  ;  a  terminal  branchlet  of  first  season's  growth,  5. 

232.     Trunk  of  tree  with  spray  of  leaves  and  fruit  at  base.       Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 

233-     Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Thkes  of  the  x^ortheen   States  and  Canada.     203 


Tlie  Osage  Orange  attains  the  height  of  50 
or  GO  ft.  wlien  growing  in  the  forest.  When 
growing  ajjurt  from  otluT  trcfs  it  lias  a  short 
tliick  trunk  from  18  in.  to  S  ft.  in  dianiclcr, 
and  then  divides  into  a  few  large  limlis  wliicli 
send  ont  nniny  eoninionly  cnrved  branches  and 
form  a  symmetiical  rouniicd  or  dome-shapeii 
top,  with  lower  branehes  drooping  nearly  to 
the  gronnd.  The  bark  of  trnnk  is  deeply  fnr- 
rowed  and  of  an  orange  brown  eolor,  and  the 
stiff  branches  are  beset  with  many  short  thick 
axillary  spur-like  spines.  Its  lustrous  leaves 
and  good  habit  of  growth  make  it  a  desirable 
tree  for  ornamental  purposes,  for  which  use, 
however,  the  pistillate  trees  are  preferable,  as 
their  beauty  is  greatly  enhanced  in  summer  by 
their  large  conspicuous  orange-like  fruit. 

The  Osage  Orange  is  excellently  adapted  to 
use  in  hedges  and  is  extensively  planted  for 
that  purpose.  Through  this  agency  it  has  be- 
come widely  naturalized,  over  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  United  States,  though  inhabit- 
ing naturally  only  the  limited  area  shown  on 
our  map. 

The  wood  is  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso- 
lutely dry  weighing  48.21  pounds,  very  strong 
and  durable,  and  is  valued  for  railway  ties. 
fence  posts,  the  hubs  of  wheels,  etc.  Formerly 
it  was  a  favorite  wood  witli  the  Indians,  of 
the  region  in  which  it  grows,  for  their  liows. 
and  from  this  fact  it  is  commonly  called  in  those 
regions  "  Bowvond "  or,  by  the  French  in- 
habitants, "  Bois  d'Aic." - 

For  botanical  characters  see  description  of 
the  genus,  this  being  the  only  species. 3 

1.  Sj-n.  Madura  aurantiaca  Nutt. 

2.  A.   W.,  XII,   291. 

3.  For  pcnus   see   p.   4.34. 


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CUCUMBER  TREE.     MOUNTAIN  MAGNOLIA. 

Magnolia  acuminata  L. 


Fig.  234.     Branchlet  with   mature  leaves  and  fruit,   i  ;   isolated  seeds,   2  ;   branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

235.  Trunk  of  tree,  in    northern  Virgina. 

236.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


IIanurook   of  Trees  of  the  Nortjiehn   States   and   Canada 


205 


This  tree,  tlie  northernmost  and  one  of  the 
largest  representatives  of  the  genus  in 
America,  attains  in  the  forest  the  height  of 
80  or  90  ft.  with  straight  columnar  trunk  li  or 
4  ft.  in  diameter,  vested  in  a  grayisli  brown 
scaly-ridged  bark.  When  isolated  it  develops 
a  wide  rouniled  pyramidal  top  and  is  always 
a  tree  of  marked  appearance  on  account  of  its 
large  handsome  leaves.  It  inhabits  mountain 
slopes  and  the  gravelly  banks  of  streams, 
rarely  if  ever  forming  pure  tracts  of  forest, 
but  in  company  with  various  Oaks  and  Hick- 
ories, the  Tulip  Tree,  Sweet  Birch,  Sugar 
Maple,  White  Ash,  etc. 

The  hardiest  of  the  Magnolias,  it  is  exten- 
sively planted  as  an  ornamental  shade  tree, 
for  which  it  is  peculiarly  appropriate,  owing 
to  its  good  habit  of  growth  and  the  abundance 
of  its  ample  leaves,  which  cast  a  dense  siiade 
and  in  autumn  assume  a  pale  yellow  color. 

Its  wood  is  light,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso- 
lutely dry  weighing  29.23  pounds,  soft,  easily 
worked  and  durable. 

It  is  very  similar  to  the  White-wood  in 
properties  and  applicable  to  the  same  uses. 
It  is  also  valued  for  pump  logs,  troughs,  etc., 
on  account  of  its  great  durability. i 

LraiK'S  deciduous,  scattered  on  the  hianclilets, 
7-10  in.  long,  oblong  or  oval,  rounded  or  slightly 
cordate  at  base,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apox.  thin, 
glabrous,  dark  green  above,  paler  and  more  or 
ipss  pubescent  beneath.  Flowers  oblong  boll- 
shaped,  more  or  less  inclosed,  pale  yellowish 
green,  glaucous,  tbe  membraneous  sepals  1-1  Vj  in. 
long,  and  the  thick  obovate  concave  petals  'J '2  i.^ 
in.  long,  the  three  of  tbe  outpr  row  narrower  than 
those  of  the  inner.  Fruit  oblong,  usually  curved, 
glabrous,  dark  red.= 

Var.  cnrdala  Sarg.  is  a  form  with  broader  loaves 
and  moro  heart  shapod  at  base  and  sihmIUt  yellow 
flowers,  is  found  in  cultivation  and  approximated 
by  wild  flowers  in  South  Carolina  and  Alabama. 

1.  A.  W.,  I,  1. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  434. 


LARGE-LEAF  MAGNOLIA. 

Magolia  macropliyllcL.  Michx. 


Fig.  23,7.     Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,   i  ;  detached  fruits  showing  escaping  seeds,  2  ; 
branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

238.     Trunk    of   tree   with    foliage    of   young    shoots   in    background.     Alleghany    Mountains, 
Tenn. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  JSTortjiehn   States  and  Can. 


207 


This  sinjriilar  and  very  intercstinfr  tree 
raifly  altiiiiis  a  gioator  lici^lit  Hum  ^0-50  ft., 
or  its  trunk  a  greater  thickness  tlian  18  in. 
to  2  ft.,  with  few  larjfe  branches  furniinj^  a 
wide-topped  head.  Xu  tree  in  tlie  American 
forests  equals  it  in  the  yicat  sizo  of  leaves  and 
(lowers,  or  sur|)asses  it  in  ornamental  value. 
It  inhabits  the  rich  soil  of  sheltered  valleys 
and  .slopes  of  the  Alle<ihany  Mountains,  in 
company  with  various  Oaks  and  Hickories,  the 
Sugar  Maple,  Dogwood,  Witch  Hazel,  Chest- 
nut, etc. 

It  seems  strange  that  this  beautiful  tree  is 
not  more  extensively  planted  as  an  ornamental 
shade  tree,  as  it  is  said  to  be  hardy  as  far 
north  as  Massachusetts,  and  few  trees  can  be 
fouiul  that  equal  it  in  ornamental  value  and 
tropical  effects.  Not  alone  are  its  great 
leaves  marvelous,  but  its  pure  white  flowers 
when  expanded  are  too  large  to  be  covered  by 
the  largest  dinner  plate.  Later  they  are  suc- 
ceeded by  its  large  globose  pink  cones,  hardly 
less  ornamental,  especially  when  opening  and 
dangling  on  slender  threads  their  conspicuous 
bright  red  seeds,  probably  to  iiuluce  passing 
birds  to  aid  in  their  dissemination. 

The  wood  is  similar  in  appearance  and 
properties  to  that  of  the  Cucumber-tree,  a 
cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weigliing  .33.09 
lh>. 

Lcarcs  deciduous,  20-30  in.  long,  ol)ovate  or 
oblong,  narrowed  and  cordate  at  base,  acute  or 
ronnded  at  ape.x,  bright  green  and  glabrous  above, 
white-pubescent  beneath.  FInirrrx  opon  bell- 
shnped.  white  with  pni-ple  spot  at  base,  fragrant. 
Fruit  siibglobose,  piil)es(('nt. 


UMBRELLA  TREE. 

Magnolia  tripetata  L.^ 


Fig.  239.     Branchlet  with   mature  leaves  and   fnn>    t  •    1  .     ,    ^   r     • 

^40.     Tn,„t  0,  ,  ,„„,p„n,ed  „e.  wiih  leaves  of  vi,„r„„,  sh„„„.     Ne„  y„t  Ci.y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Nortiiekx   States  and  Canada.     209 


This  Magnolia  is  a  tree  of  medium  size,  at- 
taining sonu'tinios  a  licight  of  30  or  40  ft.  with 
straight  or  soinetiiucs  inclined  trunk  rarely 
more  than  IS  in.  in  dianiftcr.  It  sends  out  a 
few  large  and  often  contorted  branches  mak- 
ing a  rather  irregular  open  head,  and  often 
.sends  up  several  stems  clustered  about  the  main 
trunk.  It  grows  in  rich  deep  soil  along  tlie 
mountain  streams  and  sheltered  intervales,  ami 
is  uncommon  and  local  in  its  distribution.  It 
never  forms  tracts  of  exclusive  forests,  but 
is  foiuid  scattered  among  Chestnut  Oaks, 
Lar<:e-leaf  and  otlier  .Magnolias,  Rhododen- 
drons, tlie  Yellow  Buckeye,  and  other  trees 
which  clothe  the  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains. 

It  is  vigorous  and  quite  hardy  as  far  north 
as  central  New  York  and  is  largely  planted 
as  an  ornamental  shade  tree,  for  which  use  it 
is  peculiarly  appropriate.  It  takes  its  common 
name  from  the  resemblance  to  an  umbrelli 
found  in  its  radiating  clusters  of  leaves  at  t'l^ 
extremities  of  its  branchlets. 

Its  wood  is  light  and  soft,  a  cubic  foot  when 

perfectly  dry  weighing  27. 9G  lbs. 

Leaves  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets. 
deciduous.  ol)ovate-oblonsr.  cuneate  at  base,  acutp 
at  apex  and  at  maturity  glabrous  above,  paler 
beneath.  I-loircrx  white  ill-scented,  cnn-shaped. 
4-."i  in.  deep  ;  sepals  lia:ht  green  :  petals  6-0  white, 
concave,  those  of  the  outer  row  lai'gest:  tila- 
Dients  light  purple.  Fruit  21/2-4  in.  long,  ovoid- 
oblong,  glabrous,  light  red. 

1.   MnnnuUa    ViiihrrUn    Laiu. 


FRASER  MAGNOLIA.     LONG-LEAF  OR  EAR-LEAF  CUCUMBER-TREE. 

Magnolia  Fraseri  Walt. 


Fig.  241.     Branchlet  with   mature  leaves  and   fruit  with  escaping  seeds,    i  ;   fruit  after  the  escape 
of  seeds,  2  ;  branchlet  in   winter  showing  leaf-buds  only,   3  ;   do,  with  terminal  flower-bud,  4. 
242.     Trunk  of  tree  in  Mo.  Botanical   Garden,   St.  Louis,  Mo. 


Handbook  of  Tkkks  of  the  Nobtiiekn  States  and  Canada.     211 


The  Fraser  Magnolia  is  never  a  very  large 
tree.  It  attains  the  lici-lit  of  from  30  to  40 
ft.,  and  its  trunk,  often  crooked  anil  leaning, 
is  rarely  more  than  12  or  18  in,  in  diameter, 
vested  in  a  gray-brown  smootliish  bark.  With 
few  large  branches  it  forms  a  wide-topped 
often  iiTegular  licad.  and  frt'(|iii'ntly  sends  up 
two  or  more  trunks  from  a  single  base.  It 
is  quite  an  abundant  tree  on  the  southern 
slopes  of  the  Alleghanies  at  an  altitude  of 
from  2000  to  3000  ft.  where  it  may  be  found 
leaning  over  the  turbulant  mountain  streams 
in  company  witii  tlie  Sorrel-trce,  Rhododen- 
drons, Witch  Hazel,  Silver-bell  Tree,  Black 
Birch,  Yellow  Buckeye,  etc.  It  ranges  north- 
ward among  the  mountains  into  \  irginia, 
where,  however,  it  is  far  less  abundant.  Not 
as  hardy  as  most  of  the  other  IVIagnolias,  it 
is  not  as  extensively  planted  for  ornamental 
purposes,  excepting  in  the  Southern  and  Mid- 
dle States  where  it  is  planted  as  a  valuable 
ornamental  tree. 

Its  wood  is  light,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso- 
lutely dry  weighing  31.18  lbs.,  soft  and  easily 
worked, 1 

Leaves  deciduous,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the 
branchlets,  obovate-spatulate,  aurlculate  at  !)as(>. 
acute  or  obtuse  at  apex,  glabrous  dark  green 
above,  paler  beneath  ;  buds  glabrous,  purplish 
grpon.  Flnu-rr.f  white,  frasrant,  8-10  In,  across  ; 
sopals  early  dociduous  :  petals  G-9,  spreading, 
obovato-spatulato,  l(ini;<'r  than  the  sepals  and  those 
of  the  oviter  rank  larger  and  In-oader  than  those 
of  the  inner.  Fruit  oblong,  glabrous,  3-4  in,  long, 
the    carpels    with    long    curved    beaks ;    seed    com- 


1,  A.    W.,   XI,   251. 


SWEET  BAY. 

Magnolia  glauca  L. 


Fif   243.     Branchlets  with   mature   leaves  and   fruit,   one  closed  and   one  with   escaping   seeds,    ij 
fruit  showing  empty  follicles  and  scattered   seeds  near  by,  2  :  leafy  branchlet  showing  flower-bud 
for  the  next  season,  3  ;  branchlets  in  winter,  4. 
244.     Trunk  of  a  tree  with  leaves  at  base. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.     213 


This  favorite  tree  in  the  forests  of  the  south 
Atlantic  and  i.ull  elates  attains  tlie  lu-ight  of 
^iU  ur  70  ft.,  with  trunk  2-3  ft.  in  dianiL'ter 
covered  with  a  brownisli  gray  bark,  wliicli  may 
be  universally  smooth  or  beset  with  scattered 
boss-like  excrescences.  When  growing  apart 
from  other  trees  its  habit  is  to  form  an  oblong 
or  rounded  shapely  top.  It  grows  in  the  low- 
moist  soil  of  swamps  and  about  the  borders  of 
Pine-barren  ponds,  associated  with  the  Lob 
lolly  and  Red  Bays,  Wild  Olive,  Evergreen 
Alagnolia,  Holly,  Yaupon,  Red  Maple,  etc. 
Farther  northward  it  is  a  much  smaller  tree, 
and,  at  the  extreme  northern  limit  of  its  range, 
only  a  shrub. 

Such  is  its  deserved  popularity  for  orna- 
mental planting  that  its  handsome  party-colored 
leaves  are  familiar  objects  in  almost  every 
American  city  park,  where  the  climate  will 
permit,  and  when  it  fills  the  air  in  early  sum- 
mer witli  tlie  delicious  fragrance  of  its  pure 
white  flowers  it  is  sure  to  attract  admiration 
from  every  visitor. 

The  light  soft  wood,  which  when  absolutely 

dry  weighs  31.38  pounds  to  the  cubic  foot,  is 

occasionally     used     in     the     manufacture     of 

Avooden-ware,  etc.i 

Lravrs  scattered  on  the  branchlets,  oblong  to 
oval.  o-(i  in.  long,  obtuse  or  acute  at  both  ends, 
lustrous  dark  green  above,  whitish  pubescent  be- 
neath, thick,  usually  concave,  and  in  the  north 
deciduous  in  the  autumn,  but  in  the  south  per- 
sisting until  spring.  FJoirrrs  ( Ma.v  and  June) 
creamy  white,  very  fragrant,  cup-shaped,  about 
2  in.  across :  sepals  obtuse,  spreading ;  petals 
short,  broad,  concave.  Fruit  irregular  oblong, 
dark  red,  glabrous,  from  lVi-2  in.  long;  seed 
about  14   in.  long,  compressed. 

1.   A.    W..    III.   .-,1. 


i 

J-  \  OHIO  n. 

■^'' 

M^ 

^ 
\"^ 

<*>-> 

w 

H 

\ 

TULIP  TREE.     WHITE-WOOD.     YELLOW  POPLAR. 

lAriodendron  Tulipifcra  L. 


Fig.  245.  Branchlets  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  i  ;  cone  disintegrating  and  detached  samara,  2  ; 
cone  in  transverse  and  longitudinal  section,  3  ;  end  of  vigorous  shoot,  showing  leaves  and  large 
stipules,  4  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  5. 

246.  Trunk  of  tree,  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 

247.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trkes  of  the  Northern   States  and  Canada.     21; 


The  Tulip-tree  is  one  of  tlie  very  largest 
and  of  the  most  vahmble  trees  of  the  Atlantic 
States.  In  tin-  valleys  of  the  streams  tribu- 
tary to  the  Ohio  Kivcr  and  on  tlie  slopes  of  the 
Alleglianies  individuals  have  been  found  to  at- 
tain the  heiglit  of  from  150  to  190  ft.  with 
cohnunar  trunks  S  or  10  ft.  in  diameter,  and 
free  from  branches  to  a  height  of  from  80  to 
100  ft.  —  trunks  unsurpassed  in  grandure  of 
column  by  those  of  any  eastern  American  tree. 
While  such  great  trunks  are  exceptional  still 
no  eastern  trees  possess  such  uniformly  straiglit 
clear  trunks.  It  inhabits  deep  rich  well 
drained  soil  but  never  forms  exclusive  forests. 

It  is  largely  planted  throughout  the  Eastern 
states  as  an  ornamental  shade  tree  and  few 
trees  equal  it  in  value  for  tliis  purpose.  The 
young  trees  are  of  a  pyramidal  habit  of  growth 
but  the  older  trees  have  an  oblong  head  with 
rather  short  branches.  They  are  handsome  in 
summer  with  their  clean-cut  distinct  leaves 
and  tulip-like  llowers,  and  in  winter  when 
their  open  cones  are  conspicuous  on  leafless 
branches  and  from  which  the  twirling  samarae 
are  carried  away  by  every  gust  of  wind. 

The  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot  weighs  when 

drj-    2()..36    lbs.,    is    one    of    our    most    valuable 

woods    for   interior   finishing,    cabinet   making, 

wooden-ware,  etc.2 

f.cnrrs  Klal)i'otis.  shining  dark  green  above,  paler 
boneath.  turnins;  liriglit  yellow  in  autumn.  Flowirs 
tulip-like,  lVj-2  in.  deep.  Fruit  ripening  in  au- 
tumn but  liberatinj;  the  samarae  mostly  after  the 
leaves  have  fallen. ^ 

1.  A.   \V.,   1,   ■^. 

2.  For  genuB   see   p.   4;i."i. 


PAPAW. 

Asimina  triloba  (L.)  Dunal. 


Fig.  248.      Branchlels  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  one  in  section,   i  ;  isolated  seeds,  2  ;  branchlet 
in  winter,  3. 

249.  Trunk  of  tree  in  Missouri  Botanical  Garden,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

250.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern   States  and  Caxada.     217 


Only  under  iiiOr,t  favorable  conditions  does 
the  Papaw  attain  tlit-  liei,i;lit  of  30  or  40  ft. 
and  is  often  only  a  lai','e  shrub.  Its  trunk  is 
rarely  more  than  from  8-12  in.  in  diameter. 
thuuuli  1  have  seen  it  measuring  18  in.  It  eom- 
nionly  uruws  in  thickets  occupying  tlie  grounii 
exclusively,  and  is  sometimes  scattered  as 
an  umlergruwtli  in  tiie  forests  of  rich  bottom- 
lands. Wlien  isolated  it  develops  a  distinct 
pyramidal  head.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  of 
a  dark  brown  color,  thin  and  quite  sniootli. 
or  sparingly  fissured  on  old  trunks. 

The  handsome  foliage  of  the  Papaw,  its 
beautiful  llowers  in  earl}^  spring,  and  its  curi- 
ous fruit  in  autumn,  strongly  recommend  it 
for  ornamental  planting.  The  fruit  when  very 
ripe  is  delicious  and  nutritious  and  sold  in 
considerable  quantities  in  local  markets  in 
regions  where  the  trees  abound. 

The  light  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot  weighs 
24.73  lbs.,  is  of  handsome  greenish  and  yellow 
tints  when  freshly  cut.  but  is  of  no  commercial 
importance.  Tlie  fibrous  inner  bark  was  for- 
merly  used    for   iiiaking   cord    for    fish   nets.i 

L- iircK  lanco-obovate,  8-l'2  in.  Inng.  cunoate  at 
base,  abruptly  acuminate  or  acute  at  apex,  glabrous 
light  green  above,  paler  beneath.  Flowers  ap 
pearing  with  the  leaves,  dark  purple.  IV^  in 
across,  with  rust.v  toraentose  peduncles  ;  sepals 
broad-ovate,  densely  dark-tomentose :  petals  at 
first  small  and  green  but  finally  purple  when  fully 
grown  and  2  or  3  times  as  long  as  the  sepals. 
nectiferous  at  base.  Fmit  cylindrieal-oblong.  ob 
lique.  3-5  in.  long,  single  or  ilustcri'd  2  or  :? 
together  with  common  piMlmcli'.  wiih  smooth 
yellowish  green  rind,  custjird  like  fragrant  luscious 
flesh  and  oblong  seeds  aiiout  1  in.  long.- 


1.  A.   W.,   IV,  76. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  435. 


^^ 

^1 

^^^^ 

^^1 

^"  >.. ,  )i ■  -  ■  •"■r*-!  J»— Jtfs 

SWAMP  BAY. 

Persea  puhescens  (Piirsh.)  Sarg.^ 


Fig.  251.  Branchlet  bearing  leaves  and  fruit  not  quite  fully  grown,  i  (The  peduncles  are  usually 
somewhat  longer  at  maturity)  ;  isolated  seeds,  2  ;  branchlet  in  autumn  from  which  the  leaves 
have  been  removed,  3. 

252.  Trunk  of  tree  with  leaves  at  base.     Coast  region  of  North  Carolina. 

253.  Wood   structure  magnified   15   diameters. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  Koir 


AM)    ( 


219 


The  Swamp  Bay  is  a  tree  of  medium  size 
rarely  more  than  30  or  40  ft.  in  height  or  witli 
trunk  more  than  1 'l-  ft.  in  thickness,  witii 
straiglit  branches  and  copious  foliage.  It  is 
confined  to  the  coast  regions  of  tiic  Gulf  and 
Atlantic  states  but  ranges  nortlnvaid  into 
Virginia,  where  1  have  seen  it  in  the  Dismal 
Swamp  in  company  with  the  Hald  Cypress, 
Red  Maple,  Tupelo  and  Water  (iums.  Water 
Ash,  Over-cup  and  Laurel  Oaks,  etc.  Further 
south  it  is  more  abundant  occurring  in  pine- 
barren  swamps,  sometimes  to  the  exclusion  of 
nearly  every  other  species. 

The  wood  is  rather  heavy,  a  cubic  ft.  when 
absolutely  dry  weigliing  39.86  lbs.,  soft  and 
strong,  and  wlien  found  large  enough  applica- 
ble to  the  same  uses  as  the  Red  Bay. 2 

Leaves  oval  to  lanceolate,  about  equally  pointed 
at  both  ends,  margin  slightly  revolute,  tonientoso 
when  they  unfold  but  when  mature  lustrous  dark 
green  above,  paler  and  pubescent  beneath,  rusty 
tomentoso    on    midrib    and    primary    veins,    veins 


stout.    th*se    and    the    new 
ty    tm^^am!^^Floiccrs    with 


growth  generally  rust.^ 
tomentose  peduncles,  from  1-."'.  in.  long  when  fully 
grown;  calyx  pale  yellow  with  thick  broad  ovnfc 
pointed  lobes,  tomentose  outside,  pubescent  insid  >. 
and  those  of  the  outer  spries  about  half  as  binv' 
as  those  of  the  inner.  Fridt  dark  blue,  finm 
Vi    to    %    in.   long,   with   thin   aromatic  flesh. ^ 

1.  Persea   Carolineneia   var.  palustria   Chapman. 

2.  A.  W.,  V,  113. 

o.  For  genus  see  p.  435. 


RED  BAY. 

Persea  Borhonia  (L.)   Spreng.'^ 


Fig.  -'54.      Branchlets  with   mature  leaves  and   fruit,   fruit  in   section   and   isolated   seeds. 
255.     Trunk  of  tree  with  leaves  at  base.     Smiths  Island,   North   Carolina  coast. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Nortiiekn   States  a.m.  ('axada.      -221 


Tlio  rtcd  P.iv  nui-cs  fnmi  r>f)  ft.,  or  loss,  (o 
7(1  f(.  in  lieii^'lit,  witli  stout  erect  l.nuu-lie-;  i\u<\ 
fiiriiiiii;L,'  a  syiniiict lieal  toj).  Its  trunk  is  iMiely 
luuie  than  .'1  oi-  o'.j  ft.  in  (linnictrr.  ainl  i- 
vo-teii   in  a   uray-lirown   scal\-   ridueil   li:irl<. 

It  inlial.its  li.-Ii  moist  «oil  al,.n.-  the  hmder^ 
of  streams  ami  swamjis  w  orca-ionally  drier 
sandy  soil,  assoeiat  iiii:  witli  the  Live.  Water 
and  l.aurei  Oak-,  tlie  Vaupun.  Devil-wood, 
l.aurel   Clierry.  Culian   Pine.  (•((•. 

ThouLdi  rarely  seen  in  eultivalioii  the  Ped 
Bav  is  \v(dl  worthy  of  heinir  planted  for  orna- 
mental purjioses.  as  it  is  one  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful eversreen  trees  of  llie  American  forP'^ts. 
witli  it<  hriijlit  jireen  leaves  and  rod-stemmed 
clusters  of  I)lue  berries. 

A  culiic  foot  of  tlie  absolutely  dry  wood 
\vei,i:lis  40.07  lbs.  Tt  is  of  medium  hardness 
and  strenjzth  and  of  a  r;>ddisli  brown  color  with 
thin  sap-wood,  an  1  is  useil  in  the  manufacture 
of  lumber  f(n-  interim-  linisliim:-.  furniture,  etc.. 
and  formerlv  for  boat  buildin!.'.- 


,   alioiit   oiinall.v    pointed 
rcvoliitp   niarijins.   pilose 


Uarrs  olilon--lnnce<ila 
at  both  ends,  witli  entin 
at  first  liut  at  maturity  liistrnus  brislit  srot^n 
above,  paler  and  glaucous  benoatli.  thick  and  firm, 
veins  rather  obscure  and  arcuate  near  the  mar-zin  : 
pptioles  and  new  growths  pnbeniloiis  or  nearly 
glabrous.  Floicer.t  with  glabrous  peduncles  mostly 
from  V2-I  in-  long :  calyx  pale  yellow.  Fruit 
lustrous  dark  blup.  about  Vj  in.  or  less  in  dianipter 
with  thin  flesh  and  rpd  stems. 

1.  Persea  Carolinensis  Nees. 

2.  A.    W.,   XI,    264. 


SASSAFRAS. 

Sassafi'tts  Sassafras  (L.)  Karst.-^ 


Fig.  256.     Branchlet   with    mature    leaves    and    fruit,    i  ;    isolated    drupes,    2 ;    same   in    section,    3 : 
brachlets  in  winter,  4. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Nortjieijn   States 


!2;3 


The  Sassafras  is  a  tree  sometimes  80  or  90 
ft.  in  lieiglit,  with  tniiiU  from  4-U  ft.  in  diame- 
ter, but  is  usually  a  considerably  smaller  tree 
and  in  the  nortliern  part  of  its  range  is  re- 
duced to  a  shrub.  \\  hen  i-dlatcil  its  stout  con 
torted  branclu's  ramify  and  ultimately  divide 
into  a  priifusioii  of  lirauchlcts.  forming  a  dis- 
tinctly flat-topijcd  irregular  oblong  licad  of 
characteristic  asj)cct.  11  is  a  liandsomp  tree  at 
all  seasons  of  the  year;  in  tlic  winter  on  ac 
count  of  tiio  unobstructed  view  of  its  red 
brown  furrowed  bark  and  smooth  green  branch 
lets;  in  spring  on  account  of  the  tufts  of  pale 
green  velvety  leaves  and  golden  flowers,  sub- 
tended by  enlarged  showy  bud-scales  which 
terminate  each  branchlet;  in  summer  on  ac 
count  of  its  rich  green  leaves  of  many  shapes 
and  sizes  and  red-stemmed  clusters  of  blue 
berries,  and  in  autumn  on  accoiuit  of  the  deli- 
cate red  and  yellow  tints  of  its  autumnal 
garb. 

The  wood  of  which  a  cu.  ft.  when  absolutely 

dry   weighs   31.42    lbs.,   is   soft  and   brittle   but 

very,'   durable  and   is   used   in   the   manufacture 

of  pails  and  buckets,  for  fence-posts,  rails,  etc.'-^ 

Lravcts  as  described  for  the  genus,  3-7  in.  long. 
Floinrs  appoar  in  April  and  May.  Fruit  ripens 
In  August  and  September.  See  generic  description, 
this  being  the  only  species.^ 

1.  Syn.  Sassafras  officinale  N.  &  E. 

2.  A.   W.,   II,   i2. 

3.  For  genus  see  p.  436. 


5^-^ 

tr 

k 

^^< 

<>^     /)^n.r' 

qvvA 

w 

il..       T" 

-^Jt&NS^ 

MC 

\>-v^^>^^ 

*^ 

i^p 
A 

^ 
1 

^ 

*> 

■7 

..^^^i^SEk_>»  ^"-^i^M 


WITCH-HAZEL 

llamamelis  Virginiana  L 


^^®L'^j3te*-.    .     ^ 

^^^^^^H|BHR|ffip 

Fig.  259.  Branchlet  bearing  mature  fruit  and  flowers,  i  ;  empty  capsules,  two  opening,  capsules 
disclosing  seeds,  and  scattered  seeds,  2  ;  branchlet  bearing  leaves  and  flowers,  3  ;  isolated  flowers, 
4  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  5. 

260.  Trunk  showing  bark  and  lichens,  Alleghany  Mountains,  N.  C. 

261.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


IIanouook   of  Ti;i:j;s  of  the  Noktiikk-n    States   and   Canada.      225 


The  Witch-Hazel  is  usually  a  large  shrub 
throughout  the  greater  part  of  its  range,  but 
on  the  slopes  of  tiie  Alleghany  Mountains  be- 
comes a  tree  30  to  40  ft.  in  height  with  spread- 
ing crooked  branches  and  short  scaly-barked 
trunk  from  12-18  in.  in  diameter.  The  \\  itcii- 
Hazel  is  of  special  interest  from  the  fact  that 
it  does  not  expand  its  llowers  until  autumn, 
often  so  late  that  its  leaves  have  put  on  their 
autumnal  tints  or  have  even  fallen  to  the 
ground,  and  the  first  snows  of  the  winter 
sometimes  find  it  bearing  its  singular  golden 
and  delicately  fragrant  flowers.  In  the  au- 
tumn, too,  is  the  time  when  it  scatters  its 
seeds  resultiiiji;  from  the  flowers  of  the  pre- 
vious season,  and  this  it  does  in  a  peculiar 
waj'.  It  actually  discharges  them  from  their 
mortar-like  capsules  with  considerable  force 
and  accompanied  with  an  audible  report.  This 
it  does  by  a  contraction  of  the  horny  lining  of 
the  capsules  upon  the  smooth  hard  seed  until 
it  is  discharged,  quite  as  one  can  discharge  a 
moist  apple  seed  by  pinching  it  between  thumb 
and   finger. 

The  wood  is  rather  heavy,  a  cu.  ft.  when 
absolutely  dry  weighing  42.73  lbs.,  hard  and 
very  close-grained  but  is  of  no  commercial  im- 
portance.! An  extract  from  the  bark  is  ex- 
tensively used  for  allaying  inflammation. 

Leaves  oval  to  obovate,  short-petiolate,  rounded 
or  subcordate  and  very  unequal  at  base,  from 
rounded  to  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  undulato 
crenate.  membraneaceous,  smooth  dark  sreen 
above,  lighter  and  pubescent  on  veins  l)eneath 
Flouers  nearly  sessile ;  petals  bright  yellow,  de- 
ciduous ;  calyx  pubescent,  persistent.  Fruit  cap- 
sules dull   brown,   opening  ('lastica!Iy.= 

1.   .' 


XII.    2S1. 


2.    Fui- 


-i;;(;  -i:;?. 


SWEET  GUM.     RED  GUM.     BILSTED. 

Liquidamhar  Styracifiua  L. 


Fig.  262.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  i  ;  fruiting  head  with  empty  capsules  and 
scattered  spurious  seeds,  2  ;  branch  showing  corky  growth,  3  ;  fertile  and  spurious  seeds  enlarged 
about  two  diameters,  4  ;  smooth  and  corky  branchlets  in  winter,  5  and  6. 

263.  Large   trunk,    in   southeastern   Missouri. 

264.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Thkes  of  the  Nortiiekn  States  and  Canada.     227 

This  large  and  beautiful  tree  in  the  southern 
forests  attains  the  height  of  100  to  140  ft. 
with  straight  columnar  trunk  4  or  5  ft.  in 
diameter.  When  isolated  it  develops  a  sym- 
metrical oblong-pyramidal  top  when  young,  but 
finally  becoming  broad  and  rounded.  A  pe- 
culiar feature,  more  marked  in  some  trees  than 
others,  however,  and  often  entirely  wanting,  is 
the  growth  of  wing-like  projections  of  the 
bark  from  its  smaller  branches.  It  thrives 
best  in  the  rich  soil  of  bottom-lands  where  it 
is  associated  with  the  Red  and  Black  Maples, 
the  Sour,  Water  and  Tupelo  Gums,  the  Laurel 
and  W^ater  Oaks,  various  Ashes,  etc.  Few 
trees  of  the  American  forests  equal  the  Sweet 
Gum  in  ornamental  value,  owing  to  its  grand 
habit  of  growth  and  its  beautiful  star-shaped 
leaves,  of  a  rich  green  in  summer  and  con- 
spicuous in  autumn  on  account  of  their  crimson 
and  purple  tints. 

The  wood,  a  cu.  ft.  of  which  when  absolutely 
dry  weighs  36.82  lbs.,  is  rather  soft,  with 
.straight  close  grain,  and  is  used  in  the  maiui 
facture  of  wooden-ware,  paving-blocks,  lumber 
for  general  construction,  etc.,  and  is  sometimes 
marketed  under  the  absurd  names  —  Satin 
^Valnut,  California  Red  Gum,  etc.i 

Leaven  about  orbicular  in  outlino.  dpeply  .5-7- 
palmatPly  lobed  with  acute  glandular-sprrate  lobes 
and  pointed  sinuses,  cordnte  at  base,  lustrous 
bright  sreen  above  and  often  pubescent  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves  beneath,  fra^irant  when 
bruised,  purple-erimson  in  autumn  :  petioles  Ions; 
and  slender.  Plowcift:  staminate  raeemes  erect, 
rufous  tomentose.  the  lower  IkmiIs  sometimes 
stalked  :  pistillate  heads  lon'4  pednnclate.  droop- 
injr.  Fruit:  head  1  1  Vi  in.  in  diameter,  liberatins: 
a  few  perfect  and  many  abortive  seeds  in  autumn 
and  swinjrins  empty  upon  the  leafless  branches 
during  the  following  winter.^ 

1.   A.   \V.,   Ill,  GO 


2.    F 


SYCAMORE.     BUTTONWOOD.     BUTTON-BALL  TREE. 

PlataniLS  occidenialis  L. 


Fig.  265.  Cranchlet  bearing  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  i  ;  fruiting  head  separating,  with  scattered 
akenes  and  hairs,  2  ;  branchlet  from  vigorous  shoot  showing  stipules,  3  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  4 ; 
base  of  petiole  showing  cup-shape  nature,  5. 

266.  Trunk  of  a  large  isolated  tree,  western   New   York. 

267.  Wood   structure   magnified    15    diameters. 


1Iani)I!ook  of  Tkkks  of  tiik  Xoktiiekn  States  and  Canada.     229 


This  stately  tree  is  considered  the  largest 
deciduous  tree  of  the  North  American  forests. 
In  the  rich  bottom-lands  of  tlie  lower  Ohio 
and  the  Mississijjj)!  valleys  it  towers  to  the 
height  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  to  one  hundred 
and  seventy-five  ft.  and  its  trunk  is  some- 
times ten  or  eleven  ft.  in  diameter  above  its 
tapering  base.  The  trunk  commonly  divides 
into  two  or  tliree  large  secondary  trunks,  which 
raise  its  irregvilar  or  rounded  head  far  above 
the  tops  of  most  of  the  neighboring  trees;  or 
it  may  have  a  single  columnar  trunk  of  great 
height  but  often  curved  or  leaning. 

A  striking  feature  is  the  white  bark  of  its 
branches,  and  as  its  favorite  abode  is  the 
banks  of  streams  their  winding  courses  may 
be  traced  from  an  eminence  by  the  white 
branches  of  the  Sycamores  which  line  their 
banks.  Quite  as  interesting  as  the  bark  of 
these  whitewashed  branches  is  that  of  the 
young  trunks  and  the  bases  of  large  limbs,  as 
it  is  pied  of  many  colors,  as  shown  in  our 
picture,  according  to  the  varying  length  of 
time  the  scales  of  outer  bark  have  been  oif. 
^^fie  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot  weighs  30.40 
lbs.,  is  tough,  strong,  and  very  difficult  to 
split,  and  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  boxes, 
crates,  butchers'  blocks,  etc..  and  when  cut 
quartering  makes  a  handsome  lumber  for  in- 
terior finishing,  furniture,  etc.i 

Lcavcfi  wide-orbicular  in  outline,  palmately  .^-5- 
lobed,  with  mostly  broad  siiuiato-dcntato  acuminate 
lobes  and  wide  sinuses  :  stipules  on  vif^orous  shunts 
1  to  IV2  in.  long.  FJoirns:  pistillate  peduncles 
usually  bearina:  one  but  snmctiuics  two  hi'ads. 
Fruit:  heads  from  1-1 14  in.  in  diameter,  usually 
solitary  on  glabrous  stem  .'VG  in.  long ;  akenes 
truncate  or  rounded  at  apex.- 

1.  .\.  W.,  1,  13. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.   437. 


FRAGRANT  CRAB. 

Pyrus  coronaria  L.^ 


Fig.  268.     Branchlet   with    mature   leaves   and    fruit,    i  ;    fruit    in    cross-section    showing    seeds,    2 
branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

269.  Trunk  showing  bark  of  large  tree,  western  New  York. 

270.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Treves  of  the  J^ori- 


>:m 


This  favorite  tree  attains  tlie  lioiorht  of  25-30 
ft.,  witli  trunk  rarely  more  tlian  12-14  in.  in 
diameter,  and  when  isolated  develops  a  broad 
top  with  rigid  branches  bearing  many  short 
branchlets  terminating  in  sharp  spur-like  leaf- 
less tips. 

It  inhabits  rich,  moist,  but  well  drained 
soil,  often  in  forest  glades  among  taller  trees. 
The  beauty  of  its  light  pink  ilowers  and  their 
delicious  fragrance,  which  is  so  marked  as  to 
actually  perfume  the  surrounding  atmosphere. 
are  as  noticeable  as  of  the  Narrow-leaf  Crab. 
On  account  of  these  attractive  features  it  is 
deservedly  popular  for  ornamental  planting  in 
shrubberies  and  door-yards.  Its  attractiveness 
is  not  limited  to  the  flowering  season  alone,  for 
its  fragrant  fruit,  pendent  with  long  stems 
and  persisting  until  autumn  has  tinted  and 
removed  many  of  its  leaves,  enhances  its  beauty. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso- 
lutely dry  weighing  43.92  lbs.,  very  close  grain 
and  useful  in  turnery  for  small  articles  of 
wooden-ware,  tool-handles,  etc. 2  The  fruit  is 
sometimes  used  for  preserves  and  for  making 
cider  and  vinegar. 

Leaves  ovate  to  almost  triangular,  tnincato. 
subcordate  or  sometimes  tapering  at  base,  acuto 
or  acuminate  at  apex,  irregularly  cut-serrate  or 
sometimes  lohed  on  sterile  shoots,  membranaceous, 
bright  green  above,  paler  and  glabrous  or  sparingly 
pubpscent  beneath  :  petioles  slondor  glabrous  and 
with  two  glands  near  the  middle  FI(iir<  rn  very 
fragrant.  lV.>-2  in.  across  in  .")-•>  flowi'icd  umlu'ls 
with  slender  pedicels;  calyx-tube  tomcntose  with 
taper-pointed  lobes  tomontose  inside  ;  petals  whito 
or  pinkish  :  ovary  hairy :  styles  united  at  baso. 
Fruit  shortonod  globose.  1-1  Vj  in.  in  width,  pale 
green,  fragrant  and  with  waxy  surface. ^ 

1.  Syn.  Mains  coroniirin    (L.)   Mill. 

2.  A.  w.,  IV,  s:;. 

3.  For   genus   see   pp.    4.^8-439. 


NARROW-LEAF  CRAB 

Pyrus  anaustifoUa  Ait.' 


Fig.  271.     Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit, 
272.     Trunk  of  tree  at  Biltmore,   N.  C. 


;  branchlet  in  winter,  2. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Noktiiekn  States  and  Canada.     233 


The  NarrOw-leaf  Crab  is  a  small  tree,  occa 
fiionally  attaining  the  height  of  25  or  30  ft., 
with  a  trunk  8-10  in.  in  diiinictt-r.  W'Ihmi 
isolated  it  develops  a  broad  top  with  rii^'id 
branches  armed  with  numerous  short  spur-like 
lateral  branehlets.  The  bark  of  trunk  is  of  a 
grayish  brown  color,  rough,  with  narrow  scaly 
ridges. 

It  inhabits  the  banks  of  streams  and  rich 
well  drained  soil,  often  in  the  glades  of  forests 
of  taller  trees,  when  it  can  find  sufficient  light 
there,  and  in  these  regions  its  beautiful  white 
and  pink  fragrant  flowers  are  especially  pleas- 
ing as  one  happens  onto  them.  No  tree  of  the 
American  forest  produces  flowers  of  more  de- 
licious fragrance.  Should  one  visit  the  locality 
in  late  summer  a  very  different  yet  quite  as 
marked  fragrance  arrests  his  attention,  per- 
haps when  several  yards  from  the  tree.  Now 
it  is  from  its  small  pale  yellow  apples,  much 
more  pleasing  to  the  sense  of  smell  than  of 
taste,  for  they  are  very  acerb,  though  sometimes 
used  for  preserves  and  cider. 

The  wood,   of   which   a   cubic  foot  when    dry 

weighs     42.07     lbs.,     is     hard     and     very     close 

grained    and    suitable    for   the   manufacture    of 

tool-handles,  etc. 

Leaves  oblon?:  to  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  taper- 
ing or  rounded  at  base,  acute  or  rounded  and 
apiculate  at  apex,  crenato-serrate,  sometimes 
nearly  entire,  thiclvish,  darl<  green  above,  paler 
and  glabrous  beneath  :  petioles  slender.  FInirers 
about  1  in.  across,  very  fragrant,  with  slendor 
pedicels  in  few-flowered  cymes  ;  calyx  lobes  nar- 
row, tomontose  inside  ;  p(>tals  white  or  pink  : 
ovary  tomentose  :  styles  distinct.  Fruit  flattened 
globose,  about  1  in.  in  diameter,  fragrant,  yellow- 
green  with  waxy  surface  and  very  sour  flavor. 

1.   Syn.   Mains   arujustifolia    (Ait.)    MIchx. 


PRAIRIE  CRAB. 

Pyrus  loensis  (Wood.)  Bailey.^ 


Fig.  272-     Mature  leaves  and  fruit ;  leafless  branchlet  in  late  autumn. 
274.     Trunk  of  tree  at  Ames,  Iowa. 


Handbook   of  Tkim 


X(.ir 


Sta' 


235 


The  Prairie  Crab  is  a  small  tree  rarely  if 
ever  exceeding  2(1  or  ;J()  ft.  in  height  or  12  to 
18  in.  in  diameter  of  trunk.  It  develops  a 
spreading  or  rounded  top  of  many  rigid  tor- 
tuous branches  beset  with  numerous  short  lat- 
eral thorn-like  spurs.  From  the  sides  of  tliese 
thorns  Leaves  and  Howers  appear,  while  the 
free  tip  is  usually  a  very  sharp  rigid  thorn. 

Like  the  other  native  apples  its  handsome 
flowers  are  characterized  by  a  delicious 
fragrance,  which  makes  the  tree  popular  for 
planting  in  shrubberies  and  door-yards.  In 
autumn  its  small  yellow-green  apples,  with  sur- 
face seemingly  covered  with  wax  or  grease  and 
of  a  strong  cliaracteristic  fragrance,  give  it  an 
ornamental  value  at  that  season,  and  later 
after  the  leaves  have  fallen.  The  attractive 
appearance  and  odor  of  the  fruit,  how'ever, 
ends  here,  as  in  flavor  it  is  too  austere  for 
most  tastes  to  be  edible,  though  the  juice  is 
sometimes  used  for  making  vinegar. 

The  Bechtel  Crab  is  a  form  recently  intro- 
duced with  large  double  rose-colored  flowers. 
It  is  of  signal  merit  for  ornamental   planting. 

The  wood   Ave  have  not  examined,   but   it   is 

said  to  be  softer  than  that  of  the  allied  eastern 

species. 

Leaves  ovate,  oval  or  oblong,  .3-4  in.  Ions, 
broad-cunoate  or  rounded  at  liase.  acute  or  roundtMl 
at  apex,  crenate-serrate  and  on  vigorous  shoots 
with  short  acute  or  rounded  lobes,  at  maturity 
thick  lustrous  dark  green  above,  tomentosi'  be- 
neath; petioles  stout,  pubescent.  Floirrrs  I'j  in. 
across,  in  small  clusters  with  pedicels  and  calyx 
tomentose.  Fruit  mostly  1-1%  in.  in  diameter, 
greenish  yellow,  fragrant,  greasy  and  with  stout 
stems  mostly   %-l  in.  long. 

1.   Mains   lornsis    (Wood.)    Britt. 


SOULARD  CRAB. 

Pi/rus  Soulardi  Bailey. 


Fig.  275.     Mature  leaves  and  fruit;  leafless  branchlet  in  late  autumn. 
276.     Trunk  of  large  tree,  Ames,  Iowa. 


lIA^M)HOOK    OF    TkKES    OF    THE    NoRTIIEKISr    StATES    AND    CaN. 


2P/ 


The  Soulard  Crab  is  an  interesting  small 
tree  resembling  the  coiiinion  Apple-tree  in  habit 
of  growth,  witli  bruad  rounded  top  18  to  2.")  ft. 
ill  ln'iiiht  anil  trunk  10-15  in.  in  diameter.  Tiu' 
bark  of  trunk  is  of  a  gra3is]i  brown  color  cov- 
ered with  small  ek)sely  appressed  scales,  also 
rcsciubliiig  tlio  t)ark  of  the  common  Ajiple-tree. 
It  is  of  local  distribution,  being  found  in  loc.ili 
ties  in  the  Mississippi  River  valley  from  .Miii 
nesota  to  Texas,  and  is  considered  by  soiin' 
writers  to  be  a  natural  hybrid  between  the 
l*rairie  Crab  [I\  lociisis)  and  tl.e  Co-vnoi 
Apple  (P.  Mains),  as  it  is  found  only  in 
regions  where  both  those  trees  abound  and  it 
presents  characters  intermediate  between  them. 
Its  fruit  is  fairly  edible,  to  one  fond  of  tart 
apples,   and   is   useful   for   culinary   purposes. 

Its  great  hardiness  commends  it  for  culti- 
vation in  the  upper  Mississippi  valley  where 
the  climate  is  too  rigorous  for  the  more  ten 
der  varieties  of  apples,  and  there  a  few  named 
varieties  are  grown.  It  is  said  to  have  been 
first  introduced  into  cultivation  by  James  S. 
Soulard  of  Galena,  111.,  after  whom  it  has 
been   named. 

Leaves  largo  olliptical-ovate  to  oval,  rj-."  in. 
long,  mostly  rounded  or  obtuse  at  both  ends, 
irregularly  crenate-serrate  or  slightly  lobed,  thick, 
rugose,  glabrous  above,  tomentose  beneath  : 
pftioles  stout,  pubescent.  Floirers  in  close  wooly 
cymes.  Fruit  from  1  2i/i  in.  across,  fiattisii 
lengthwise  with  shallow  hasin,  yellow  or  pink- 
cheeked   and   flesh   sour   hut  edible. 


Syn.    Mnliis   Soiilardi    (Bailey)    Britt 


AMERICAN  OR  SMALL-FRUITED  MOUNTAIN-ASH. 

Sorhus  Americana  Marsh. ^ 


Fig.  277- 

27S. 
279. 


Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit ;  branchlet  in  winter. 

Trunk,  northern  New  York. 

Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Noktiierx   Si- 


ax  d   Canada.      239 


The  American  Mountain-Ash  is  a  slender 
tree  rareiy  more  than  30  or  40  ft.  in  height 
or  than  12  in.  in  diameter  of  trunk,  and  often 
reduced  to  a  shrub.  When  away  from  the 
influence  of  other  trees  it  develops  a  rather 
narrow  rounded  top  of  slender  branches  and 
stout   branchlets. 

It  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  trees  of  our 
northern  forests,  as  is  attested  by  the  fact  that 
it  is  more  abundantly  than  any  other  tree, 
excepting  the  following  species,  transplanted 
from  the  forests  to  the  door  yards  of  country 
homes  for  ornamental  purposes,  where  its 
handsome  foliage  is  a  constant  delight.  The 
large  bunches  of  small  white  flowers  which 
terminate  its  branchlets  in  early  summer  add 
greatly  to  its  beauty  and  offer  abundant  nectar 
to  the  searching  bees.  In  aiitumn,  when  the 
flowers  of  summer  are  succeeded  by  its  ample 
bunches  of  red  berries,  it  is  even  a  more  beau- 
tiful object,  and  its  fruit,  long  lingering  after 
the  leaves  have  fallen,  offers  to  the  departing 
robin  and  bluebird  their  last  repast  before 
leaving  for  their  winter  homes. 

The  wood  is  soft,  light,  a  cubic  foot  weigh- 
ing 33.97  lbs.,  and  very  close  grained  but  of 
little  economic  value. 

Leaves  6-8  in.  lonf?,  with  green  or  reddi.sh 
petioles,  and  9-17  lanceolate  taper-pointed  leaflets, 
rounded  or  obtuse,  entire  and  unequal  at  base, 
sharply  serratP  above,  subsessile  (excepting  the 
terminal  leaflet)  glabrous,  dark  green  above,  pab^r 
beneath  ;  leaf-buds  glabrous  glutinous.  Flnirrrs  in 
May.  %-i/4  in.  across,  in  dense  broad  cymes,  ."?-;■» 
in.  across.     Fruit  subglobose,   %   in.   in  diameter.' 

1.   Syn.  Pyrus  Americana  DC. 

■2.    For  genus  s..e   p.   4:::». 


LARGE-FRUITED  MOUNTAIN-ASH. 

Sorhiis  scopulina  Greene.-' 


Fig.  280.     Branchlet    with    leaves    and    fruit;    fruit    in    section    anJ    ^cntteed    seeds:    hranchlet    in 
winter. 

281.     Trunk  in  western  New  York 


Handbook  of  Times 


OKTIIKRN 


States  and  Canada.       241 


i"he  Large-fruited  Mountain-Ash  is  a  hand- 
some tree,  sometimes  attaining  the  height  of 
30  ft.  with  trunk  12  in.  in  diameter  and  vested 
in  a  smooth  lustrous  silvery  gray  bark.  When 
isolated  from  other  tri'<'s  it  develops  a  sym- 
metrical ovoid  or  rounded  lop.  It  is  distinctly 
a  boreal  tree,  hcinj,'  at  Ikimic  ;iI(iiii;  the  boid<'rs 
of  swamps  and  streams  and  by  the  spring's 
on  mountain  sides  of  the  far  north,  where  th'' 
beauty  of  its  flowers  and  fruit  are  unsurpassed 
by  those  of  any  other  tree  of  those  regions. 
The  tree  has  long  been  considered  identical  with 
a  northern  Asiatic  species,  the  P.  sambucifoliu 
C.  &  S,  (Elder-leaf  Mountain-Ash)  and  has 
been  so  named  in  the  books  generally  upon 
American  trees.  Its  distinctness  from  that 
species,  however,  has  recently  been  pointed  out 
and  it  has  been  given  the  name  S.  scopuUna. 
Though  considered  by  some  as  a  variety  of 
.Sf.  Americana  its  specific  distinctness  would 
seem  to  be  clearljr  indicated  by  its  larger  and 
earlier  flowers  in  smaller  clusters,  its  large 
fruit  and  broader,  more  obtuse  leaflets  and 
hairy  winter  buds.  It  is  a  particularly  beauti- 
ful tree  in  autumn,  when  bearing  among  its 
blue-green  foliage  its  nodding  clusters  of  bright 
red  fruit. 

The  wood  is  light,  a  cubic  foot  wcigliing  36,94 
lbs.,  soft  and  but  little  used. 2 

Leaves  usually  4-6  in.  long  with  i-eddish-petioles, 
and  7-1.5  oblons-oval  to  ovate-lanceolate,  sub- 
sessile  leafiots,  rounded  or  tapering,  inequilateral 
and  entire  at  hasp,  sharply  serrate  above,  mostly 
obtuse  or  acute  at  apex,  pubescent  at  first  but  at 
maturity  glabrous  dark  bluisli  green  above,  paler 
and  usually  moie  or  less  pubi'scont  beneath  ;  leaf- 
buds  hairy.  Flrjircry  in  latter  part  of  .Tune, 
Vi-%  in.  across,  in  pnhesccnt  cymes  2-4  in.  broad. 
Fruit  subgloboso,  bright  red,  from  14 -i^  in.  in 
diameter. 


1.  Syn.    Pjjriis    saiitbucifolia 
Americana  var.   decora  Sarg. 

2.  A.    W.,    IV,   S4. 


Sorhiis 


SERVICE-BERRY.     SHAD-BUSH.     SHAD-BLOW.     JUNEBERRY. 

Amelanchier  Canadensis   (L.)    Med.^ 


282.  Mature  leaves  and  fruit :  branchlets   in  late  winter. 

283.  Trunk  of  medium-size  tree,  northern  New  York. 

284.  Wood  structure  showing  pith-fleck,  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  NoktiierjST  States  and  Canada. 


(43 


Tlie  Service  licrry  is  usuully  a  snial)  tree  but 
occasionally  iiuiivicluaj-  are  found  40  or  50  ft. 
in  height  with  trunk  from  18  in.  to  2  ft.  in 
diameter,  and  oblong  or  spreading  rounded  top 
with  many  small   limbs  and  fine  branchlets. 

It  inhabits  well  drained  slopes  and  uplands 
in  company  with  the  Quaking  Asp,  Hemlock, 
While  ;uid  Red  Oaks,  Sugar  Maple,  Hackberry, 
ell-.,  and  in  mid-spring,  when  its  top  becomes  a 
veritalile  cloud  or  white  flowers,  it  is  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  and  conspicuous  objects  in 
the  regions  in  which  it  dwells.  It  is  the  sea 
eon  then  when  the  shad  come  up  the  rivers  from 
the  sea  to  spawn,  and  hence  the  association  of 
its  flowers  with  the  shad  in  its  names  of 
Shad-bush  and  Shad-blow.  In  June  and  July 
its  ripened  fruit  is  eagerly  sought  by  the 
birds  and  should  they  spare  us  any  it  is  found 
to  be  juicy  and  delicious. 

The  wood  of  the  Service-berry,  of  which  a 
cubic  foot  weighs  when  absolutely  dry  48.8.") 
lbs.,  is  heavy,  hard,  very  strong  and  close 
grained,  valuable  in  turnery  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  tool  handles  and,  under  the  name  of 
"  Lance-wood,"  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
fish  rods.i 

Learrs  ovate  to  ovato-ol)lonR.  2i/2-4  in.  lone:. 
mostly  rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  acute  or  acunii 
natp  at  apex,  tinely  serrate  with  long  pointed 
teetli,  reddisli  and  covered  witli  wliite  liairs  wlion 
they  unfold,  at  maturity  glahrous,  dark  sroon 
above,  paler  beneath,  turnins;  yellow  in  autumn  : 
petioles  slender.  Floirrrx.  wlien  the  leaves  arc 
about  1-."?  grown,  in  erect  or  nodding  glabrous 
racemes,  21^-4  in.  long,  with  slender  pedicels 
bearing  each  two  silky  deciduous  bracts  :  calyx 
villous  inside  ;  petals  narrow  obovate.  Fruit  sub- 
globose,  V^-Vi  in.  in  diameter,  dark  purple, 
glaucous.' 

1.  Syn.  A.  Hotnjapitnn    (L.  f.)   deC. 

2.  A.  w.,  Ill,  r.y. 

3.  For  genus  see  pp.  4;}9-440. 


COCK-SPUR  THORN.     NEWCASTLE  THORN. 
Cratoegus  Crus-galli  L. 


Fig.  2S5.     Mature  leaves  and  fruit;  leafless  branchlet  in  late  autumn. 

286.  Trunk  with  leaves  and  fruit  at  base,  near  Albany,  N.  Y. 

287.  Wood  structure  magnified   15   diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Noetiiekn   States   axd  Canada.     245 


The  Cock-spur  Tliorn  i'^  a  low  wido-sproad- 
ing  tree  with  hmi,'  lorluous  lidiizoiital  or 
droopiii,^  and  vcrv  lliuniy  liraiichcs.  forming  a 
low  hroad  top,  schloin  more  than  20  or  25  ft. 
in  heiglit.  The  short  truid<  rarely  exceeds  10 
or  12  in.  in  diameter  and  is  rough  with  scaly 
gray-brown  bark.  It  is  one  of  tiie  most  strik- 
ing and  ornamental  representatives  of  its  genus 
on  account  of  its  tliick  sliining  dark-green 
leaves.  The  luster  of  these  is  seldom  tarnished 
by  insect  or  blight,  and  they  preserve  a  fresh- 
ness throughout  the  season  wliich  is  unsur- 
passed by  the  leaves  of  any  other  tree.  The 
ample  bunches  of  handsome  ilowers  appear 
after  the  leaves  are  fully  grown,  and  then  the 
tree  is  an  object  of  rare  beauty.  It  is  perhaps 
more  extensively  planted  both  in  this  country 
and  in  Europe  for  ornamental  purposes  than 
any  other  American  species,  excepting  perhaps 
the  Washington  Haw,  and  it  is  also  valued 
for  hedges.  The  name  Newcastle  Thorn  has 
been  given  to  it  on  account  of  its  abundant 
use  in  hedges  about  Newcastle,  Del. 

Its    wood    is    heavy,    hard,    very    fine-grained 

and  suitable  for  tool  handles.^ 

Lrarrx  mostly  obovato,  1-4  in.  long,  cuneate  and 
entire  .it  linso,  acnto  or  rounded  at  apex,  sharply 
serrate-dentate,  thick,  coriaceous,  lustrous  dark 
Rreen  above,  paler  and  prominently  reticulate- 
veined  beneath.  tui'nin<;  to  orange  and  scarlet  in 
autumn  :  petioles  stout.  Flnirrrx  opening  in  .Tune 
%  in.  in  diametev  in  many-flowered  glabrous 
corymbs :  calyx  with  narrow  obconic  tube  and 
linear-lanceolate  entire  or  glandular-serrate  lobes  ; 
stamens  10,  anthers  rose  colored  :  styles  usually 
2.  hairy  at  base.  ^  Fruit  maturing  in  October  and 
often  remaining  'on  the  branches  until  sp' ing. 
subglohose  or  sbort-ohlong,  dull  red  with  glaiicous 
bloom,  with  dry  flesh  and  usually  2  nutlets  I'l  in. 
long,  rounded  at  ends  and  ridged  on  the  back.' 

1.  A.   W.,   IV,  85. 

2.  For  genus  see   p.   440, 


DOTTED  THORN. 

Cratcegus  punctata  Jacq. 


Fig.  288.     Mature  leaves  and  fruit;  branchlet  in  late  winter. 
289.     Large  trunk,  Black  River  valley,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Noktukjin   States  and  Canada.     247 


The  Dotted  Tliorii  is  one  of  the  most  abun- 
dant and  widely  distrihutcd  of  the  Tliorns, 
their  picturesque  flattened  tops  dotting  the  dry 
slopes  and  pasture-lands  of  almost  every  land- 
scape of  the  northern  Atlantic  states.  The 
tree  is  sometimes  25  or  30  ft.  in  hcii,'lit.  usually 
with  rigid  horizontal  bramhcs  wiiicii  fcjriu  a 
peculiarly  Hat  top.  and  short  ridged  trunk  12-18 
in.  in  diameter.  The  branches  and  trunk  usu- 
ally bristle  with  an  armament  of  rigid  sharp 
thorns  to  a  remarkable  degree,  and  on  account 
of  these  the  sagaciou-^  sjii-ike  or  butcher-bird. 
which  abounds  in  our  iinitlurn  fields,  almost 
invariably  choosrs  a  tree  of  this  kind  in  which 
to  build  its  nest.  Here  effectually  barricaded 
against  cats  and  children  it  nests  and  rears  its 
young  in  perfect  snfity.  and  upon  the  thorn* 
it  finds  places  to  impale  its  prey.  The  Dotted 
Thorn  is  a  handsoTue  tree  when  in  flower  in 
early  summer,  or  when  bearing  its  large  red  or 
yellow  fruit  in  autumn,  but  its  foliage  often 
loses  its  freshness  early  on  account  of  attacks 
of  blight  or  insects. 

The  wood  is  hard,  heavy  and  close-grained 
and  suitable  for  tool  handles,  etc.  A  cubic  foot 
when  absolutely  dry  weighs  47.87  Ibs.i 

Leaves  obovato,  2-.3  in.  long,  cuneate  and  entire 
at  base,  roiuKlcd  or  pointed  at  apex,  irn^finlarly 
and  often  doubly  serrate  incisdy  lolu'd  on  vigor- 
ous shoots,  i)nl>i'sccnt  at  first  and  at  tnaturlty  firm 
glaljrous  gray-Ki'i'<'n  witli  veins  impressed  above, 
paler  and  often  pnb(^scont  Item^alh.  Flowers  in 
May,  V2-%  in.  broad  in  many-flowered  compound 
corymbs  ;  calyx  with  narrow  acute  lobes  pubescent 
Inside :  stamens  20  with  rose-colored  or  yellow 
anthers  ;  styles  ^^  white-hairy  at  base.  Fruit  ripe 
in  October,  mostly  subglobose,  V>-i  in.  long,  dull 
red  (sometimes  yellow)  white-dotted,  with  dryish 
flesh  and  5  nutlets  ridged  on   the  back. 

1.  A.    \V.,    Ill,   ,5S. 


w^-  ■  1  ■ 

■F  i 

W.'*'-  ■  f .' . 

W  ^ 

m\ 

'^gW, 

Bl^B  ■     ;^K2 

^         ■    '                   rM 

m..         :M 

p^Hp^ 

/^M  sfl^^^^^^K^.i''  '- 

■■;!.-  .' 

UKiJ 

GREEN  HAW. 

Cratcegus  viridis  L, 


Fig.  290.     Mature  leaves  and  fruit ;  branchlet  in  winter 
291.     Trunk  of  large  tree,  in  southern  Illinois. 


11 


ANDROOK    OF 


Tki 


:ks  ok  Til 


N 


OKTIIKHN 


(\\: 


2V,) 


The  Green  Haw  is  a  sturdy  representative 
of  tlu-  gfniis.  attuiniii-  Llie  lici-lil  nf  from  :{0-:5.) 
ft.  with  broad  or  rounded  iiitricutidy  branched 
top  and  clear  trunk  IJ  ur  IS  in.  in  diameter. 
This  is  often  ridged  and  fluted  and  is  vested  in 
a  pale  gray  or  brownish  bark,  whicli  exfoliate^ 
in  small  friable  scales.  It  inhabits  the  banks 
of  streams,  moist  low-lands  and  lake-shores 
and  is  particularly  abundant  and  well  devel- 
oped along  the  bayous  of  the  Mississippi  river 
in  the  vicinity  of  St.  Louis  and  southward.  In 
these  localities  it  is  found  in  company  with 
the  Pecan,  King-nut  Hickory,  Water  and 
Honey  Locusts,  Forest iera,  Pin  and  Shingle 
Oaks,  Cottonwood,  etc.,  and  among  them  its 
full  rounded  top  is  one  of  the  most  attractive 
objects  particularly  when  in  flower  or  bearing 
its  ripe  fruit. 

Lraccs  mo.stl.v  elliptic  to  lance-ovate  or  obovate, 
IV^-o  in.  long,  cuneate  or  abruptly  contracted  and 
entire  at  base,  mostly  acute  or  bluntly  pointed  at 
apex,  irregularly  serrate  or  serrate-dentate,  some 
on  vigorous  shoots  with  shallow  lobes,  glabrous 
or  with  pale  hairs  in  the  axils  beneath  ;  petioles 
slender  1-1 14  in.  long.  Floivrrs  in  May,  about 
%  in.  across,  in  many-flowered  compound  corymbs, 
with  long  slender  glabrous  pedicels  ;  calyx  glab- 
rous, with  narrow  entire  lobes ;  stamens  20,  an- 
thers pale  yellow  ;  styles  usually  5  with  pale  hairs 
at  base.  Fruit  subglobose  or  somewhat  obovoid. 
bright  scarlet  or  orange,  about  Vi  in.  long  or  less. 
in  drooping  clusters  with  long  slender  stems  ; 
flesh  thin,  nutlets  usually  5,  slightly  ribbed  on 
back. 


ELLWANGER  HAW. 

Cratoegus  EUwangeriana  Sarg. 


Fig.  292.     Mature  leaves  and  fruit;  branchlet  in  winter. 
293.     Trunk  of  type  tree,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


JI 


ANDHOOK 


Tkk 


OV 


X( 


:s    AM.    ( 


iT.l 


The  Ellwangpr  Haw,  so  far  as  now  known, 
is  (luile  local  in  dislribution.  as  it  a])i)<'ars  to 
lie  confined  mainly  to  Western  New  York,  where 
it  is  common.  It  is  a  large  and  beautiful  rep 
resentative  of  its  genus,  attaining  the  height 
of  from  25-30  ft.,  with  lofty  broad  rounded 
toji  and  clear  trunk  1'2-lS  in.  in  diameter. 
This  is  covered  with  a  grayish  brown  bark 
which  exfoliates  in  rather  small  friable  scales. 
The  tree  from  which  the  leaf  and  fruit  speci 
mens  used  for  our  illustration  were  taken,  and 
whose  trunk  is  seen  in  the  bark  picture,  is  tli;^ 
type  tree  of  the  species.  It  stands  on  the 
grounds  of  the  Mount  Hope  Nurseries,  owned 
by  Messrs,  Ellwanger  and  Barry,  and  was  fit- 
tingly given  tlie  name  of  the  senior  member 
of  the  firm,  whose  ujiright  character  and  loni,' 
career  as  a  successful  nurserj^man  have  been 
of  great  benefit  to  his  community  and  country. 
This  particular  tree  is  one  of  nre  symmetry 
and  beauty,  with  large  handsome  leaves,  flowers 
iiiid  fruit,  and  for  ornanieiit:il  ])l:intiii,^-  few  if 
any  of  tlie  otlier  Haws  surpass  it, 

Fjcnrm  oval,  -V>-i  in.  lon'j.  mostly  hroad- 
cunoatc  or  roiuidod  (on  viv^orous  shoots  siih- 
cordato)  at  Icisc.  acute  at  apex,  coarsely  and  ir- 
ri'Sularly  .serrate-dentate  and  witli  sliort  acute 
lohes.  memlH-aiioiis,  dull-ufeen  and  scalirous  aliovi', 
paler  and  nearly  irlalirons  hiuieatli  :  iic^tioles  sleiuier 
and  stipules  i/o  in.  long,  sometimes  persist  liiii  till 
autumn  on  vigorous  shoots.  Floinis  in  middle 
May.  1  in.  in  diamotor,  in  many-tlowered  villose 
corymhs  with  short  pedicels:  calyx  with  lanceolate 
Klandular-serrate  lohes:  stamens  10  (or  sometimes 
<S)  with  rose-colored  antlieis:  styles  .S-.'i,  Fruit 
ripe  and  falling  in  Septemlier.  subglobose  to  ob- 
long, on  slender  glaliroiis  p<'dicels,  bright  crimson, 
•'>4-l   in.   hmg  ;  nuts  .■;-."i.  deeply  grooved  on  hack. 


HOLMES  HAW.     SCARLET  THORN. 

Cratcegus  Hohnesiana  Ashe. 


Fig.  294.     Mature  leaves  and  fruit ;  branchlet  in  winter. 

2Q5.     Trunk  with  leaves  and  fruit  at  base,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  tub  Northern   States  and  Canada. 


253 


The  Holmes  Thorn  is  a  beautiful  large  Thorn 
Bometimes  25  or  30  ft.  in  height  with  full 
rouiKi-spruadiny  tup  and  a  clear  trunk  12-18 
in.  in  dianiotcr  and  sometimes  5-7  ft.  to  the 
branches.  This  is  usually  ridged  and  lluted 
and  is  covered  with  a  gray  or  light  brown  bark 
which  exfoliates  in  thin  closely  appressed 
scales.  Before  the  recent  study  and  revision 
of  the  Crataegus  this  tree  was  called  the  Scarlet 
Thorn  and  considered  to  be  one  of  the  many 
and  various  forms  comprehended  in  the  species 
C.  coccinea  L.  In  the  revision  this  form  has 
been  given  specific  rank  and  named  after 
Prof.  J.  A.  Holmes,  State  Geologist  of  North 
Carolina.  It  is  quite  an  abundant  tree,  occu- 
pying well-drained  slopes  and  uplands,  the  bor- 
ders of  swamps,  etc.,  and  is  a  tree  of  highly 
ornamental   value. 

The  wood   is  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained 

and   suitable   for  use   in   turnery. i 

Leaves  oval  to  ovate,  2-4  in.  long,  rounded  or 
broadly  cuneate  at  base  (subcordate  on  vigorous 
shoots),  acute  or  acuminate,  irregular! .v  double 
serrate  or  with  short  lobes,  thick  and  Arm  at 
maturit.y.  smooth  j'ellow-green  above,  L'-.'t  in.  loni;  ; 
petioles  slender,  I-IV2  in-  long.  Floicers  !/■!-%  in 
broad,  ciip-sbaped,  in  many-flowered  mostly  glab- 
rous compound  coi-ymlis  with  slcndiT  piMlicds  : 
calyx  narrow  obcouic  with  aciiininatc  glandular- 
serrate  or  entire  lohrs  :  stamoiis  usually  •")  (or  CS) 
with  large  dark  reddish  anthers  ;  styh's  .'1.  J'niit 
ripening  and  falling  in  September,  mostly  short 
oblong  or  somewhat  pear-shaped  in  drooping 
clusters  with  long  slender  stems,  lustrous  crimson 
1/4-%  in.  long  with  i)rominrnt  en^ct  or  incurved 
glandular  serrate  lobes;  nutlets  .■'.,  prominentiv 
ridged  on  the  back. 


1.   .V.    \V.,   IV, 


I  as 


WASHINGTON  HAW. 

Crataegus  cordata  (Mill.)  Ait. 


Fig.  296.     Mature  leaves  and  fruit ;  branchlet  in  winter. 
297.     Trunk  of  tree  in  Central  Park,  New  York. 


Handbook  of  Trp:es  of  the  NoirniKitx    Si 


255 


The  Wasliinirton  Haw  i^ 
clearly  deliiicd  ticc  with  >1 
niaiked  iiulividuality.  It  i\ 
of  25  or  30  ft.  at  times,  will 


a  beautiful  and 
luler  tlionis  and 
liiiis  tile  hei-ht 
liiftv   rounded  <ir 


spreading   tup   and    a    clear   truid.;    Ill   or    \2    in. 

in  diameter  and   li  or  7   ft.  tn  the  branches,  or 

is    sometimi's    only    a     lai\L:c    sjireading    shrub. 

riie  bark   of  the  trunk    is  of  a    -rnyish   or   pal,' 

brown  etdor  and  exfoliates  in  thin  small  seah-. 

It    occupies    tiie    low    moist    but    widl    drained 

soil  of  bottomdand.s  and  the  banks  of  streams. 

but  is  nowhere  abundant    in   a    wild   state.      It 

has,    however,    prol)al)ly   been   more   extensivel\ 

planted     for    ornamental     purposes    than     an; 

other  American   species,  and   may  have  beconu' 

naturalized   in    localities   outside    of    its    native 

habitat    indicated    on    the    accompanying   map. 

It  is  hardy  at  least  as  far  north  as  New  York. 

It  is   said  to  be  even   more  extensively  grown 

in   Europe  than   in  this   country,   having  been 

introduced  as  early  as  in  the  seventeenth  cen 

tury  and   was  named  there.     It  has  long  been 

popular  for  hedges,  as  well   as   ornament,   and 

is  said  to  have  received  its  common  name  from 

the    fact    that    nearly    a    century    ago    it    was 

introduced    from    th.e    vicinity    of    Washington, 

D.   C,  into  Chester  Co.,   Pa.,   where   it   became 

popular  and  was  extensively  planted. 

Lenvcs  broad-ovate  to  tr'ansular.  IV2-2V2  in- 
Ions,  truncate  to  obtuse  or  wide-cordate  and  cntiri' 
at  base,  mostl.v  acute  or  acuminate,  commonly  witli 
3-7  spreading  pointed  coarsely  serrate  lobes,  thin 
and  lustrous  dark  green  at  maturity,  paler  be- 
neath ;  petioles  Ions  and  slender.  Flowers  in 
early  .Tune,  in  maiiy-fiowercd  glabrous  corymbs, 
calyx  with  short  lol)es  pnbi'scent  inside  :  stamens 
20,  rose-colored  :  styl(>s  L'-."!,  bairy  at  base.  Fruit 
ripening  in  October  and  ixTsisting  on  the  branches 
until  spring,  depressed  globose,  scarcely  ^  in.  in 
diameter,  bright  I'ed.  the  calyx-lobes  falling  away  ; 
nutlets   :5-5,   about    1;    in.   hmg. 


PEAR  THORN.     PEAR  HAW. 

Cratcegus  tomentosa  L. 


Fig.  298.     Mature    leaves,   fruit   and   nutlets    (the   spotting   of   the   leaves   is   abnormal)  ;    branchlet 
in  winter. 

299.     Trunk   with   leaves   and   fruit   at  base.     Near   Rochester,   N.   Y. 


Handboois:   of  Trees  of  the  Nortiiebn   Stati-js  and   Canada. 


The  Pear  Thorn  is  a  very  distinct  species, 
but  not  of  hirge  stature.  It  sometimes  attains 
a  heiglit  of  18  or  20  ft.  with  upright  or  spread 
ing  top  of  rigid  tortuous  branches  and  trunk 
5  or  10  in.  in  diameter,  or  is  often  shrubby 
with  several  stems.  Tiie  trunks  are  usually 
well  armed  with  formidable  thorns  and  cov- 
ered with  rather  smooth  bark  of  pale  gray  or 
brown  color  and  finally  exfoliating  in  thinnish 
plate-like  scales.  It  is  of  wider  range  than 
most  of  the  American  species,  occupying  low 
rich  soil  in  localities  from  eastern  New  York 
to  Kansas  and  from  the  Great  Lakes  to  the 
southernmost  slopes  of  the  Alleghanies.  but  is 
not  everywhere  in  this  range  abundant.  West- 
ern New  York  and  southeastern  ^Missouri  seem 
to  be  th?  regions  of  greatest  abundance.  It 
is  easily  recognizable  on  account  of  its  large 
membranous  leaves  about  ecjually  pointed  at 
both  ends  and  its  amjjle  upriglit  clusters  of 
siinill  oblong  or  poar-shaixMl  fruit,  wliicli  it 
retains  long  after  the  leaves  have  fallen.  In 
this  late  retention  of  its  handsome  fruit  and  in 
tlie  brilliancy  of  its  autumnal  colors  lie  its 
chief  points  of  ornamental  value,  for  which  it 
is  occasionally  planted  in  Aiueru'an  and  Eu- 
ropean gardens. 

Lea  ITS  elliptic  to  obovate-oWons,  .V.'i  in.  long, 
cunoate  and  entire  at  base  and  decuri-ont  on  the 
short  petiole,  mostly  acute  at  apex,  sharply  den- 
tate or  somewhat  lobed  above  at  maturity,  thin- 
nish. scabrous  or  glabrous  above,  pubescent  be- 
neath :  petioles  stout.  Floirrm  in  early  .Tune, 
about  1/2  in.  across  in  many-flo\ver(>d  tomentose 
compound  corymbs  :  calyx  with  nai  row  laciniate- 
serrulate  lobes :  stamens  20  :  anthers  pale  rose- 
colored  :  styles  2-").  Fruit  rii)ens  in  October  and 
persists  nearly  until  spring,  red.  in  erect  many- 
fruited  clusters,  mostly  pear-shaped  or  oblonu. 
with  reflexed  calyx  lobes :  ston(>s  2  or  .3,  broad 
rounded  on  the  back  and  with  two  large  ventral 
cavities. 


LONG-SPINE  THORN. 

Crataegus  macracantha  (Lindl.)  Lodd. 


300.  Mature  leaves  and  fruit  ;  branchlet   in  winter. 

301.  Trunk  with  leaves  and   fruit  at  base.     Rochester,   N. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  tub  I^ortiiern   States  and  Canada.     259 


The  Long-spine  Haw  or  Thorn  is  a  tree  of 
medium  size  for  its  genus,  bein^'  schioin  more 
than  18  or  20  ft.  in  heiglit,  with  ri<,'id  and 
often  crooked  branches  forming  a  ratlier  open 
and  irroguhir  t()|).  and  trunk  ti-S  in.  in  diainu 
ter.  This  is  vested  in  a  pale  brown  or  gray 
bark  which  exfoliates  in  small  elongated  scales. 

It  inhabits  the  banks  of  streams  and  rich 
slopes,  more  commonly  of  limestone  forma- 
tion, and  attracts  the  attention  of  even  the 
casual  observer  on  account  of  its  numerous 
very  long  chestnut  brown  thorns,  which  are 
rather  slender,  somewhat  curved  and  often  .'$ 
or  4  inches  or  more  in  length.  We  cannot  but 
-wonder  what  may  be  nature's  plan  in  equip- 
ping this  tree  with  so  much  more  formidable 
an  armament  than  she  has  the  other  species. 
It  is  a  tree  of  handsome  rich  foliage  and  is  a 
very  beautiful  object  when  bearing  its  large 
clusters  of  pure  wliito  flowers,  as  it  is  also  in 
autumn  with  its  lustrous  crimson  fruit. 

Lravcs  broad-obovate  to  oval.  2-4  in.  long,  ab- 
ruptly or  gradually  cuneate  and  entire  at  base, 
mostly  acute  or  rounded  at  appx,  coarsely  and 
sometimes  doubly  serrate  or  with  short  point' i 
lobes,  coriaceous  at  maturity  and  dull  dark  grcpn 
with  impressed  veins  above,  paler  and  pnbornlons 
on  the  prominent  veins  and  midrili^;  licucnlh  ; 
petioles  stout,  margined  above.  Fli)ir(  ts,  May- 
June,  %  in.  In  diameter  in  nuiny-flowiTrd  villosc 
compound  corymbs  ;  calyx  with  Imig,  narrow, 
acuminate  lobes  with  dark  glands  :  stamens 
usually  10  (or  8-12)  ;  anthers  pale  yellow  ;  styles 
2-.*?.  tomentose  at  base.  Fniit  ripening  in  S(i|)- 
tember  in  erect  many-fruited  clusters,  subglobose. 
i-i  in.  in  diameter,  lustroiis  crimson  with  serrated 
calyx-lobes  retlexed  and  porsistont  ;  nutlets  2  or 
.*?,  "prominently  ridgod  on  the  back  and  with  deep 
ventral   cavites. 


ENGLISH  HAWTHORN.     MAY, 

Cratcegus  Oxyacantha  L. 


302.  Mature  leaves  and  fruit,   fruit  in   section  and   nutlets:   ])ranchlet  in   late  autumn. 

303.  Trunk  with  leaves  at  base.     Near  New  York. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Xorthkrn   Statks   axd  Canada.     261 


The  Eiif,'!ish  Hawtliorn,  or  the  Alay  of  Eng- 
lish literal  lire,  is  the  most  widely  distributed 
species  of  the  genus,  being  found  as  a  native 
distribute, 1  over  the  greiter  part  of  luirope 
;'i.a  tMilr.il  Asia,  whence  it  was  int rdiluee-l 
into  America  and  is  now  naturalized  in  many 
localities  in  eastern  United  States.  It  is  a 
species  of  medium  stature,  seldom  more  than 
20  or  25  ft.  in  height,  of  ratlier  upright  habit 
cf  growth  and  with  trunk  8  or  10  in.  in  diame- 
ter. This  is  more  or  less  ridged  and  covered 
w  itli  a  grayish  brown  bark  of  elongated,  closely 
a;ipre3sed  scaler.  It  has  been  extensively 
planted  for  ornniiental  ])urposes  for  centuries 
in  all  European  countries  and  few  plants  equal 
it  in  popularity  for  hedges.  So  extensively  is 
it  grown  in  England  that  it  is  as  prominent  in 
tiie  associations  of  country  life  there  as  are 
the  nightengale  and  sky-lark,  and  the  beauty 
of  the  "  blossoming  j\Iay  "  in  spring  time  has 
made  it  famous  in  literature.  It  is  particularly 
well  adapted  to  hedge  growth,  as  its  many  stilT 
branches  arijied  with  numerous  sharp  thorns 
make  an  effective  barrier.  It  was  for  that  use 
and  for  ornamental  planting  that  it  was  early 
brought  to  America.  Here  it  does  not  seem  to 
be  entirely  suited  to  our  climatic  conditions 
and  has  never  won  for  itself  the  popularity  it 
has   in   England. 

A  few  natural  and  several  nursery  varieties 
are  found  which  vary  widely  from  the  normal 
type  and  some  of  these  are  of  special  orna- 
mental Aahie.  Au'.ong  them  are  forms  with 
(Iduble  white,  red  or  variegated  llowers.  inei-o  I 
or  variegated  leaves,  fastigiate  or  drooping 
habit  of  growth,  etc.,  and  in  one  the  period  of 
flowering  is   prolonged   until    autunui. 

In  Asia  the  tree  is  said  to  b.e  cultivated  for 
its  fruit. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  hard  and  very  fine- 
grained, and  is  used  in  turnery.  It  is  said 
to  be  the  best  sul)stitute  for  Boxwood  in  wood- 
engraving. 

Lrnrrs  mostly  broad-ovate,  obovate  or  oval. 
l-2Vj  in.  lonj?.  wido-cunoato  or  truncate  and  entire 
at  base  witb  1-.".  pairs  of  wide  sprendin-:  lobes. 
iiTosularly  dciiljUe  or  incisely  serrate  at  apex. 
Kl.'iluniis  at  lnal^Irity^  stipules  oft(Ml  promiiU'iit. 
scmiccnd.ili'.  iucisily  dentate:  petioles  slender: 
braniblcts  witb  numerous  sliort  tborns.  F/oi/. cs 
about  'j  in.  broad  white  or  pinkish,  in  mniiv- 
flowered  corymbs  ;  styles  1-."?.  Fruit  oblon'.:  to 
suliiilobose.  V:i-V.  in.  Ions:  stones  1  nr  2.  when 
in   otiirs  witli  2  furrows  on  tlie  inner  side. 

\'av.  .raiitlini-nipn.  Roem..  has  conspicuous  yol 
low  fruit.  Viir.  mnnofiiiun  .Tacn..  oriL'inally  dc> 
scribed  as  a  distinct  species,  has  a  single  stone  as 
shown   in   our  illustration. 


SWEET  CHERRY.     MAZZARD  CHERRY. 

Prunus  Avium  L. 


Fig.  304.     Mature  leaves  and  fruit,   i  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  2. 

305.  Medium-size  trunk.     Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 

306.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  ISTortiiern   States  and  Canada. 


263 


The  Sweet  or  ^lazzard  Cliorry  is  the  most 
abundant  of  the  intriiduci',!  ami  naturalized 
Ciierries.  It  is  a  niucli  hirger  tree  tlian  the 
allied  Sour  Clierry,  sometimes  attaining  the 
height  of  from  50  to  75  ft.  with  rounded 
pyramidal  top  while  young,  having  a  central 
leader,  but  with  age  usually  becoming  wide- 
spreading.  The  trunks  are  vested  in  a  smooth 
reddish  brown  laminated  bark  peeling  ofT  in 
transverse  strips,  and  only  on  very  large  trunks, 
which  are  sometimes  2  or  3  ft.  or  more  in 
diameter,  does  it  lose  its  laminated  character 
and  s!iow  a  tendency  to  low  scaly  ridges.  Its 
native  land  is  thought  to  be  regions  bordering 
on  the  Caspian  Sea,  but  it  is  now  widely 
naturalized  throughout  southern  Europe  and 
a  considerable  portion  of  eastern  United 
States.  The  garden  Cherries  of  which  there 
are  many  kinds  are  derived  almost  without 
exception  from  this  and  the  allied  Sour  Cherry. 
Those  which  have  their  parentage  in  this 
species  have  generally  distinctly  sweeter  fruit 
than  the  others  and  include  the  Black  Tar- 
tarian, Bald  Eagle,  May  Duke,  Windsor,  Na- 
poleon, etc.  Varieties  of  the  tree  of  special 
value  for  ornament  rather  than  for  fruit  have 
been  introduced,  as  forms  having  respectively 
very  large  leaves,  pyramidial  habit,  pendulous 
branches,  leaves  variegated  witli  yellow  oi 
white,  double  flowers,  etc.  From  the  fruit  of 
the  wild  tree  in  Europe  a  cordial  is  made  and 
from  its  trunk  exudes  a  useful  gum. 

Its  wood  in  Europe  is  A'alued  for  the  manu- 
facture of  furniture,  musical  instruments,  etc.. 
and  in  turnery.' 

fAiirrx  ovate-ohlonsr.  slishtly  ohovate,  mostly 
rounded  at  base  and  aliruptly  acuminate  at  apex, 
irrogularly  serrate,  conduplicate  in  the  l)nd  and 
puliescent  at  first  Init  finally  thin,  limp  and  droop- 
inf».  dull  dark  green  above,  pubescent  at  least  on 
the  veins  lieneath.  Flnu-rrs  expandin.s;  with  the 
leaves,  white,  about  1  in.  across  in  scaly  umbels 
on  short  lateral  spurs  pedicels  sl(>nder.  Fruit 
depressed  cloliular  or  heart-shaped,  from  yellow 
to  dark  red  with  generally  .iuicy  sweet  flesh  and 
globose  pit.' 

1.  A.  W.,  Ill,  50. 

2.  For  genus  see  pp.   440-441. 


SOUR  CHERRY.     PIE  CHERRY. 

Prunus  Cerasus  L. 


EGRIOT. 


Fig.  307.     Mature  leaves  and  fruit,   i  ;  isolated  pits,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 
308.     Trunk  of  tree.     North  Rush,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.     205 


The  Sour  Cherry  is  a  naturalized  tree  in  the 
United  States,  havinj,'  been  introduced  on  ac- 
count of  the  value  of  its  fruit,  and  has  es- 
caped from  cultivation.  It  is  a  low  spreading 
or  rounded  tree,  seldom  more  than  20  or  30  ft. 
in  heiglit  or  with  trunk  more  than  10  or  12  in. 
in  thickness.  The  bark  of  young  trunks  is  dis- 
tinctly laminate,  but  with  age  breaks  up  and 
exfoliates  in  thin  curled  scales,  leaving  a 
roughish,  somewhat  ridged  inner  bark.  The 
native  home  of  the  Sour  Cherry  is  thought  to 
be  the  forests  of  northern  Persia  and  Cau- 
casia, but  it  has  become  naturalized  far  out- 
side of  these  limits  and  is  found  growing  spon- 
taneously in  localities  throughout  the  greater 
part  of  Europe  and  in  northern  Africa  and 
India,  as  well  as  in  the  United  States.  It  is 
hardier  than  the  allied  Sweet  Cherry,  has 
smaller,  more  rigid  and  more  upright  leaves, 
its  spreading  top  is  generally  without  a  central 
leader  and  the  bark  of  the  trunk  is  less  per- 
sistently laminate.  Among  the  valuable  garden 
cherries  whjch  have  their  origin  in  this  species 
are  the  Aniarelles,  Early  Richmond,  Montmo- 
rency, etc.,  having  a  colorless  juice,  and  the 
Morellos  and  Louise  Philippe,  etc.,  having  a 
colored  juice.  They  are  all  generally  more 
tart  in  flavor  than  those  of  the  P.  Avium  ori- 
gin and  the  trees  hardier.  There  are  also  some 
forms  of  the  Sour  Cherry  which  are  of  special 
ornamental  value,  on  account  of  double  white 
or  pink-tinted  flowers  or  leaves  variegated  with 
yellow  or  white.  The  normal  characters  are 
given  below. 

The  wood  of  the  Sour  Cherry  is  rather  light, 
hard,  brittle  and  of  a  light  brown  color  witli 
lighter  sap-wood.  Though  of  good  qualities  it 
is  small  ami  of  no  commercial  importance  in 
this  count ry.i 

Leaves  ovate  to  ohovato,  '211.-4  in.  lonjr.  ronndod 
or  obtnsp  at  base  acute  or  al)rui)tl.v  aenminnte 
unequally  crenate-serrate.  rather  firm  and  tliiek. 
lustrous  dark  sreen  above,  paler  beneath.  Flnimx 
white,  about!  in.  broad,  appearinjr  before  or  witli 
the  leaves  in  few-flowered  very  scaly  sessile  umbels 
from  axillary  l)uds  on  the  growth  of  the  previous 
season  :  calyx-lobes  stronirly  reflexed.  Fviiit  suli- 
jrlohose  or  depressed  !jlobf)se.  about  Vj  in  in  di- 
ameter (larger  in  cultivation)  red.  without  bloom, 
with  juicy  tart  flesh  and  subKlobose  pit. 

1.    A.    W.,    IV,   H-/. 


PIGEON  CHERRY.     PIN  CHERRY.     BIRD  CHERRY.     WILD  RED  CHERRY. 

Pi-unus  Pennsylvanica  L.  f. 


Fig.  309.     Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  i  ;  isolated  pits,  2  ;  leaves  from  sterile  branch,  3  ; 
branchlet  in  winter,  4. 

310.     Two  trunks,  in  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern   States  and  Canada.     267 


The  Pigeon  Cherry  is  a  small,  handsome  tree 
occasionally  attaining  the  lieight  of  30  or  40 
ft.  and  10  or  12  in.  in  diameter  of  trunk,  but 
is  usually  much  smaller.  It  develops  a  rather 
narrow  oblong  top  with  slender  upriglit 
branches.  The  bark  of  smaller  trunks  and 
branches  is  lustrous  and  of  a  rich  wine  color 
marked  with  prominent  band-like  lenticels  and 
peeling  off  in  horizontal  strips.  Few  trees  of 
northern  regions  equal  it  in  beauty  in  early 
May,  when  each  branchlet  becomes  a  garland 
of  delicate  white  flowers  and  tender  bright 
green  leaves,  or  in  mid-summer  when  its  flow- 
ers are  succeeded  by  an  abundance  of  small 
bright  red  translucent  long-stemmed  cherries. 

It  inhabits  dry  sandy  soil,  coming  up  in 
abundance  from  seeds  scattered  by  the  birds 
on  forest  tracks  recently  denuded  by  fires. 
Here,  offering  shade  and  shelter  for  the  more 
tender  seedlings  of  other  and  more  useful  trees, 
it  vies  with  the  Quaking  Asp  in  hastening  re- 
forestation. And  then,  as  though  its  mission 
ended  there,  it  dies  as  soon  as  its  nurselings 
surpass  it  in  size  and  really  need  the  space 
it  occupies. 

The  wood  is  rather  light,  a  cubic  foot  weigh- 
ing 31.30  lbs.,  soft  and  very  close-grained  but 
of  little  commercial  importance. i 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  rounded  at 
base  and  acuminate  at  apex,  fini'ly  un(>()ually  sit- 
rato,  sliiibtly  viscid  when  Vdiiiii;.  siiRKitli"  l>otb 
sides  at  maturity,  sliiniiij;  iivi-cn  alxivc.  [lalor  l>c 
neath  :  pedicels  slender.  >;Iaiuhilar  aliove.  /'/o/mcs' 
about  M>  in.  across  in  lateral  4-.")-flowered  umbels 
or  corymbs  with  long  pedicels.  Fruit  subglobose, 
about  '4  in.  in  diameter,  light  red,  translucent, 
with  very  tart  juicy  flesh  and  oblong  slightly  com- 
pressed stone  about  3-lG  in.  long. 

1.  .\.  w..  III.  r^-,. 


CANADA  PLUM. 

Prunus  nigra  Ait. 


Fig.  311.     Mature  leaves,   fruit  and  isolated  pits,  one  in  cross-section. 
312.     Trunk.     Lewis  Co.,  K.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  Northekx    States   axd   Cj 


200 


The  Canada  Plum  attains  the  height  of  20 
or  25  ft.  and  its  trunk  is  occasionally  10  or  12 
in.  in  thickness.  It  develops  a  broad  or  rounded 
top  of  many  stiff  and  more  or  less  contorted 
branches  and  small  somewhat  zigzag  brancii- 
lets. 

In  the  month  of  May  its  heretofore  bare  and 
blackened  branches  suddenly  burst  into  a  pro- 
fusion of  flowers  and  is  at  once  aswarm  with 
myriads  of  bees,  gathering  their  first  h;uv('>t 
of  the  summer  from  its  abundant  nectar.  At 
this  season  it  is  a  beautiful  and  conspicuous 
object. 

Its  orange  and  red  fruit  ripens  in  August 
and  is  valued  both  for  immediate  eating  and 
for  preserves  and  jellies.  The  qualitj^  of  fruit 
varies  considerably  and  some  attention  is  being 
paid  by  pomologists  to  propagating  and  im- 
proving the  better  varieties.  The  Purple  Yo- 
semite,  Quaker  and  Weaver  Plums  are  of  this 
origin. 

The  vpood  is  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso- 
lutely dry  weighing  43.17  lbs.,  hard  and  very 
close  grained. 1 

Leaves  oval  or  ovate-oblong,  mostly  rounded  or 
tapering  at  base,  acuminate,  unequally  crenate- 
serrate,  somewhat  rugose,  at  maturity  glabrous 
dark  green  above  paler  and  prominently  voinod 
beneath  :  petioles  with  dark  glands  near  the  leaf- 
blade.  Floircrs  about  1  in.  across  in  o-4-tlower(>d 
lateral  glabrous  umbels ;  calyx  lobes  glandular- 
serrate  and  glabrous  inside;  petals  white,  ovate- 
orbicular  with  short  claws.  Fruit  oblong-ovoid, 
about  1  in.  long,  with  thick  yellow  or  reddish 
skin  and  oval  compressed  thick-walled  pit.  sharply 
and  prominently  ridged  on  the  ventral  edge  and 
slightly  grooved  on  the  dorsal. 

1.   A.    \V.,   IV,  81. 


AMERICAN  PLUM.     WILD  PLUM. 

Primus  Americana  Marsh. 


Fig.  313.     Mature  leaves  and   fruit,    i;   fruit  in   cross-section,   2;   isolated   pits,   3;   branchlet   from 
sterile  shoot,  4  ;  leafless  branchlet  in  winter,  5. 
314.     Trunk      Southwestern  Arkansas. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern   States  and  Canada,     271 


The  American  Wild  Plum  tree  attains  the 
height  of  from  20  to  3U  ft.  ami  in  rej,d«iis  most 
favorable  to  its  growth  a  trunk  diameter  of  12 
or  14  in.,  but  is  usually  a  considerably  smaller 
tree  and  is  sometimes  found  fruiting  as  a 
large  shrub.  It  develops  a  symmetrical  broad 
or  rounded  top  of  spreading  and  upright 
branches. 

Like  the  more  northern  Canada  Plum  it  is 
one  of  the  delights  of  early  spring,  when  cov- 
ered with  its  profusion  of  white  llowers,  ami 
in  mid-summer  is  quite  as  beautiful  an  object 
with  its  dark  green  leaves  and  red  and  yellow 
fruit.  In  quality  of  fruit  it  is  variable,  and 
pomologists  have  devoted  considerable  atten 
tion  to  the  propagation  and  improvement  of 
the  better  sorts.  The  De  Soto,  Louisa,  Itaska, 
Minnetonka,  ets.,  are  plums  in  cultivation  of 
this  origin. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  a  cu.  ft.  when  absolutely 
dry  weighing  44.96  lbs.,  close-grained,  hard  and 
strong,  but  of  no  commercial  importance.i 

Lcai-es  ovate  to  obovate,  2i/-!-4  in.  lonjr.  nar 
rowed  and  rounded  or  tapering  at  base,  aeuininati' 
at  apex,  sharply  and  sometimes  doubly-scriati' 
nearly  glabrous  when  they  unfold  and  at  maturity 
rugose,  dark  green  above,  paler  and  with  pioini 
nent  reticulate  veins  beneath:  jxitioles  mostI\ 
glandless.  Floirrrfi  wlien  leaves  are  al>out  half 
grown,  in  2-4-flowere(l  glabrous  umbels  ;  calyx 
lobes  sometimes  entire,  pilose  inside  ;  petals 
white,  rounded  with  claw.  Fruit  subi^lobcise  nr 
slightly  elongated  with  tough  acerb  skin  oraiiue 
or  red  often  with  pale  spots;  iiit  nval.  rather 
smoothish  and  turgid  and  slightly  ridged  on  tlie 
ventral   side  and  obscurely  grooved   on    the   dorsal. 

\'ar.  Uinata  Sudw.  is  a  fnmi  raimiug  from 
Missouri  to  Texas  with  nubeseeiii  under  surfaces 
of  leaves,  calyx-lobes,  pedicels  and  brancblets. 

1.  A.  W.,  XI,  257. 


WILD  GOOSE  PLUM.     RIVER  PLUM. 

Primus  liortuhina  Bailev. 


Fig.  315.     Branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit,   i  ;   fruit  in  cross-section,  2;  isolated  pits,  3;  branchlet 
in  winter,  4. 

316.     Trunk  (of  var.  Waylavdi)  near  Allenton,  Mo. 


Handbook   of  Tkees  of  the  Northern    States   and   Canada.     273 


The  Wild  Goose  Plum  attains  the  heij,'ht  of 
20  or  30  ft.  with  broad  rounded  top  of  rigid 
branches  and  trunk  sometimes  10  or  12  in.  in 
diameter.  In  localities  it  is  found  as  a  tall 
shrub  forming  thickets  of  considerable  extent. 
It  inhabits  the  low  banks  and  islands  of  streams 
subject  to  annual  inundation  (for  wiiich  rea- 
son it  is  sometimes  called  River  Plum)  in 
company  with  the  Sycamore,  River  Birch,  vari- 
ous Willows,  Green  Ash.  Box-Elder,  King-nut 
Hickory,  Red-bud,  etc.  it  is  said  that  it  takes 
its  common  name  from  tlie  fact  that  one  of 
the  first  noticed  trees  was  grown  from  a  stone 
taken  from  the  crop  of  a  wild  goose. 

General  orchard  varieties  are  in  cultivation, 
producing  fruit  of  excellent  quality.  Among 
them  are  the  Miner,  Langston,  Clinton,  etc.  (of 
var.  Mineri)  and  the  Wayland,  Golden  Beauty, 
Moremnn,  etc.   (of  var.  Wai/landi). 

The  wood  is  heavy,  hard,  strong,  and  suitable 
for  use  in  turnery. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  ovate,  wedge-shaped 
or  rounded  at  base,  long  taper-pointed,  closely 
glandular-serrate,  pilose  at  first  but  at  maturity 
glabrous,  lustrous  dark  green  above,  paler  and 
pilose  in  the  axils  of  the  prominent  veins  bf^- 
neath  ;  petioles  with  dark  glands  near  the  leaf- 
blade.  Flowers  when  the  leaves  are  about  half 
grown,  1  in.  or  less  across,  in  2-4-flowered  puber- 
ulous  umbels ;  calyx  with  acute  or  rounded 
glandular-serrate  lobes,  pubescent  both  sides ; 
petals  white,  rounded.  Fruit  subglobose  or  short- 
oblong,  1  in.  or  less  in  diameter,  with  thick 
tough  red  or  yellow  skin  of  pleasant  flavor  and 
with  turgid  stone  prominently  ridged  on  the  ven- 
tral edge  and  grooved  on  the  dorsal. 


CHICKASAW  PLUM. 

Prunns  augustifolia  Marsh.^ 


Fig.  317.     Branchlet  with  leaves  and   fruit,   i;  isolated  pits,  2;  branchlet  in  late  autumn,  3. 
318.      Trunk  in  eastern   Virginia. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of 


'II  K 


Northern  States  and  Canada.  275 


A   small    tree   rarely   over  20   or   25   ft.    in 

heiylit  with  rather  wide  rounded  top  of  spread- 
ing !^k■nder  bnuiclit's,  and  trunk  rarely  more 
than  8  or  1!)  in.  in  diameter  covered  with  a 
thin  dark  brown  bark  rouuh  with  closely  ap- 
pressed  scales.  It  is  often  a  shrub  of  but  few 
feet  in  hciiiht  forming:,'  thickets  of  considerable 
extent. 

The  fact  that  it  is  confined  in  its  dis- 
tribution mostly  to  old  fields  and  roadsides 
in  the  vicinity  of  human  habitations  suggests 
the  thought  that  it  may  be  an  introduced  tree, 
but  from  whence  it  is  not  known.  Early  set- 
tlers found  it  growing  about  the  settlements 
of  the  Indians  in  the  South,  among  whom  there 
was  a  tradition  that  it  was  brought  from  be- 
yond  the  ^lississippi   River. 

Its  fruit  is  valued  for  immediate  eating  and 
for  preserves  and  jellies  and  is  regularly  mar- 
keted in  season  in  southern  towns,  commonly 
under  the  name  of  "  mountain  cherries."  Vari- 
ous improved  forms  are  sold  by  nursery  houses 
but  only  suitable  for  the  southern  climate. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  lance-oblong,  1-2  in  Ions, 
mostly  tapering  at  base,  acute  oi-  apiculatc  at 
apes,  sharply  ser^'ate.  glabrous,  lustrous  lirighf 
green  above,  paler  beneath  and  with  short  glal)r(ius 
or  puberulous  petioles  having  two  glands  near  tin- 
leaf  blade.  Floirrrs  small,  about  \u  in.  across. 
expanding  before  the  leaves  in  lateral  2-4-flowered 
umbels,  with  slender  glabrous  pedicels :  calyx 
glabrous  with  lobes  pubescent  inside  ;  petals  white, 
rounded.  Fruit  ripening  in  early  summer,  sub- 
globose,  about  Vj  in.  in  diameter,  lustrous  red, 
without  bloom,  with  thin  skin,  .iuicy  subacid  flesh 
and  turgid  oblong  thick-walled  stone  with  thick 
rounded  margins  and  somewhat  grooved  in  the 
dorsal  suture. 

I.   Prunus   Chhasa  Mlchx. 


ALLEGHANY  SLOE.     PORTER'S  PLUM. 

Frunus  AUeglianiensis  Porter. 


Fig.    319.     Branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit,    i;   fruit  in  cross-section,  2;   isolated  pits,   3;   branchlet 
in  late  autumn,  4. 

320.     Trunk   (bearing  2-foot  rule)    near  State  College,   Pa.     For  specimens  and  trunk  picture 
the  author  is  indebted  to  Prof.  W.  A.  Buckhout. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern   States  and  Can. 


277 


The  Alleghany  Sloe  is  a  small  intricately 
branched  tree,  at  best  not  surpassing  18  or  20 
ft.  in  height  or  8  or  10  in.  in  thickness  of 
trunk,  vested  in  a  loose  scaly  bark.  It  is 
usually  a  straggling  shrub  forming  in  places 
extensive  thickets  and  occupying  alike  low 
moist  soil  and  well-drained  slopes  and  limestone 
ridges.  In  distribution  it  is  the  most  restricted 
of  the  Plums,  being  confined  so  far  as  now 
understood  to  central  Pennsylvania,  chiefly 
Tussey  Mountain  in  Huntingdon  Co.,  Bald 
Eagle  Mountain  and  Valley  and  the  Allegha- 
nies  in  Clearfield  and  Elk  Counties.  Occupy- 
ing the  wildest  places  of  these  regions  it  escaped 
the  notice  of  botanists  until  about  thirty  years 
ago.  It  is  well  worthy  of  cultivation  in  the 
garden  both  on  account  of  its  abundant  flowers 
and  small  glaucous  blue-black  fruit  which  it 
produces  in  abundance.  The  fruit  is  of  a 
pleasant  subacid  flavor  and  is  gathered  and 
used,  in  considerable  quantities  under  the 
name  of  "sloes,"'  by  the  country  residents,  for 
preserves,  jellies,  etc.  P  is  quite  jimliable  tliat 
it  will  be  improved  by  sclfction  and  cultiva- 
tion. 

Leaves  obovate-elliptical.  1^-,-"  in.  long,  mostly 
rounded  or  obtuse  at  baso,  acuminate  at  apex, 
sharply  serrate,  pubescent  at  first,  finally  puber- 
ulous.  dark  green  above,  paler  and  glabrous  ex- 
cepting on  veins  beneath  ;  petioles  14  in.  long, 
puberulous.  Flowers  appearing  in  May  with  the 
leaves,  1/2  in.  in  diameter  in  2-4-Howered  umbels  ; 
calyx  pubescent.  Fruit  ripens  by  the  middle  of 
August,  subglobose.  about  V_>  in.  in  diameter,  dark 
purple  with  bloom,  on  stout  pedicels,  witli 
thiokish  skin,  of  pleasant  subacid  or  <uistere  flavnr 
and  with  turgid  pit. 


MAHALEB.     PERFUMED  OR  ST.  LUCIE  CHERRY. 
Prunus  Mahaleh  L. 


Fig.  321.     Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,    i  ;   separated  pits,  2;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 
322.     Trunk  with  leaves  at  base  and  supporting  the  stem  of  a  poison  ivy  vine,  Rochester,  N.'Y 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  j^oktiiekn   States  and  Canada. 


279 


The  Mahaleb.  Perfumed  or  St.  Lucie  Cherry 
properly  deserves  i;s  iiiune,  "  IVrfuiiud  " 
Cherry,  as  it  lias  fni-iaiil  fulia^^e  as  well  as 
fragrant  Uowers,  and  its  seeds,  too,  are 
fragrant,  and  so  is  its  wood.  it  is  a 
small  tree  soiiietiiiies  attaining  the  height 
of  20  to  25  ft.,  with  i;itluT  irregular  ohlong 
or  rounded  top  of  short  lateral  branches  and 
usually  cnidked  or  inclined  trunk  S- 10  in.  in 
diameter.  This  is  vcstid  in  a  dark  gray  or 
brownish  bark,  rough  with  low  irregular 
ridges  and  appresscd  scales.  It  is  a  native 
of  middle  and  southern  Europe  and  the  Cau- 
casus, whence  it  is  extensively  imported  into 
the  United  States  as  a  valuable  stock  on  which 
to  graft  garden  cherries  and  has  become  natu- 
ralized in  localities.  Its  small  fruit  is  too 
austere  and  bitter  to  be  edible,  but  it  yields 
a  violet  dye  and  a  fermented  liquor  is  made 
from  it  resembling  Kirschvvasser.  The  seeds 
possess  an  agreeable  flavor  and  odor,  and  a 
fixed  oil  expressed  from  them  is  used  in  per- 
fumery and  among  the  Arabs  is  valued  as  a 
remedy  against  calculus  in  the  bladder. 

The  wood  is  heavj',  hard,  close-grained,  of  a 
dark  reddish  color  and  fragrant.  It  is  known 
in  Europe  as  the  wood  of  St.  Lucie  and  i^ 
valued  by  calniict-niakers  and  \>y  the  manufac 
turers  of  tobacco  pi|)cs  and  other  small  articles 
of  wooden-ware.  The  small  rigid  stems  arc 
used  for  the  stems  of  tobacco-pipes,  walking 
sticks,  etc.  Though  a  very  interesting  tree  it 
is  not  commonly  planted  for  ornamental  pur 
poses  in  America  and  little  use  is  made  of  i 
here  except  as  stocks  for  grafting  purposes. 

Leans  l)road-ovato  to  orbicular,  mostly  1-2  in. 
ions,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  base,  al) 
ruptly  acute  at  apex,  finely  crcnate-serrate.  firm, 
glaucous  and  fragrant  :  petioles  slender,  teroto. 
FloHcrs  May-.Tuno,  sma-ll,  scarcely  Vj  in.  across, 
white,  fragrant  and  in  umbels  terminating  short 
lateral  branchlots.  Fniit  ripening  in  ,Tnly,  suh- 
globose,  ':.  in.  in  diameter,  very  dark  rod,  with 
thin  bitter  flesh  and  slightly  flattened  pit. 


CHOKE  CHERRY. 

Pi-mius  Virginiana  L. 


Fig.  323.     Branchlet   with   mature   leaves   and   fruit,    i  ;    detached    fruit,    2 ;   pits,    3  :    branchlet   in 
winter,  4. 

324.     Trunk  in  Lewis  Co..  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  North ekn   States  and  Can 

The  Choke  Cherry  is  usually  a  tall  shrub  i^  — 
and  only  under  the  most  favorable  conditions 
does  it  become  a  tree  20  to  30  ft.  in  height,  witli 
irregular  rounded  top  and  crooked  or  leaning 
trunk.  This  is  rarely  more  than  (i  or  8  in.  in 
diameter,  and  is  vested  in  a  grayish  brown 
more  or  less  mottled  and  rather  smooth  bark. 

It  is  abundant  over  a  large  part  of  its  range 
growing  in  moist  rich  soil  of  river  l)ott()ms  and 
along  fence-rows  and  roadsides,  where  its 
finger-like  racemes  of  white  flowers  make  it  a 
beautiful  object  in  the  iiiontli  of  ^lay,  and  its 
stems  of  dark  red  cherries  when  fully  ripe 
ofTer  refreshment  to  the  wayfarer  in  tlie  Iieat 
of  midsummer.  The  fruit  is  used  in  making 
pies  and  jellies  and  is  gathered  for  these  uses 
and  marketed  in  many  Canadian  towns.  Its 
name  is  appropriately  given  in  allusion  to  the 
consequence  of  attempting  to  eat  the  fruit  when 
not  thoroughly  ripe,  for  it  is  then  too  astrin- 
gent to  be  easily  swallowed. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oval  or  ol)lon£r,  narrow  and 
rounded  or  tapering  at  base,  abnijitly  acuminate 
or  sometimes  acute  at  apex,  finely  and  sharply 
serrate  with  slender  pointed  teeth,  glabrous  and 
dull  dark  green  above,  paler  and  pubescent  along 
the  veins  beneath.  Flotrrrs  Vi-'^M  in.  across  in 
cylindrical  racemes  terminating  leafy  branchlets ; 
petals  suborbiculai".  Fruit  about  %  in.  in  di- 
ameter, shining  dark  or  light  red  (rarely  yellow) 
rubglobose  austere  and  astringent  until  very  ripe 
then  edible  ;  stone  nearly  globose,  about  14  in.  long. 


\DA.       281 


WILD  BLACK  CHERRY. 

Prunus  serotina  Ehrh. 


Fig.  325.     Branch  with  leaves  and  ripe  fruit,   i  ;  detached  fruit,  2  ;  pits,  3  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  4. 
326.     Trunk  in  forest  in  western  New  York. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Xorthern  States  axd  Canada.  283 


Tliis  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  trees  ol  the 
American  forests,  sometimes  attaining  the 
height  of  80-100  ft.,  with  straight  coluiimar 
scaly-barked  trunk  3-5  ft.  in  thickness.  \\  luii 
isolated  it  develops  an  oblong  or  rounded  tup 
of  slender  rigid  branches,  and  growing  alike  on 
dry  gravelly  slopes  and  moist  intervales  it  is 
one  of  the  chief  elements  of  many  tracts  of 
forests  of  the  Appalachian  regions.  Its  ilowers 
appear  later  than  those  of  other  representa- 
tives of  tiie  genus  (hence  the  specific  name, 
from  a  Latin  word  meaning  late)  and  when 
its  leafy  top  is  trimmed  with  its  many  nod- 
ding racemes  of  small  white  flowers  it  is  a 
highly  ornamental  tree.  Its  fruit,  when  fully 
ripe  is  of  pleasant  vinous  flavor  and  is  often 
used  in  making  rum,  and  the  aromatic  bark 
is  valued  as  a  flavoring,  as  a  tonic  and  sedative 
medicine. 

The  wood  of  which  a  cubic  foot  weighs  36.28 

lbs.     is    strong,     rather    hard    and    very    close 

grained    and   one   of   our   most   valuable   woods 

for  furniture  making  and  interior  finishing.i 

Leaves  oval  or  oblong  to  lance-obovate,  2-.")  in. 
long,  tapering  or  rounded  at  base,  taper-pointod. 
serrate  with  incurved  teeth,  glabrous,  thick 
lustrous  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath,  with 
slender  petioles  bearing  red  glands.  Flowirs 
f)pening  when  the  leaves  are  nearly  grown,  Vt  in- 
:u  TOSS  in  erect  or  nodding  racemes  4-6  in.  long. 
t<rininating  short  leafy  hranchlets  :  calyx  with 
short  lobes,  persistent  ;  petals  obovate.  Fridf  sub 
globose  and  somewhat  lobed.  %-%  in.  in  di- 
ameter, reddish  black  with  .iuicy  purple  flesh  of 
vinous  flavor  and  stone  about  Vt  in.  long  pointed 
at  apex. 

1.   A.  W.,  II,  29. 


RED-BUD.     JUDAS-TREE. 

Cercis  Canadetisis  L. 


Fig.  327.     Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,   i  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  2. 

328.  Trunk  with  stems  of  poison  ivy  vines.     Red  River  valley.  Ark. 

329.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northeen  States  and  Canada.     285 


The  Red-bud  is  a  small  tree,  sometimes  in 
forest  growth  attaining  a  height  of  40  or  50 
ft.,  but  when  isolated  does  not  attain  so  great 
a  height  and  then  develops  a  low  wide  Hat 
topped  or  a  rounded  head.  The  trunk  is  rarely 
i:;ore  than  10-12  in.  in  diameter,  ciotiied  in  a 
grayish  or  reddish  brown  scaly  bark. 

It  inhabits  the  banks  of  ravines  and  ricli 
bottom-lands,  sometimes  forming  an  under 
growth  in  forests  of  taller  trees,  and  in  early 
spring  its  abundant  pink  flowers  make  it  a 
beautiful  object.  Associating  as  it  docs  witli 
the  Flowering  Dogwood  and  flowering  at  the 
same  season  of  the  year,  one  rarely  sees  a 
more  beautiful  floral  medley  than  that  pre- 
sented by  these  two  trees,  a  bank  of  Red-bud 
flowers  making  a  beautiful  setting  for  the  large 
white  flower-heads  of  the  Dogwood.  In  sum- 
mer its  glossy  round  heart-shaped  leaves  are 
unsurpassed  in  attractiveness  by  the  foliage  of 
any  other  tree,  and  it  is  justly  popular  for 
ornamental   planting. 

The  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot  weighs  Sn.T)') 
lbs.,  is  of  a  yellowish  brown  color  with  thin 
sap-wood,  and  is  of  little  commercial  import- 
ance. 

Leaves  cordate-orbicular,  ?,-'>  in.  long  and  broad, 
truncate  or  cordate  at  base,  obtuse  or  acute  at 
apex,  entire,  thickish,  lustrous  above,  hairy  in  the 
axils  of  the  veins  beneath,  bright  yellow  in  au- 
tumn. Flowers  about  %  in.  long,  in  sessile  um- 
bels :  corolla  pink  purple.  Fruit:  pod  2i,{;-.'?i/l.  in 
long,  short  stalked  in  the  calyx  ;  seeds  oblong, 
M   in.  long* 

1.   For  genus  see  pp.  441-442. 


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COFFEE-TREE. 

Gymnodadus  dioicus  Kocli.^ 


330.     Branch  with  leaf  and  mature  fruit,   i  ;  pods  open  and  in  section,  2  and  3  ;  branchlet  in 
winter,  4. 

331.  Trunk  of  tree  near  Allenton,  Mo. 

332.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Xoktiiekn   States  and  Canada.     287 


The  Coffee-tree,  or  as  it  is  commonly  called 
the  Kcntvicky  Coffee-tree,  sometimes  attains 
the  height  of  100  ft.  and  in  tlu>  forests  with 
straifjht  columnar  trunk  '2-4  ft.  in  thicknes.s 
covered  with  a  grayish  l);irk.  rough  with 
firm  prominent  scales.  In  the  open  it  de- 
velops a  rather  wide  obovoid  top,  conspicuous 
in  summer  on  account  of  its  graceful  airy 
foliage  and  perhaps  interspersed  with  its  great 
brown  pods.  On  the  approach  of  winter  its 
manner  of  shedding  its  large  bicompound 
leaves  suggested  to  the  common  mind  the  er- 
roneous idea  that  it  is  shedding  also  its  twigs 
and  its  appearance  then,  when  leafless,  has 
given  rise  to  the  name  Slunip-trce.  It  is  con- 
fined in  its  distribution  to  low  rich  bottom- 
lands in  company  with  the  Black  Walnut, 
Buckeye,  Redbud.  Ilackberry,  Slippery  Elm, 
Honey  Locust,  Oaks  and  Hickories,  but  is  no- 
where abundant.  Its  common  name,  Coffee- 
tree,  is  given  to  it  because  its  seeds  in  early 
days  were  used  to  some  extent  as  a  substitute 
for  coffee. 

The  wood,  of  which  a  cu.  ft.  when  abso- 
lutely dry  weighs  43.21  lbs.,  is  heavy,  strong 
and  very  durable,  and  is  useful  for  posts,  rail- 
way  ties,   furniture,   etc. 2 

Lrair.t  larffo,  2-.'>-ft.  Ions,  with  strong  potiolos 
and  lO-lS  pinn.T"  n.nch  l)o,Trin?  10-14  ovate  mem- 
braneous nearly  glahroiis  leaflets.  Flntrrrs  stami- 
nate  flower-clusters  .".-(>  in.  Ions:  the  pistillate^ 
lO-li;  in.  Ions  with  lonser  pedicels.  Frttit  pods 
mostly  4  10  in.  Ions.  IV2-2  in.  broad,  remaining 
closed  on  the  hranchlets  late  into  the  winter  with 
Bweet  pulp  and  seeds   •%    in.  across.^ 


1.  Syn.    Oymnocladus    Canadcsis 

2.  A.  W.,  11,  27. 

.'{.   For  genus  see  p.  442. 


Lam. 


HONEY  LOCUST. 

Gleditsia  triacanthos  L.^ 


T^ig.  332-  Piece  of  branch  bearing  leaves  and  fruit,  the  leaves  being  mostly  "  asleep  "  (i.  e.,  with 
leaflets  closed  together,  as  they  do  at  night),  !•  portion  of  pod  with  side  removed,  2;  leaf  with 
leaflets  spreading  apart  as  they  do  in  day-time,  3  ;  large  branching  thorn,  4 ;  branchlet  in  winter,  5. 

334-  Trunk  near  St.   Louis,  Mo. 

335-  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  Nok 


X     SlATKS    AND    CaNADA. 


The  Honey  Locust  attains  the  height  of  from 
~i>  to  140  ft.  when  {irowing  in  tlie  forests,  and 
when  isolated  develops  a  broad  rounded  or 
loft}'  llat-lopped  head  with  drooping  lateral 
branches  and  of  very  characteristic  aspect.  Its 
trunk,  commonly  2  or  3  ft.  in  diameter,  excep- 
tionally 5  or  G  ft.,  is  vested  in  a  dark  gray 
bark  with  closely  appressed  firm  scales.  It 
usually  bears  a  rigid  sharp  1-3-pointed  glossy 
purple-brown  thorn  above  the  axil  of  each  leaf, 
and  the  trunk  and  bases  of  the  large  branches 
often  bristle  with  very  formidable  branching 
thorns,  but  trees  are  occasionally  met  with  in 
which  the  thorns  are  nearly  or  entirely  absent. 
It  inhabits  chiefly  moist  bottom-lands  in  com- 
pany with  various  Oaks  and  Hickories,  the 
Black  Walnut,  Hackberry,  Buckeye,  etc..  and 
although  growing  naturally  only  west  of  the 
Alleghanies  and  in  the  IMississippi  valley  has 
become  widely  naturalized  outside  of  its  origi- 
nal range.  It  is  extensively  planted  for  orna- 
mental purposes,  hedges,  etc.  From  its  incon- 
spicuous flowers  the  bees  gather  much  honey. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  a  cu.  ft.  when  ab.solutely 

dry  weighing  42  lbs.,  strong  and  very  dura'Dic 

and   is  used  for   railway-ties,  posts  and   in   the 

manufacture   of  agricultural   implements. 2 

Leaves  7-10  in.  long  with  7-10  pairs  of  loaflotP 
or  4-8  pairs  of  pinnu>  with  puljo.^icont  petioles  and 
raohisps,  the  loaflcts  sliort-stalkod,  oblonK-laiicc- 
olatp,  inpqiiil.ntcial  at  liasp.  ohtnsp  or  roundi'd  at 
each  end.  ciciHilali''.  lustrous  dark  jrrocn  nbovr. 
palpp  and  ofti'ii  pnlicsccnt  on  the  midribs  bciimtli. 
f'loirrrs  (.Tunc)  from  axils  of  tho  loaves  <if  tli" 
previous  season,  groi^n  and  rich  in  honoy.  lh;> 
staminatP  in  dense  and  somptimos  clustered  racc- 
mos.  thp  pistillate  in  few-flowered  and  usually 
solitary  racemes.  Fruit  pods,  linear.  10-1 S  i-i 
lone,  shinin-i  dark  brown  and  usually  coniort "d 
and  twisted  in  short  racemes  and "  contaitiiii,' 
numerous  hard  oval  compressed  seeds  separated  by 
a  sweetish  succulent  pulp.' 

1.  Sometimes  spelled  Glcditscliin. 

2.  A.    W.,    II,   28. 

:\.   For  genus  see  p.  442. 


WATER  LOCUST. 

Gleditsia  aquatica  Marsh.^ 


Fig.  336.    Piece    of    branch    with    leaves    and    fruit, 
"  asleep,"  4 ;  branchlet  in  winter,  5. 

337.     Trunk  in  southern  Illinois  near  St.  Louis. 


fruit   opened,    2 ;    isolated    seeds,    3 ;    leaf 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern   S-^ 


ATES     AM) 


291 


The  Water  Locust  attains  a  height  of  50  or 
60  ft.  and  its  short  trunk  is  sometimes  2  or  3 
ft.  in  diameter.  It  divides  usually  within  a 
few  feet  of  the  ground  into  several  branches 
forming  a  bushy  rounded  top  more  or  less  flat- 


tened   above,    with 


iturk'd 


ipiny 


br 


Sometimes  the  trunk  also  is  beset  with  for- 
midable great  rigid  branching  thorns.  The 
bark  of  trunk  is  thin,  firm,  rough  with  small 
corky  excrescences  and  is  sometimes  sparingly 
ecaly.  It  inhabits  only  deep  swamps,  the  bor- 
ders of  sloughs  and  low  river  banks  subject 
to  long  inundation,  in  company  with  the  But- 
ton-bush, Forestiera,  Planer-tree,  Bald  Cypress, 
Water  and  Tupelo  Gums,  various  Willows,  etc. 
and  is  most  abundant  and  of  largest  size  in  the 
lower  Mississippi  valley. 

The  wood,  of  which  a  cu.  ft.  when  absolutely 
dry  weighs  45.70  lbs.,  is  heavy,  hard  and 
strong,  of  a  reddish  brown  color  with  thick 
pale  yellow  sap-wood. 2 

Leaves  5-10  in.  long  with  5-7  pairs  of  pinnatf 
or  bi-pinnate  pinnae  of  5-12  pairs  of  ovate  to  ob- 
long leaflets,  usually  oblique  at  base,  rounded  at 
apex,  finely  crenate-serrate,  thick  and  firm, 
lustrous  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath.  Flowers 
appearing  in  ,Tune  in  slender  elongated  racemes. 
Fruit:  pods  lustrous  brown,  thin,  1-2  in.  long,  in 
pendent  racemes,  oblique-ovate,  pointed  at  both 
ends,  with  long  slender  stalk,  without  pulp  and 
containing  a  solitary  (or  sometimes  2)  flat  sub- 
orbicular  yellow-brown  seed   14   in.  in  diameter. 

1.  Syu.  Okditsia  vionosperma  Walt. 

2.  A.   W.,   V,   109. 


YELLOW-WOOD.     GOPHER-WOOD.     VIRGILIA. 

Cladrastis  lutea  (Michx.)  Koch. 


Fig.  338.    Branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit,   i;  pod  with  side  removed,  2;  others  showing  method 
of  dehiscence,  3;  isolated  seeds,  4;  branchlet  in  winter,  5. 

339.  Trunk  in  cultivation  in  northern  New  York. 

340.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Nort 


.\1)    ('a.\ai>a.       l'II.'^ 


The  Yellow-wood  is  one  of  the  rarest  as 
well  as  one  of  the  most  beautiful  trees  of  the 
American  forests.  It  attains  the  height  of 
from  50  to  (iO  ft.  with  trunk  from  1  to  2  or  3 
ft.  in  diameter,  vested  in  a  thin  smooth  gray- 
ish l)eech-like  bark,  showing  in  delicate  streaks 
the  lighter  inner  bark  as  the  outer  becomes 
fissured  in  growth.  Its  short  trunk  usually 
divides  within  a  few  feet  from  the  ground  into 
few  large  branches,  which  ramify  and  form  a 
graceful  broad  or  rounded  top,  when  unob- 
structed by  surrounding  trees.  It  grows  natu- 
rally in  ricli  wi'll-draincd  soil,  and  mainly  on 
lime-stone  ridges  along  the  banks  of  the 
streams  which  carry  the  waters  from  the  west- 
ern slopes  of  the  Alleghany  mountains  into  the 
Ohio  River.  Its  desirable  habit  of  growth, 
its  ample  clean  foliage  little  affected  by  blight 
or  insects,  and  its  long  stems  of  pure  white 
flowers,  showing  in  beautiful  contrast  among 
its  rich  green  leaves,  make  it  a  very  desirable 
tree  for  ornamental  planting.  This  fact  was 
recognized  a  century  ago  by  its  discoverer  who 
sent  its  seeds  to  Europe,  and  it  now  lends  its 
charm  to  almost  every  European  collection. 
In  this  countrj',  too,  it  is  a  favorite  ornamental 
tree  proving  to  be  hardy  as  far  north  as  north- 
ern New  York  and  Ontario. 

The  wood  is  rather  light,  a  cubic  foot  when 
absolutely  dry  weighing  39.12  lbs.,  hard  and 
strong,  the  heart-wood  being  of  a  clear  yellow 
color  when  freshly  cut.  but  soon  changing  to 
brownish,  and  the  thin  sap-wood  is  nearly 
white. 1  A  yellow  dye  is  made  of  the  heart- 
wood. 

For  botanical  characters  see  generic  descrip 
tion,  this  being  the  only  species.2 

1.  A.  W.,  XII,  280. 

2.  For  genus  see  pp.  442-443. 


LOCUST.     YELLOW  LOCUST. 

Rohinia  Pseudacacia  L. 


Fig.  341.    Branchlet    with    leaves    and    fruit,    some    showing    process    of    dehiscence  :   branchlets   in 
winter,  3. 

342.  Trunk  of  tree  at  North  Rush,  N.  Y. 

343.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northeen  States  and  Canada.     295 


Tliis  favorite  tree  attains  the  height  of  70 
or  80  ft.  with  a  trunk  .liaiiictir  of  3  or  4  ft. 
and  when  isohited  from  the  intliien  e  of  other 
trees  develops  a  ratlier  narrow  oblong  top  with 
more  or  less  contorted  sinuous  branches.  Its 
natural  home  is  thought  to  be  limited  to  the 
slopes  of  the  Allegliany  Mountains  as  indi- 
cated on  our  map.  but  on  account  of  its  valua- 
ble wood,  the  delicacy  and  beauty  of  its  grace- 
ful foliage  and  fragrant  flowers  it  has  been 
probably  more  extensively  planted  both  in  this 
country  and  Europe  for  ornament  and  use  than 
any  other  North  American  tree,  and  being  pos- 
sessed of  a  hardy  adaptable  constitution  it  lias 
become  widely  naturalized  throughout  eastern 
United  States  and  Canada.  Several  nursery 
varieties  are  found  in  cultivation, 

Tlie  wood  of  the  Loct  st  is  heavy,  a  cu.  ft. 
when  absolutely  dry  weighing  45.70  lbs.,  hard, 
strong  and  very  durable,  and  highly  valued 
in  ship-building,  for  fence  posts,  in  turnery 
and  especially  for  treenails.  Medicinal  prop- 
erties (tonic,  purgative  and  emetic)  are  found 
in  the  bark  of  the  roots.i 

Leaves  8-14  in.  long  with  glabrous  petioles  and 
stipules  finally  spiny  and  persistent,  7-0  ovate- 
olilong  or  oval  leaflets,  1-2  in.  long,  rounded  at 
both  ends  and  emarginate  and  mticronate  at  apex, 
thin,  glabrous,  dull  dark  green  aliove.  paler  and 
pubescent  on  the  midrib  beneath  :  stipi^Is  linear. 
caducous:  branchlets  glalirons  or  nearly  so. 
Flowers  in  late  spring,  white,  in  loose  piiln'nilons 
racemes.  4-5  in.  long,  very  fragrant  and  nectifer- 
oiis  ;  pedicels  about  '/.  in.  long ;  calyx  gibbous. 
the  lowest  lol)e  acuminate  and  longest  :  petals 
white,  standard  blotched  witli  yellow  beneath. 
Fruit:  pods  U-4  in.  long,  purplish,  maturing  in 
late  autumn  and  persisting  on  the  leafless  branch- 
lets  late  into  the  winter  ;  seed  3-lC  in.  long.* 

1.   A.   W.,   IV,  80. 

■J.   For  genus  see  p.  443. 


CLAMMY  LOCUST. 

Rohlnia  viscosa  Vent. 


Fig.  344.     Branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit, 
345.     Small  trunk  with  leaves  at  base. 


;  half  of  pod  with  seeds, 
Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 


2  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 


Handbook  of  Tkeks  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


297 


Tlie  Claniiiiy  Locust  ia  a  small  tree,  only 
under  the  most  favorable  conditions  attaining 
the  height  of  30  or  40  ft.  and  10  or  12  in.  in 
■diameter  of  trunk.  Such  individuals  are  rare 
as  it  is  usually  not  of  half  that  size  and  often 
•only  a  large  shrub,  spreading,  as  do  other 
representatives  of  the  genus,  by  underground 
stems  and  forming  considerable  thickets.  As 
an  isolated  tree  it  has  a  rather  open  oblong 
top  with  slender  branches.  Its  branchlets  and 
all  new  growths  are  covered  with  a  shining 
sticky  exudation  ami  \  istad  hairs,  by  which 
it  may  be  readily  recognized. 

Its  native  home  is  restricted  to  the  high 
slopes  Of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  in  the  in 
teresting  forests  where  only  are  found  the 
Rhododendron,  Kalmia,  \Vitch  Hazel,  ^loun- 
tain  Holly,  etc.,  in  tree  forms,  and  there  it  is 
by  no  means  common.  On  account  of  its 
handsome  foliage  and  flowers,  however,  it  has 
been  widely  planted  for  ornamental  purposes 
throughout  eastern  United  States  and  Europe 
and  has  become  naturalized  in  many  locali- 
ties, as  far  north  in  this  country  at  least  as 
the  Canadian  frontier. 

Its  wood  is  similar  to  tliat  of  the  Yellow 
Locust,  a  cu,  ft.  when  absolutely  dry  weighing 
60.44  lbs.,  but  is  not  of  commercial  import- 
ance. 

Lrnvrs  10-12  in.  long  with  slender  sticky 
jrlandular-liispid  petioles,  11-21  ovate-obloui; 
nearly  slahrous  potiolulate  leaflets  from  1-2  in.  in 
length,  rounded  at  base,  rounded  or  pointed  and 
mucronate  at  apex  ;  stipules  subulate  and  some- 
times delicate  spines  ;  stipels  very  small  and 
slender;  branchlets  and  all  new  growths  glandular 
hispid.  Floirrrs  (Junet  in  rather  dense  oblong 
axillary  racemes,  not  fragrant,  rose-colored,  the 
standard  marked  on  inner  face  with  yellow  blotch. 
Fruit:  pods,  2-;ii2  in.  long,  linear-lanceolate,  thin 
glndnlar  hispid  with  reniform  seeds  about  Vs  in. 
long. 


PRICKLY  ASH.     TOOTH-ACHE  TREE. 

XantJioxylum  Clava-Herculis  L.^ 


Fig.  346.     Branchlet   with   mature   leaves   and   clusters   of   fruit,    i  ;    scattered   empty   capsules   and 
seeds,  2  ;  branchlet  bearing  prickles  in  winter,  3.       They  do  not  all  bear  prickles  the  first  season, 

347.  Trunk  with  leaves  and  small  prostrate  trunk  at  base.       Red  River  Valley,  Arkansas. 

348.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trejjs  of  the  North erx   Stati:s  and  Canada.     21)9 


The  Prickly  Ash  is  a  small  tree  rarely  at- 
taining the  height  of  40  or  50  ft.  with  trunk 
12-18  in.  ill  diameter,  hut  usually  is  much 
smaller  and  often  shrubby.  Its  tendency  when 
isolated  is  to  develop  a  broad  rounded  top  of 
many  spiny  hranclics,  and  its  peculiar  bluish 
gray  bark  of  trunk  is  sure  to  attract  attention. 
This  is  smooth  and  studded  with  scattered 
harnaclc  like  c(irky  bosscss,  each  tipped  with 
a  thick  sharp  spine  which,  however,  finally 
falls  away.  A  fancied  resemblance  in  these 
spiked  trunks  to  the  club  of  Hercules  has  sug- 
gested its  specific  name,  and  the  hooked  spines 
of  its  branches  have  given  it  its  apt  collo- 
quial names  "  ^Yait■a■bit  "  and  "  Tcar-blanket," 
while  its  pungent  bark  has  given  it  the  name 
"  Sting-tongue "  among  the  southern  negroes. 
This  property,  too,  as  a  source  of  relief  in 
tooth-ache  has  caused  it  to  be  known  as 
Tooth-ache  tree. 

Its  wood  is  light,  a  cu.  ft.  when  absolutely 
dry  weighing  31.51  lbs.,  soft,  close-grained  and 
of  little  value.  Its  bark,  however,  is  highly 
valued  among  the  southern  negroes  for  the 
medicinal  properties  mentioned  of  the  genus. 2 

Leaves  ."t-15  in.  long,  tardily  dociduous.  glabrous, 
with  more  or  less  siiiiiy  petioles  and  '.i-O  pairs  of 
ovate-lancoolatp,  often  falcati'.  suhcoriaceoiis  leaf- 
lets, rounded  and  oliliinie  at  liase,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, shiny  al)ove.  dull  lieneath,  crenate-serrato. 
Flowers  appear  after  the  leaves  in  large  terminal 
compound  cymes :  sepals  minute,  persistent  : 
petals  oval,  greenish,  Vs-V^  in.  long;  stamens  .''> 
with  slendor  exserted  filaments ;  pistils  ."?  or  2, 
with  sessile  ovaries  and  short  styles  bearing  2- 
lobed  stigmas.  Fruit  mature  in  early  autumn 
with  oblique-ovoid  pitted  1-seeded  capsule,  the 
seed  after  dehiscence  hanging  outvude. 

Var.  Initiciiftiim  Gray,  is  a  shrubby  form  in 
western  Texas  with  short  often  .'{-foliate  pubescent 
leaves  and   blunt   coriaceous   leaflets.' 

1.  Syn.    Fai/ara    Claia-lUrcuUs    (L.)    Small. 

2.  A.   W.,   V,   106. 

3.  For  genus  sec  \\.  -44.".. 


/^^•r^-::£ 


WAFER-ASH.     HOP-TREE. 
Ptelea  trifoliata  L. 


Fig.  349.    Branchlet  with   mature  leaves  and  fruit ;   leafless  branchlet  in   ■ 

350.  Large  trunk  with  leaves  at  base.     In  cultivation  in  New  York. 

351.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Tkees  of  the  Northerx   States  and  Cwai 


;oi 


The  Wafer  Ash  is  more  often  a  shrub  th:ii 
a  tree,  but  is  occasionally  found  attaining  the 
height  of  20  or  25  ft.  with  broad  or  rounded 
tu|).  and  trunk  sometimes  10  or  12  in.  in  diame- 
ter. I  have  seen  it  in  southern  Ontario  with 
a  short  trunk  10  in.  in  diameter,  but  such  a 
size  is  very  exceptional.  Its  dark  green  tri- 
foliate leaves  and  conspicuous  bunches  of  light 
green  wafer-like  fruit  make  it  an  ornamental 
object  in  late  summer,  and  in  winter,  it  is 
hardly  less  conspicuous  on  account  of  the  fruit 
which  persists  seared  and  dry  upon  its  naked 
branches  long  after  the  leaves  have  fallen. 
The  flavor  and  odor  of  its  leaves  and  bark 
when  bruised  is  very  similar  to  that  of  the 
hop  for  which  it  is  sometimes  used  as  a  sub- 
stitute in  brewing  beer,  and  it  is  from  that 
fact  that  it  takes  its  name  Hop-tree. 

The   wood   is   rather  heavy,   a   cu.    ft.   when 

absolutely   dry   weighing   51.84    lbs.,    liard    and 

close-grained. 1      An    extract    from    its   bark    is 

sometimes  used  as  a  tonic  in  medicine. 

Leaves  with  S  subsessile  ovate  to  oblong  leaflets, 
varying  from  rounded  to  cuneate  at  base,  acumi- 
nate at  apex,  remotely  crenulate,  pubescent  at 
first  but  finally  lustrous  dark  green  above,  glandu- 
lar-dotted bj-neath.  Flowers  in  mid-summer,  of 
disagreeable  odor.  Fruit  flat,  similar  to  that  of  an 
elm  but  larger-winged  all  around  in  dense  clusters 
and  persisting  on  the  branches  nearly  all  winter.' 

1.  A.    \V..    IV.    77 

2.  For  uenus  see  p.  444. 


AILANTHUS.     TREE-OF-HEAVEN. 

Ailanihus  glandulosus  desf. 


Fig.  352.    Branch  bearing  mature  leaves  and  fruit,   i  ;  detached  samarae,  2;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

353.  Trunk  in  southern  Illinois,  opposite  St.  Louis. 

354.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  NoRTHr:RN   States  and  Canada.     303 


The  Ailantlms  is  a  handsonip  naturalized  tret 
sometimes  attaining,  in  its  native  land,  the 
height  of  80  or  100  ft.  with  ratlier  loose  open  top 
and  trunk  2  to  3  or  more  feet  in  thickness.  Its 
large  plume-like  leaves  are  familiar  objects  in  the 
door-yards  and  parks  of  many  of  our  eastern 
towns,  giviiii,'  a  ti()|iic;il  a]iii(Mrance  scarcely 
equaled  by  any  otlier  tree  of  like  liardiness. 
Nor  is  its  ornamental  value  in  late  summer 
often  surpassed  by  any  otlier  tree,  wlien  its 
frond-like  foliage  is  interspersed  with  large 
bunches  of  brilliantly  colored  fruit.  It  is  par- 
ticularly well  adapted  to  planting  for  shade 
and  ornamental  purposes,  being  a  hardy  tro* 
of  very  rapid  growth  and  little  afTected  by  the 
dust  and  smoke  of  cities.  For  this  purpose, 
however,  only  the  pistillate  trees  should  be 
used  as  tliey  are  of  greater  ornamental  value 
and  their  flowers  are  free  from  the  objection- 
able ordor  foimd  with  the  staniinate  flowers. 
Those  to  most  people  are  ill-scented  and  their 
pollen  is  said  to  aggravate  catarrhal  troubles. 

The  native  habitat  of  the  Ailanthus  is  China 
and  Japan,  where  an  excellent  quality  of  silk 
is  made  from  a  worm  which  lives  upon  its 
foliage.  It  is  widely  naturalized  in  eastern 
United  States. 

The  wood  is  of  medium  hardness  and  of 
coarse  open  grain. i 

Leaves  12-.'i6  in.  long,  with  l.''.-41  stalked  leaf- 
lets which  are  from  ovate  to  lanceolate  obloni;. 
2-4  in.  long,  rounded  or  suhcordate  at  base,  acuini- 
nato.  entire  hut  with  .">-4  glandular  tei-th  at  h.isc. 
FloH-ern  (.Tune)  yiMlowish-Kn'i'n.  in  panicles  oflr.i 
1  ft.  or  more  in  Icnu'th  :  stamens  villous  at  basr. 
Fruit  samaras  about  H-  iu-  loQs,  spirally  twisted. - 

1.  A.  W.,  I,  4. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  444. 


AMERICAN  SMOKE-TREE.     CHITTAM-WOOD. 

Cotinus  AmeHcanus  Niitt.^ 


F'g-  355-    Branchlet  with   leaves,   fruit  and  plumose  sterile  pedicels    (an  herbarium   specimen), 
assortment  of  fresh  leaves,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

356.     Trunk,  near  Carthage,  Mo. 

357-     Wood  structure   magnified    15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Nokthern   States  and  Canada. 


305 


The  American  Smoke-tree  is  a  larger  tree 
than  the  European  species,  as  it  sometimes 
attains  the  height  of  30  or  35  ft.,  with  a  clear 
trunk  12-14  in.  in  tliickncss  and  firm  spreading 
branches.  The  trunk  divides  at  8  or  10  ft. 
from  tlu'  ground  into  a  few  large  branches,  wliicli 
form  a  broad  open  top.  The  bark  of  trunk  is 
of  a  grayish  color  and  very  rough  with  thin 
oblong  somewhat  imbricated  scales.  It  is  one 
of  the  rarest  American  trees,  being  found  on 
rocky  slopes  singly  or  in  small  groves  scat- 
tered among  other  trees  in  the  limited  re- 
gions indicated  on  the  accompanying  map. 
The  Venetian  tree  with  its  beautiful  plumose 
bunches  of  sterile  pedicels  and  fruit,  making 
its  top  suggestive  of  a  puff  of  smoke  or  spray, 
is  a  familiar  object  in  ornamental  shrubberies. 
It  is  a  tree  vastly  improved  by  selection  and 
propagation  upon  its  native  condition,  and  tlie 
American  tree,  while  now  less  profuse  in  its 
display  of  "  smoke."  than  the  European  tree 
may  be  susceptible  ^f  like  improvement,  while 
it  has  the  additional  advantage  of  greater 
size  and  more  ornamental  foliage. 

The  wood  is  ratlier  light,  a  cu.  ft.  weighing 
when  absolutely  dry  40.04  lbs.,  soft,  durable 
and  of  a  light  yellow  or  orange  color  and  very 
thin  white  sap-wood  and  is  used  locally  for 
dying  orange  color.2 

Lrnvrx  oval  to  ohovato.  4-C,  in.  lonsj.  thinish. 
mostly  potiolate  hut  the  lowormost  of  the  season's 
growth  subsessilo,  docurrent  on  the  petioles, 
ronnfled  or  emarpinate  at  apex,  entire,  glabrous, 
dark  green  above,  paler  and  pubescent  on  the 
midribs  beneath.  Flntrrrx  (.\pril-Ma.v>  Vs  in. 
across  greenish,  in  panicles  r>-(5  in.  long.  Fruit 
drupelets  about  Vs  in.  long  and  prodtioed  sparingly 
among  the  plumose  steril  pedicels.' 


1.  Syn.     lihiis    cotinoidcs 
noidcs    (Nutt.)    Britt. 

2.  A.   W.,  XI,  256. 

3.  For  genus  see  p.  445. 


Nutt. 


Cotiniis 


STAGHORN  SUMACH. 

Rhus  hirta  (L.)  Sudw. 


Fig.  358.     Branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit,   i  ;  detached  drupelets,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter,   3. 

359.  Trunk  in  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

360.  Wood  structure  magnified   15   diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Noethekn  States  and  Canada 


30; 


The    Stag-lioni    Suiiuu' 
or   40    ft.    ill    hci.yht.    will 
diameter  at  base,  hut   is 
and  often  forms  extciisiv- 


is  occasionally  ."{.> 
trunk  12-1.")  in.  in 
aially  much  smaller 
thickets  as  a   shruit 


but  a  few  feet  in  height.  It  usually  has  a 
more  or  less  crooked  or  inclining  trunk  divid- 
ing into  few  large  hranches  and  ultimately 
forming  a  broad  Hat  or  somewhat  rounded 
open  head.  Its  favorite  home  is  dry  sandy  or 
gravelly  uplands  or  slopes  where  it  grows  in 
abundance  in  mirtiuMstcrn  United  States  am! 
Canada,  enlivening  dcstdate  regions  with  it^ 
handsome  fern-like  foliage  of  green  interspersed 
with  large  thyrses  of  pale  yellow  male  flowers 
or  later  with  crimson  bunches  of  velvety  fruit. 
Its  autumnal  garb  of  red,  purple  and  yellow 
makes  it  an  even  more  conspicuous  object,  and 
when  leafless  in  autumn  its  velvety  spreading 
branches  are  quite  suggestive  of  the  antlers 
of  a  stag  in   the  velvet;    whence   its   name. 

Its  wood  is  light,  a  cu.  ft.  wlien  absolutely 
dry  weighing  27.1")  lbs.,  soft,  and  of  a  golden 
yellow  color  streaked  witii  tints  of  brown  and 
green  with  white  sap-wood.-  The  bark  and 
leaves  are  rich  in  tannin  and  an  infusion  of 
the  tart  fruit  is  used  as  a  gargle. 

12-24    in.    Ion",    vd- 


Lrnrrs  pinnate,  deciduous,  12-24  in. 
vety  pubescent,  with  11-:>1  hinceolate  sul)sessile 
leaflets  rounded  at  base,  lonij-pdinted.  sharply  ser- 
rate (rarely  lacinintel  dark  iivrm  above,  liglitcr 
and  pubescent  beneatli.  ridinrs  yellew-iireen.  in 
terminal  dense  comnound  panicles,  staminate 
panicles  much  the  lavsest  :  branchlets  velvety 
pubescent.  Fruit  druues  about  Vs  in.  in  diameter, 
globose,  covered  with  crimson  acid  hairs  and 
massed  in  comoact  nanicles  wliich  are  conspicuous 
durin<r  the  en'ire  winter  at  the  ends  of  the  velvety 
branchlets.^ 

1.  Rhus  typhina   L. 

2.  A.  W.,  I,  5. 

.'5.    For  genus  see  p.  445. 


DWARF  SUMACH. 

Rhus  copallina  L. 


Fig.  361.     Branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit,  i  :  detached  drupelets,  2;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 
362.     Small  trunk  on  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trkks  of  the  Noktjikkx    Siaiks   amj   Canada. 


500 


The  Dwarf  SiiiiKicli.  as  its  name  implies,  is 
a  snuill  tret'  at  bi'-l  and  iiiucli  uioil'  (.•oiimioiily 
a  shrub  than  a  tree;  still  it  soiiiet  lines  attains 
the  heiyht  of  1^5  or  'M  ft.  with  trunk  S  or  10 
in.  in  diameter.  This  is  <;cnerally  more  or  less 
leaniny  and  divided  into  a  few  laruje  branches, 
ultimately  forminy  a  wide  spreading  tup.  It 
is  an  abundant  species  covcriiii,'  dry  j^ravelly 
slopes  often  to  the  exclusion  of  nearly  every- 
thing else.  Its  singular  and  beautiful  leaves, 
witli  rachises  winged  between  the  leaflets,  give 
it  an  individuality  at  onee  recognizable,  and 
its  bunches  of  crimson  fruit  add  not  a  little 
to  its  ornamental  value.  In  autumn  it  is 
brilliant  in  various  tints  of  red  and  purple. 

The  wood  is  light,  a  cubic  foot  weighing 
32.80  lbs.,  soft  and  of  a  greenish  brown  color 
with  lighter  sap-wood.  The  bark  and  leaves 
are  rich  in  tannin  and  the  fruit  similar  in 
properties  to  that  of  the  Stag-horn  Sumach. 

Leaves  dociduous,  pinnate,  G-8  in.  louj;.  with 
pubescent  petiole  and  rachis,  the  latter  winded 
between  the  h»aflets  ;  leaflets  ovate-lanceolalc  to 
oblong,  subse.ssile,  entire  or  remotely  serrate 
towards  the  apex,  acute  or  acuminate,  lustrous 
darlc  green  above,  paler  and  pubescent  beneath. 
Flowers  in  midsummer,  about  Vs  in.  across,  yellow- 
green,  in  short  d(>nso  iniliese(>nt  terminal  panicles. 
4-0  in.  long:  the  i)istillale  considerably  smaller. 
Fruit  in  coniiiaci  erect  or  inKidiiii;  clusti'rs.  often 
persisting  on  t1ie  branches  through  tlie  entire 
winter ;  drupe  about  Vs  in-  across,  compressed, 
crimson,  covered  with  short  acid  hairs ;  stone 
smooth. 

Var.  Inueeolntn.  Orny.  is  a  small  tree  of  eastern 
Texas  with  n;iiro\ver  niid  more  falcate  leaflets  and 
lar"-(>r  bunches  nf  ibiw.rs  and  fruit. 

Var.  IciiraiiilKi  i.l,ie(|.)  de  C.  is  another  form 
found  in  Texas  (near  New  Rraunfels)  with  white 
flowers. 

1.   A.   W..   XII.   279. 


POISON  SUMACH. 

Rhus  vernix  L.^ 


Fig.  363.     Branchlet   with   mature   leaves   and   fruit,    i  ;   branchlets   in   winter,   one   with   fruit   still 
attached,  2. 

364.     Trunk  of  tree  with  leaves  at  base.     Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 


IFandbook  of  Trees  of  the  Kortiikrn   S'iatks  and  ("a.xada.     311 


Tlie  Poison  Sunwicli  is  generally  stipniati/.ed 
as  being  the  most  poisonuus  American  tree. 
It  rarely  attains  the  height  of  20  or  30  ft.  and 
its  sijort  trunk,  oeeasionaliy  8  or  10  in.  in 
diameter,  forks  near  the  ground  and  sends  up 
a  few  large  branches  wliich  form  a  wide  open 
top.  It  is  much  more  common  as  a  large 
shrub  than  a  tree.  Fortunately  its  home  is 
exclusively  swamps  ami  the  low  miry  banks  of 
streams,  as  though  nature  were  making  an 
effort  to  keep  it  in  places  least  frequented  by 
human  beings,  who  are  eas}'  victims  to  its 
poisonous  emanations.  Yet,  in  strange  con- 
tradiction, it  is  given  a  foliage  and  pearl-like 
fruit  of  rare  beauty  which  tempt  tlie  unsus- 
pecting, and  then  it  poisons  him  who  touches, 
unless  he  happens  to  be  immune  as  some  peo- 
ple are.2  It  is  occasionally  found  skirting 
the  borders  of  ponds,  where  in  autunui  the 
glory  of  its  brilliant  red  and  orange  tints  '^ 
doubled  by  reflection  in  their  waters,  and  the 
beauty  of  such  a  scene  is  rarely  forgotten. 

Its  wood  is  light,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso- 
lutely dry.  weighing  27.30  lbs.,  tough  and  of  a 
golden  yellow  color  streaked  with  tints  of 
brown  and  green  and  with  clear  white  sap- 
wood.^ 

Lravrs  7-14  in.  long  and  with  7-1.'?  short-potio- 
late  ovate-oblong  or  ol)ovatP  entire  leaflets  ftho 
terminal  one  often  2  or  .S-lobed)  obtuse  or  acute 
and  unequal  at  base  and  mostly  acuminate  at  apex, 
lustrous  dark  green  above,  paler  and  prominently 
veined  beneath.  Floirrrs  {.Tune)  yellow-green,  Vs 
in.  across,  in  long  loose  axilary  panicles.  Fruit 
ripens  in  September  and  often  hangs  from  leafless 
branches  in  the  winter,  in  long  loose  panicles  : 
drupe  compressed  globose,  about  Vt  in.  in  di- 
ameter, shining  ivory  white  or  grayish ;  stone 
striated. 

1.  Syn.  Rhus  venenata  deC. 

2.  Drs.  Seward  and  Wakeley,  of  Orange,  N.  ,T., 
tell  me  that  they  And  in  the  fluid  extract  of 
Orindelia  robusta  an  almost  infallible  remedy 
against  the  poisoning  of  I'oison  Sumach,  Ivy,  and 
the  allied  species.  They  administer  it  both  as 
an  internal  remedy  (in  doses  of  one  drop  every 
two  hours)   and  as  a  topical  applicant. 


AMERICAN  HOLLY. 

JJex  opaca  Ait. 


Fig.  365.     Branchlet  with  leaves  and  fruit,  i  ;  detached  fruit  and  nutlets. 

366.  Large  trunk  in  eastern  North  Carolina. 

367.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Nokthekn  States  and  Canada.  Sl'6 


Tlie  Holly  is  a  beautiful  evergreen,  whose 
leaves  and  bright  berries  add  to  the  cheer  of 
Christnias-tinie  in  almost  every  home  through- 
out llic  land,  iiiul  are  familiar  objects  to  many 
who  do  not  have  an  opportunity  of  seeing  a 
growing  tree,  though  a  common  object  in  the 
forests  of  the  Southern  States.  There  it  at- 
tains the  height  of  40  or  50  ft.  with  a  narrow 
pyramidal  top  of  many  horizontal  or  drooping; 
hxteral  branches  and  a  smootli-barked  trunk 
occasionally  2  or  3  ft.  (rarely  more)  in  diame- 
ter. 

It  occupies  well-drained  slopes  and  bottom- 
lands in  company  with  various  Oaks  and  Hick- 
ories, the  Red  Cedar,  Whitewood,  Magnoliiis, 
Hornbeam,  etc.,  rarely  if  ever  forming  exclu 
sive  forests.  Few  trees  equal  it  in  ornamental 
value,  especially  in  late  autumn  and  winter. 
when  its  associates  are  mostly  bare  and  leaf- 
less and  its  bright  red  berries  show  in  strong 
contrast  to  its  dark  green  leaves.  But  alas! 
w'ith  many  a  fine  tree  its  beauty  causes  its 
downfall,  so  great  is  the  demand  for  its  sprays 
for  Christmas  decoration. 

The  wood  is  light,  a  cubic  foot  weigliini,' 
36.26  lbs.,  tough,  close-grained  and  nearly 
white,  and  is  valued  in  turnerJ^  in  cabinet- 
making,  etc.i 

Lrnvcs  persistent,  elliptical  to  obovate.  spiny- 
tippod  and  with  few  spiny  toptli  or  occasionally 
entire,  thick,  coriacious.  dull  dark  Rioon  and  cen- 
trally grooved  above,  paler,  yellowish  m-eeii  and 
pubescent  beneath.  Flnirrrs  in  the  spriiii;.  from 
the  axils  of  the  new  leaves  or  scattered  at  the  l)ase  . 
of  the  growth,  the  staminate  in  .^-0-flowered 
cymes,  the  pistillate  singly  or  2-.S  together  ;  calyx 
acute,  cilliate.  Fruit:  drupe  subglobose.  V,  in.  in 
diameter,  red  or  rarely  yellow ;  nutlets  promi- 
nently ribbed. = 

1.  A.   W.,    Ill,    .52. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.   44;". 


CASSENA.     DAHOON. 

IJex  Cas&'me  L.^ 


Fig.  368.     Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,   i  ;  isolated  fruits,  2  ;  nutlets,  3  ;  tip  of  vigorous 
shoot,  4. 

369.     Trunk  of  tree  in  Okefenokee  Swamp,  Ga. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Xoktiiern   States  and  Ca 


315 


The  Cassena  is  a  beautiful  small  tree  of  the 
coast  regions  of  the  soutliern  Atlantic  and  Gulf 
States,  occasionally  attaining  tlie  iieigiit  of  20 
or  30  ft.  with  broad  rounded  top  and  trunk 
Bometiiues  12  or  18  in.  in  diameter,  or  is  often 
no  more  than  a  large  slirub.  It  grows  mainly 
in  the  humid  soil  of  swamps  and  about  tlie 
borders  of  pine  barren  ponds  in  company  with 
the  Cypress,  Ogechee  Lime,  (jums.  Sweet  Bay, 
\A'ater  and  Laurel  Oaks,  Water  Hickory, 
Planer-tree.  etc.  Rare  in  tlie  norllicni  part  of 
its  range  it  becomes  common  soutliward.  reach- 
ing its  largest  size  and  abundance  in  southern 
Alabama,  Georgia  and  Florida.  In  these  re- 
gions it  is  often  known  as  Hendcrson-irood. 

Its  wood  is  light,  a  cu.   ft.  when  absolutely 

dry   weighing   29.95    lbs.,   tough,    close-grained, 

easily    worked    and    of    a    clear   creamy    white 

color. 2 

Leaves  persistent,  ohlancoolato  or  o'.iovatp. 
IVj-.j  In.  long,  eunoato  at  l)aso,  obtuse  or  acnto  or 
emargrinate  (somotimes  roundod  or  retuse)  at  apcy 
with  rovohite  and  entire  margins  or  very  re- 
motely and  sharply  appressed  serrate  near  ape.K, 
thick,  shining  dark  green  above,  paler  and  pubes- 
cent on  midribs  beneath  ;  petioles  short,  stout  and 
usually  pubescent.  Flowers  white,  scarcely  %  in. 
broad,  in  hairy  pedunculate  clu.sters  from  the  axils 
mainly  of  the  leaves  of  the  year,  the  staminate 
3-9-flowered  and  the  pistillate  usually  .3-tlowered. 
common  peduncles  nearly  1  in.  long ;  calyx  lobes 
acute,  ciliate.  Fruit  red  drupes  ripening  in  au- 
tumn and  persisting  until  spring,  subglobose,  ^4 
in.   in  diameter ;  nutlets  prominently  ribbed. 

1.  Syn.  //cj  Duhoon  Walt. 

2.  A.   W.,  XII,   276. 


^ 

^-^ 

li'^i 

ILL  r    '  °    J\^^^^ 

qWo  r 

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■\  \ 

^ 

=     1     M^ 

\  /-'ky    >?--^'  ^*^^ 

MISsfyALA\   GA    \y 

% 

\/ 

y 

\    \    --t 

i 

^  ^•^ 

YAUPON. 

Ilex  vomitoria  Ait. 


n 

Itt^!  Bfc 

^  .-^ 

.^^^^^^H^^^^H 

w 

wSis^/^ 

c^il^'^ 

'^^^^^^^^^^^IHI^^_ 

m 

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n 

r 

p 

hi 

■  - 

T® 

d 

\'\g.  370.     Branchlets  with  mature  fruit ;   scattered  fruits  and  nutlets. 
371.     Trunk  of  small  tree  in  eastern  North  Carolina. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Nohtiikk.x   States  amj  Canada.     317 


The  Yaupon  is  a  small  tree  occasionally 
attaining  tlie  height  of  20  or  30  ft.,  with  dense 
top  of  many  branches  and  usually  more  or  less 
inclined  trunk  frum  ti  to  10  or  12  in.  in  di 
ameter.  It  is  often  sliruhhy,  sending  vip  several 
trunks  from  a  common  base.  It  is  confined 
to  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  coast,  seeming 
to  require  the  influence  of  the  sea  breezes  in 
order  to  maintain  its  existence,  excepting  in 
the  lower  Mississippi  valley  where  it  ventures 
farther  inland.  It  is  a  tree  of  rare  beauty  in 
aulunin  and  winter,  when  its  brilliant  red 
berries  and  handsome  dark  shining  green  leaves 
on  livid  branchlets  arc  sought  for  Christmas 
decorations.  The  leaves  of  the  species  possess 
strong  emetic  properties,  as  implied  in  both 
the  specific  name  and  one  of  the  vernacular 
names  —  Emetic  Holly,  —  which  was  a  fact 
known  to  the  Indians  in  earlj'  days.  From 
these  leaves  they  made  their  "  black  drink " 
which  Avas  used  both  as  a  medicine  and  cere- 
monial drink,  and  to  partake  of  it  they  jour- 
neyed from  far  inland  to  the  coast  at  regular 
intervals. 

The  wood  is  rather  heavy,  hard,  close- 
grained  and  of  a  creamy  white  color,  suitable 
for  use  in  turnery,  for  inlaid  work,  etc.  .A 
cubic  foot  when  absolutely  drj*  weighs  45.31 
lbs. 

Leaves  persistent,  elliptical  or  ohlonj;,  1-2  in. 
long,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  crenate.  coriacooiis. 
lustrous  dark  ereen  above,  paler  l)eneath  :  poti<ii'>s 
short  (about  Vs  in.)  and  thick.  Flntrrrx  in  silnli- 
rous  cymes  from  the  axils  of  tlie  loaves  of  tbe 
previous  year,  tlie  staminate  short-pfdinicli'd  and 
several-flowered  :  the  pistillate  1  or  '-'-(lowered  an<l 
sessile.  Fruit  ripening  late  in  autumn,  s\iliglo- 
bose,  brisht  red.  about  '4  in.  in  diameter,  often  in 
prcat  almndance  and  persisting  until  spring  with 
stems  al)out  '4  in.  long :  nutlets  obtuse  at  both 
ends  and  prominently  riblied. 


1.    Syn.   lie  J 


Walt. 


SWAMP  HOLLY.     DECIDUOUS  HOLLY. 

Ilex  decidua  Walt. 


Fig.  372.     Branchlet  with  leaves  and  mature  fruit,  i  ;  nutlets,  2  ;  branchlet  from  vigorous  shoot,  3 
branchlet  in  winter  showing  persistent  fruit  stems  at  base,  4- 
373.     Trunk  of  tree  in  Red  River  valley.  Ark. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.     319 


The  Deciduous  Holly  throughout  most  of  its 
range  is  only  a  shrub,  but  in  localities  west 
of  the  Mississippi,  particularly  in  Arkansas, 
it  becomes  a  small  straggling  tree  occasionally 
25  ft.  in  iieight,  with  crooked  or  inclined  trunk 
6  or  8  in.  in  diameter  and  covered  with  a 
smooth  pale  gray  more  or  less  mottled  bark. 
It  inhabits  swampy  places  overhanging  the 
borders  of  lakes  and  streams  in  company  with 
the  Red-bud,  Prickly  Ash,  Soapberry,  Missis- 
sippi Hackberry,  Rusty  Nannyberry,  Rough- 
leaved  Dogwood,  Cypress,  etc.  In  such  localities 
in  Autumn  it  is  one  of  the  most  beauti- 
ful objects  of  these  interesting  regions,  par- 
ticularly after  the  leaves  have  fallen  and  its 
conspicuous  red  fruit  persists  long  upon  its 
leafless  branches. 

Its  wood  is  rather  heavy,  a  cu.  ft.  when 
absolutely  dry  weighing  46.24  lbs.,  hard,  close- 
grained  and  creamy  white  in  color. 

Leaves  deciduous,  lance-obovate  or  spatiilate, 
li^-.T  in.  long,  cuneate  at  base,  acute,  obtiiso  or 
emarginate  at  apex,  crenate,  glaliroiis  dark  f;roon 
above,  paler  and  pubescent  on  the  midribs  beneath 
and  the  petioles  :  and  branclilots  silvery  gray. 
Floicers  (May)  mainly  on  growth  of  the  previous 
season,  mostly  in  pairs,  with  slendor  podicols. 
without  bractlets.  those  of  the  staminate  about 
%  in.  long  and  those  of  the  pistillate  shorter ; 
calyx  lobes  triangular.  Fruit  ripening  in  early 
autumn  and  often  persisting  until  spring.  Vt  iu. 
in  diamotor.  rod.  doprossod  globose  with  pedicels 
scarcely    I4    in.  long  ;  nutlet  ribbed. 


MOUNTAIN  HOLLY.     LARGE-LEAF  HOLLY, 

Ilex  monticoh  Gray. 


Fig.  374.     Branchlet    with    leaves    and    fruit,    i  ;    leaves    from    vigorous    shoots,    2 ;    branchlet    in 
winter,  3. 

375-     Trunk  of  tree  on  Alleghany   Mountains  in   North   Carolina. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Noetiikrn   States  akd  Canada.      ;]21 


The  Mountain  Holly,  as  its  name  implies,  is 
quite  different  from  the  other  iloUies  in  being 
distinctly  a  mountain-loving  tree.  In  tlie  liigh 
AUeghanies  of  North  and  South  Carolina  and 
Tennessee  it  attains  its  largest  size,  here  sonip- 
times  growing  to  the  height  of  30  or  40  ft. 
with  slender  branches  forming  a  narrow  pyra- 
midal top  and  trunk  sometimes  10  or  12  in.  in 
uiameter.  Tlie  bark  of  trunk  is  of  a  brownish 
gray  color  sli_i,'htly  rou^/lii-iiod  witli  lonticclg. 
Excepting  in  these  hiL^h  altitudes  it  is  usually 
shrubby.  Quite  as  distinct  as  it  is  from  other 
Hollies  in  habitat  is  it  also  in  its  large  leaves, 
which  are  more  suggestive  of  those  of  a 
Plum  than  of  a  Holly,  and  in  its  somewhat 
larger  fruit.  It  is  a  handsome  tree  and  would 
doubtless  be  popular  for  ornamental  planting 
were  it  not  for  the  fact  that  its  beauty  is 
evanescent,  as  it  drops  both  its  leaves  and  its 
fruit  early. 

The  wood  is  heavy,  hard  and  strong,  fine- 
grained and  nearly  white  but  not  of  commercial 
importance.! 

Lcavrs  deciduous,  ovate  to  ol)long-Ianceolate,  .'?-."i 
in.  long,  obtuse  or  acute  at  base,  acuminate  or 
acute  at  apex,  sharply  serrate  with  slender  pointed 
teeth.  membranaceous.  prominently  arcuate- 
veined,  glabrous  dark  green  above,  paler  and  some- 
what glabrous  on  the  prominent  veins  beneath  : 
peti()li>s  slender,  about  V,  in.  long.  Flowers  in 
.lune.  in  few-flowered  cymes  at  the  ends  of  short 
«I)iirs  on  the  growth  of  the  previous  season,  or 
solitary  on  the  new  growth  :  calyx  lobes  acute, 
ciliate.  Fruit  subglobose.  scarlet,  sometimes 
nearly  y^  in.  in  diameter :  nutlet  prominently 
ribbed. 


w 


\i,  -jrr^. 


WAHOO.     BURNING-BUSH. 

Euonymiis  atropurimreus  Jac(]. 


Fig.   376.     Mature  leaves  and  fruit,   i  (ihe   former  showing  mildew  and     scale);    fruit  in   various 
stages  of  dehiscence,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

377.  Trunk  of  a  large  tree  in  eastern  Tennessee. 

378.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


TT. 


Noir 


Sta 


The  interesting  Wahoo  is  a  small  tree,  only 
under  the  most  favorable  conditions  attaining 
the  height  of  20  or  25  ft.  with  a  trunk  6  to  8 
in.  in  diameter,  vested  in  a  sinoothish  mottled 
gray  bark.  When  isolated  from  other  trees 
it  develops  a  wide  Hat  top  of  slender  spread- 
ing branches.  Trees  of  this  species,  however, 
are  rare  and  confined  mainly  to  the  southern 
and  western  parts  of  its  range.  Elsewhere  it 
is  usually  a  shrub  rather  than  a  tree. 

Its  quite  ordinary  foliage  and  flat  unassum- 
ing flowers  scarce!}'  attract  attention  during 
the  summer  season,  but  on  the  approach  of 
autumn,  when  its  leaves  assume  a  pale  yellow 
color  and  its  singular  scarlet  purple  fruit  dan- 
gles from  each  branchlet,  it  is  an  object  of 
conspicuous  beauty,  and  we  see  in  it  then  the 
aptness  its  occasional  names  "  Burning-hush  " 
and  "  Bleeditig-heart  Tree,"  as  its  opening  fruit 
reveals  its  blood-red  contents. 

The  wood  is  rather  heavy,  a  cu.  ft.  weighing 
when  absolutely  dry  41.08  lbs.,  hard  and  close- 
grained. 

Leaves  deciduous,  mostly  oblong.  2-.">  in.  louir. 
tapering  at  base  and  acuminato  or  acute  at  apex, 
finely  crenate-serrate.  rather  thin,  pubescent,  paler 
beneath ;  petioles  about  %  in.  long ;  branchlets 
usually  more  or  less  4-angled.  Flotrers  about  % 
in.  across  in  7-l.")-flowered  trichotomous  cymes 
•with  slender  peduncles  ;  petals  purple,  obovate,  un- 
dulate ;  anthers  purple.  Fruit  ripe  in  October  and 
often  persisting  into  the  winter  about  '/j  in.  across, 
deeply  .■5-4-lnbpd.  smooth,  light  purple  ;  seed  about 
%   in.  long  and  covered  with  a  thin  scarlet  aril.* 

1.   For  genus -see  p.  446. 


■■^^ 

i 

mm 

/m^ 

lit 

'■'mf' 

^  jl  '%tji 

ss 

tl :- 

SUGAR  MAPLE.     HARD  MAPLE.     ROCK  MAPLE. 

Acer  Saccharum  Marsh. ^ 


Fig.  379.     Branchlet   with   mature   leaves   and    fruit   and  a   detached   leaf   showing   galls   of   a   mite 
{Eriophyes  acericola  Garm.),  which  commonly  infests  this  tree,   i  ;  branchlets  in  winter,  2. 

380.  Trunk  of  tree.  The  squirrel  was  a  wild  gray  squirrel,  which,  on  account  of  scarcity 
of  food  in  the  forest,  resorted  to  the  author's  grounds,  where  food  and  shelter  were  offered  it. 
It  remained  all  winter  and  was  photographed  when  about  to  partake  of  a  breakfast. 

381.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Tkees  of  the  jSI^ortiiern  States  and  Can  ad. 


325 


x'he  stately  Sugar  Maple  in  the  forest  some- 
times attains  tlie  lioif,'lit  of  100  ft.  or  more 
with  trunk  from  :!  to  3  ft.  in  diameter,  and 
when  isoiatcil  di'vclops  a  di->l  iiictly  ovoid  or  in 
ver}'  old  trees  a  broad  rounded  top  of  many 
branches  and  dense  foliage.  It  is  without 
doubt  tiie  most  valuable  hard-wood  tree  in 
America,  taking  into  consideration  the  abun- 
dance of  maple  sugar  it  produces,  the  choice 
fifjured  woods  and  the  valuable  plain  wood 
excellent  in  manufactures  and  for  fuel  and  rich 
in  potash.  It  is  abundant  on  well-drained 
uplands,  |)articular]y  nortliward.  in  company 
with  the  Beech,  Yellow  Birch,  Hemlock,  Black 
Cherry,  etc.,  and  sometimes  forms  almost  ex- 
clusive forests. 

Its  clear  sweet  sap  is  gathered  in  early 
spring  and  evaporated  to  make  the  majjle 
sugar,  12  or  13  quarts  of  sap  making  a  pound 
of  sugar,  and  3-4  lbs.  to  a  tree  being  an  aver- 
age yield.  I  have  made  23  lbs.  in  one  season 
from  a  single  tree  tapped  but  once,  which  is 
an  exceptionally  good  record  that  I  have  never 
known  surpassed.  The  Bird's-eye  and  Blister 
Maple  are  almost  exclusively  and  the  Curly 
Maple  largely  products  of  this  tree  —  unac- 
countable freaks  in  the  development  of  indi- 
vidual trees. 

A  cu.  ft.  of  the  wood  when  alisolutely  dry 
weighs  43.ns  Ibs.^ 

Lrnrrx  rj-.l-lohod  witli  rounded  sinuses  and 
acuminatp  sparingly  sinuato-toothed,  lobes,  heart- 
shaped  or  rounded  at  l)ase,  i)uheseent  at  first  and 
at  niatui'ity  plahrous  dark  jjreen  above,  paler  be- 
neath, turning  yellow  and  scarlet  in  autumn. 
Flotcrm  appearing  with  the  leaves  in  hairy  ses- 
sile drooping  corymbs  with  long  slender  greenish 
yellow  pedicels  :  calyx  canipanulate  ;  corolla  none. 
Fruit  rii)enin<j:  in  autumn  :  samaras  gIal)rous,  with 
sliglitly  divergent  wings  nearly  1   in.  long.^ 

Var.  I'lniilii  Uebd.  is  a  form  commonly  found  in 
the  soutliern  states,  and  rarely  in  the  northern, 
with  firm  thick  :'>-lobed  leaves  having  open  rounded 
sinuses  and  entire  acuminate  lobes. 

1.  Syn.  .It.  /  sacc>iariiiuin  U'ang.  A.  barbafiun 
Mich.x. 

2.  A.   \V.,   I,  7,  7«  and  76. 

;?.   For   genus   see   pp.   44G-447. 


BLACK  MAPLE. 

Acer  7ngrum  Michx. 


Fig.  382.     Leaves  and   fruit.     Note   the   presence   of  a   few   small   stipules.     They  are   occasionally 
much  larger.      Branchlet  in  winter. 

383.     Trunk  of  tree  in  Black  River  valley,  N.  \. 


ITanduook  of  Tkkks  of 


X. 


i:i;.\    S'iAri:s    and    Ca.naka.      327 


The  Black  Maple,  liki'  (lie  Su-;n-  ;^laplc.  \s 
a  stately  tri'o  attainiii-  the  hci-lit  ui  SO  or 
100  ft.  will)  trunk  ;{  or  4  ft.  in  ilinnictcr,  and 
also  wIr'U  isolatiil  devfidps  a  distinct  ovoid  lop 
uf  iipii-j;lit  liraiichfs,  and  thfso  gradually  IxmkI 
ing  outward  make  in  old  age  a  broad  rounded 
top.  With  the  country  folk  generally  no  <iis 
tinelioii  is  made  Ix'tweeii  this  and  the  true 
Sugar  .Mai)le.  and  its  sap  is  likewise  used  in 
sugar-making,  hut  to  tlie  observer  its  drooping 
coneave  leaves  and  other  botanical  features 
indicate  its  distinctness.  It  thrives  best  in  the 
rich  soil  of  river-bottoms  in  company  with  tae 
Silver  and  Red  Maples,  Box  Elder,  Swamp 
White  Oak.  Kingnut  Hickory,  etc.  Like  the 
Sugar  Maple  it  is  a  favorite  shade  tree  owing 
to  its  abundant  foliage,  which  in  autiunn  as- 
sumes gorgeous  scarlet,  orange  and  yellow 
tints. 

The  wood  is  hard,  heavy  and  strong,  similar 

to  that  of  the  Sugar  Maple  and  a])plied  to  the 

same  uses.     A  cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry 

weighs  43.09  lbs. 

Tjcavrs  mostl.v  .S-lobod  (occasionally  ."-lobed* 
with  broad  short  and  ficncrally  acuininate  lobes, 
entire  or  slightl.v  undulated,  cordate  at  base  with 
lobes  sometimes  overlapping,  toiiieiitose  at  first 
but  at  maturit.v  glabrous  dull  dark  f;reen  above, 
yellow-Rreen  and  pubi'scent  at  least  on  the  veins 
beneath,  firm  and  witb  drodpiuj;  sides;  petioles 
stout  and  generally  beariiiL:  stipules  at  the  en- 
larged base.  FloKurs  .ippearini;  with  the  leaves 
in  subsessile  hairy  pendent  corymbs  with  slender 
pedicels  2-.*?  in.  long ;  calyx  campanulate  ;  corolla 
none;  stamens  7-8;  ovary  pilose.  Fruit  ripening 
in  autumn  :  samaras  glabrous,  with  <iuite  divergent 
wings  nearly  1   in.  loin;. 


MOUNTAIN  MAPLE. 

Acer  spicatum  Lam. 


Fig.  384.     Branchlet  with  pair  of  leaves  and  fruit,    i  ;   detached  leaves  and  samara;,  2  ;   secti 
small  branch  showing  mottled  bark,  3  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  4. 
385.     Trunk  of  tree  in  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Thkks  of  tiik  Northern   States  and  Canada. 


:VZQ 


The  Moniit.un  Maple  is  tlie  most  diminutive 
of  our  eastern  Maples,  as  it  rarely  if  ever  at 
tains  a  greater  size  than  25  or  30  ft.  in  hei<,'ht 
with  a  trunk  6  or  8  in.  in  diameter,  and  is 
commonly  rather  a  largo  shrub  than  a  tree. 
It  is  rarely  ever  found  isolilrd,  as  it  seems  to 
require  the  moist  ricli  loam  and  shade  of  the 
ft)rost,  and  docs  not  j^row  naturally  away  from 
them. 

It  is  prol>ahly  tlie  most  ahiindant  of  the 
shrubs  and  small  tiees  tliat  clothe  the  banks 
of  mountain  streams  and  overhang  their  spark- 
ling waters  throughout  the  northern  states  and 
Canada.  Their  comely  leaves  and  upright 
stems  of  pale  flowers  are  as  intimately  asso- 
ciated with  these  retreats  in  early  summer  as 
the  songs  of  the  Hermit-Thrush  and  Catbird 
which  live  within  their  shade,  and  in  autumn 
it  is  an  object  of  special  beauty,  its  orange 
and  red  leaves  being  only  surpassed  by  the 
brilliancy  of  its  drooping  clusters  of  scarlet 
keys. 

The  wood  is  little  used  save  as  an  humble 
contribution  to  the  wood  pile  for  fuel.  A 
cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighs  33.22 
lbs. 

Lcavra  palmatoly  ."-lobod  or  slightly  .5-loln>fl. 
cordate  or  truncate  at  liasc  the  aculc  ui-  acmiii- 
nate  lobes  coarsely  cn>natc-scrratc  with  pointed 
teeth,  membranous,  conspicuously  rcticulati'd. 
glabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath:  iietiolcs 
slender,  reddish.  Floirrm  (.Tune)  about  ij  in.  in 
diameter  in  erect  many-flowered  lonK-stcmmi'd 
pubescent  compound  racemes  ;  calyx  jireenish  yi'I- 
low  ;  petals  linear-spatulate.  yellow  and  lon.'xer 
than  the  calyx  lobes  :  stamens  7-s.  exserted  in  the 
staminate  flowers ;  ovary  hoary  tomcntose ;  style 
columnar.  Fruit:  sameras  slabrous  with  l)road 
divergent  red  wings  and  fully  grown  by  mid- 
summer. 


STRIPED  MAPLE. 

Acer  Pennsylvanicum  L. 


Fig.  386.     Section    of    small    branch    showing    striped    bark    and    branchlet    with    leaves    and    fruit, 
detached  samarse  and  leafless  branchlet  in  winter. 

387.     Large  trunk  with  small  one  to  the  left.     Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 


H. 


ANDBOOK    OF    TrKES    OF    THE    NoRTlIKKX     StATKS    AM)    CaNADA.        331 


Tlie  Striped  Maple,  although  a  larger  tree 
than  the  Mountain  Maple,  with  which  it  is 
geiu'raily  associated,  only  occasionally  attains 
the  height  of  30  or  40  ft.  with  a  trunk  8  or  10 
in.  in  thickness,  and  is  (  ftcn  a  large  shruh. 
This  also  is  a  shade-loving  tree,  being  found 
scattered  through  forests  of  the  Sugar  IMaplc, 
Yellow  Birch.  IJcech,  Hemlock.  Red  Spruce, 
Butternut,  etc.,  but  is  occasionally  found  iso 
lated,  having  then  a  rather  wide  or  rounded 
top  of  upright  and  spreading  branches.  Its 
handsome  large  leaves  and  gracefully  drooping 
stems  of  yellow  flowers,  borne  on  smooth 
striped  branches  of  rare  coloration,  overhang 
the  waters  of  nearly  every  forest-covered 
mountain  stream  within  its  range,  and  in 
northern  regions  are  eagerly  devoured  by 
nioose  and  deer,  for  which  reason  it  is  some- 
times called  the  Mooseuood. 

Ite  wood  is  of  a  rich  pinkish  brown  color 
with  abundant  lighter  sap-wood  usually  dotted 
and  streaked  with  pith-flecks.  A  cubic  foot 
when  dry  weighs  32.02  Ibs.i 

Lcavrx  palmately  S-lohed  at  apex  with  short 
afiiminato  lobes,  sharpl.v  d<nilil.v  sorrate,  cordnti' 
(ir  rounded  at  liaso.  puliosccnt  at  first  but  finaH.v 
{rIal)rous.  yollowisti  green  aliovo.  palor  lioneatli. 
thin,  prominentl.v  veined  tnrninR  pale  .vellow  in 
autumn  ;  petioles  stout.  Flnirvrn,  in  late  spring' 
when  the  leaves  are  nearly  full  grown,  brisbt 
yellow.  aboTit  '/>  in.  across  in  slender  droopin-; 
racemes  4-6  in.  long  :  sepals  shorter  and  narrower 
than  the  obovate  petals  :  stamens  7-8.  shorter 
than  the  petals  :  ovary  glabrous  :  styles  columnar 
and  stigmas  recurved.  Fruit  drooping,  glabrous, 
widely  divergent,  wings  about  %  in.  long,  the 
seed  bearing  portion  pitted  one  side ;  seed  about 
1/4  in.  long. 

1.    .\.    W..    IV.   T'.i. 


SILVER  MAPLE.     SILVER-LEAF  MAPLE.     WHITE  MAPLE. 

Acer  saccharinum  L. ' 


Fiu  ,5RS.  Branchlet  with  nmture  inm  while  the  leaves  are  not  yet  fully  grown, 
surrounded  with  mature  leaves  gathered  later.  Leafless  branchlet  in  winter, 
clustered  flower-buds. 

.^8g.     Trunk  of  large  tree  in  Black  River  valley,  N.  Y. 

390.     Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


these   are 
Note    the 


Handbook  of  Tkees  of  the  Noktiiei{>-    Statks   and   Canada.      333 


This  beautiful  tree  when  growing  in  the 
forest  attains  the  height  of  100  or  120  ft.  with 
trunk  3-5  ft.  in  dianietor.  When  isolated  from 
other  trees  it  forms  an  ovoid  top  with  many 
upright  brandies  whicli.  however,  after  a  time 
gradually  incline  outward  and  form  a  rounded 
or  broad  top.  It  thrives  best  in  low  bottom- 
lands, subject  to  occasional  inundation,  in 
company  with  various  Willows,  the  Black  Ash. 
River  Birch,  Red  and  Black  Maples,  Swamp 
White  Oak,  etc.  In  earlier  days  it  lined  the 
banks  of  most  of  the  navigable  streams  of  the 
interior  of  tlie  eastern  states,  and  early  writers 
tell  us  that  in  it  lay  a  large  part  of  the  charm 
of  their  picturesqueness.  Its  rapid  growth 
and  handsome  incised  leaves,  which  show  suc- 
cessively their  daric  or  white  surfaces  when 
tluttcring  in  the  wind,  have  long  made  it  popu- 
lar for  ornamental  planting.  Several  nursery 
varieties  have  appeared.  Sugar  of  excellent 
quality  is  made  from  its  sap.  though  it  requires 
more  to  make  a  pound  than  does  that  of  the 
Sugar  ]Maple. 

Its  wood  is  strong,  ratlier  hard,  easily 
worked,  of  very  fine  grain,  and  is  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  furniture,  etc.  A  cu.  ft.,  when 
absolutely  dry.  weighs  32.84  lbs.  Curly  Maple 
is  occasionally   produced  by  this   tree. 2 

Lrnvrs  deeply  .')-lol)pd  with  narrow  sinuses  and 
acuminate  and  irregularly  coarsely  dentate  lobes, 
truncate  or  heart-shaped  at  base,  5-7  in.  long, 
t'reon  above,  silvery  white  and  often  pubescent 
tionoath  ;  pale  yellow  in  autumn  ;  pedicels  long, 
slender  and  often  red.  Floircrs  in  very  early 
spring  before  the  leaves,  in  dense  sessile  axillary 
fascicles,  greenish  yellow :  corolla  none ;  stamens 
.*?-"  :  ovary  pubescent.  Fruit  ripening  in  May,  the 
samaras  large  1VL>--  in.  long,  falcate,  divergent, 
prominently  veined. 

1.   Syn.   Acer  dusycarpum   Ehrh. 
li.  A.   W.,   II,  26  and  26(1. 


RED  MAPLE.     SCARLET  MAPLE.     SOFT  MAPLE. 

Acer  riibrum  L. 


^■ig-  391-     Mature  fruit  while  the  leaves  are  very  immature,   i  ;  mature  leaves  gathered  later  in  the 
season,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter  showing  clusters  of  flower-buds  and  leaf-bads,  3. 
392.     Trunk  of  tree  with  leaves  at  base.     Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern   States  and  Canada.     335 


The  Red  Maple  sometimes  attains  the  height 
«f  100  ft.  or  more,  when  growing  in  the  forest, 
with  a  trunk  3  or  4  ft.  in  diameter,  and  when 
growing  away  from  the  inlhionee  of  other  trees 
develops  an  oval  or  rounded  top.  It  inhabits 
chicliy  bottom-lands  and  the  banks  of  streams 
and  swamps  in  company  in  tlie  north  with  tlie 
Black  and  Red  Ash,  Arbor  Vitaj,  Hornbeam, 
Tamarack,  etc.,  and  in  places  forms  almost  ex- 
clusive forests.  It  is  one  of  the  first  trees  to 
show  its  autumnal  colors  of  brilliant  scarlet 
nnd  is  then  a  very  conspicuous  and  beautiful 
object.  The  swelling  of  its  buds  in  late  winter 
is  one  of  the  first  evidences  of  approaching 
spring,  and  its  early  flowers  open  and  ofTor 
their  abundant  nectar  as  early  as  it  is  warm 
enough  for  the  bees  to  visit  them.  Even  before 
the  leaves  appear  in  southern  regions  the  tree 
is  gorgeous  with  its  crimson  full-grown  sa- 
maras, though  in  northern  regions  they  do 
not  attain  full  size  until  after  the  leaves  ap- 
pear. 

The  wood  is  extensively  used  in  manufacture 
of  furniture,  a  on.  ft.  when  absolutely  dry 
weighing  38.50  lbs.,  and  a  considerable  portion 
of  the  Curly  Maple  of  commerce  comes  from 
this  tree.i  ^laple  sugar  is  also  made  from  its 
sap  though  as  the  sap  is  not  as  sweet  as  that 
of  the  Sugar  Maple  it  requires  more  to  make 
a  pound  of  sugar. 

Leaves  2-6  in.  Ions.  .'Vfi-loljcd,  with  sliallow  acuto 
.<!iniisps  and  irrt'fjiilarly  doubly  serrate  acute  or 
acurainato  lobes,  truncate  or  sulicordate  at  base, 
pubescent  at  first,  at  maturity  slal)rous  green 
above,  whitish  and  mostly  f^labrous  beneath,  bright 
scarlet  in  autumn  :  petioles  slt>nder.  FJotrrrs  in 
earliest  spring  before  tlie  leaves,  scarlet  or  yellow- 
tinted,  in  lateral  fascicles  ;  i)etals  oblong-linear  : 
ovary  glabrous.  Fruit  on  drooping  pedicels  2-4 
in.   long,  divergent,  glabrous,  nearly  1   in.   long. 

Var.  triden.i  Wood-  is  a  form  in  coast  region 
from  N.  .T.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  having  leaves  mostly 
smaller,  more  obovate,  narrow  and  cuneate  or 
rounded  at  base,  ."^-lobed  (or  lateral  lobes  some- 
t-mes  suppressed)  darlt  green  above,  much  lighter 
and  glaucous  beneath,  thicltish  ;  fruit  smaller, 
sometimes  yellowish. 

1.  A.  W.,  Ill,  53. 

2.  Syn.  ,-1.   Varaliniaiiinii   Walt. 


BOX  ELDER.     ASH-LEAVED  MAPLE. 

Acer  Nequndo  L.^ 


FiS-393-     Mature    leaves    and    fruit,    i;    branchlet    in    winter    from    staminate    tree,    2;    do,    from 
pistillate  tree,  3.     They  are  sometimes  less  glaucous  than   here  shown. 
394.     Trunk  of  isolated  tree,  near  St.  Louis,    Mo. 


Handhook   of  Trees  of  the  Noktiikkn    States   and  Canada.      337 


The  Box-Elder  attains  a  height  of  from  50  to 
75  ft.  with  rather  wide-spreading  top  and  short 
trunk  2-4  ft.  in  diameter.  It  ranges  from  thi: 
western  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains 
to  the  limits  of  tree  growtli  on  the  western 
planes.  Occupying  the  banks  of  streams,  lake 
sliores  and  low  bottom-lands,  it  is  one  of  tin- 
most  generally  distributed  and  abundant  trees 
throughout  all  this  range,  but  is  rare  east  of 
tlie  Allcghanies.  Its  handsome  foliage,  rapidity 
of  growth  and  unusual  ability  to  withstand 
drouth  make  it  very  popular  for  planting  as 
a  shade-tree  in  the  cities  and  towns  of  mid- 
continental  regions,  where  it  ornaments  the 
streets  and  door-yards  of  many  homes.  Several 
nursery  varieties  have  appeared  which  have 
won  popularity  both  in  this  and  European 
countries. 

The  wood  of  tlio  Box-Elder  is  light,  a  cu,  ft. 
when  absolutely  dry  weighing  26.97  lbs.,  soft, 
close-grained,  easily  worked  and  is  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  wooden-ware,  lumber  for  in« 
terior  finishing  and  paper  pulp.^  From  its  sap 
sugar  is  sometimes  made. 

Leaves  .^-.^-foliate  with  ovate  to  oval  loaflots. 
from  cuneate  to  subcordate  and  entire  at  base,  re- 
motely and  irregularly  serrate  or  lobed  above, 
tomentose  at  first  but  at  maturity  green  above, 
paler  and  hairy  in  the  axils  beneath,  thin,  turning 
yellow  In  the  autumn.  Flowers  dioecious,  very 
small,  appearing  before  the  leaves,  yellowish 
green  ;  the  staminate  in  fascicles  with  very  slender 
pedicels  1-2  in.  long ;  the  pistillate  in  narrow 
racemes.  Fruit:  samaras,  glabrous,  IV2-2  in. 
long,  somewhat  incurved,  in  drooping  racemes  fi-S 
in.  long,  falling  in  autumn  but  stems  commonly 
persistini;  until   sprin'Z. 

Var.  Californiid  ( T.  &  C.)  Sarg.,  is  tri-foliate 
with  more  coarsely  dentate  leaflets,  pale  tomentose 
beneath. 

1.  Syn.  Negundo  aceroidea  Moench. 


\v. 


HORSE  CHESTNUT. 

^sculus  Hippocastanum  L. 


Fig.  395.     Branch    with    mature    leaves   and    fruit    and    opened    capsules    beneath, 
winter,  2. 

396.  Trunk  of  tree  with  leaves  beneath.     Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 

397.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


branchlet    in 


Handbook  of  Tkees  of  the  Nortiiekn   States  and  Canada.     339 


The  Horse-Chestnut  has  long  been  one  of  the 
most  popular  shade  trees  of  both  Europe  and 
America.  Its  native  home  is  said  to  be  south- 
ern Asia,  from  the  Himalaya  Mts.  to  (iieetc. 
from  whence  it  was  introduced  into  this  coun- 
try about  the  middle  of  the  18th  century,  and 
it  has  become  naturalized  in  many  places.  It 
is  one  of  the  largest  trees  of  its  genus,  some 
times  attaining  the  height  of  75  or  80  ft.  with 
trunk  2  or  3  ft.  in  diameter.  Its  formal  round 
pyramidal  top  is  one  of  the  most  familiar  ob- 
jects among  the  trees  of  the  parks  and  street- 
sides  of  all  the  eastern  cities,  and  few  trees 
equal  it  in  beauty  when,  in  the  month  of  May, 
its  dome  of  tender  green  handsome  leaves  is 
beset  with  showy  pyramids  of  white  flowers 
mottled  with  red.  IVIany  garden  varieties  have 
appeared;  as  forms  with  variegated  and  lacini- 
ate  leaves,  red-tinted  and  double  flowers,  etc. 
It  is  said  that  the  bitter  principle  of  the  fruit 
can  be  removed  with  fresh  water  and  it  is  then 
palatable  and  nutritious.  The  bark  is  rich  in 
tannin  and  is  used  in  medicine. 

The  light  close-grained  wood  is  suitable  for 
the  uses  for  which  the  Fetid  Buckeye  is  applied. 
In  Europe  it  is  employed  as  blind  wood  in 
cabinet  making,  for  moulds,  etc.i 

Leaves  with  petioles  4-7  in.  long  and  Ti-T 
(usually  7)  sessile  obovate  leaflets,  cuncate  at 
base,  abruptly  acuminate,  irregularly  crenate- 
dentate,  rugose,  thin  and  nearly  glabrous.  Flowers 
in  pyramidal  rather  dense  tbyrses,  white  spotted 
with  yellow  and  purple.  Fruit  snbglobose,  2-8  in. 
In  diameter,  covered  with  spines;  seed  I-IV2  in. 
long  with  large  hilum.= 

i.    A.    W.,    1,   U. 


For   genus    sei 


p.    4-1 


OHIO  BUCKEYE.     FETID  BUCKEYE. 

^^sculus  glabra  Willd. 


Fig.  398.     Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  i  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  2. 
399.     Trunk  with  stem  of  large  grapevine.     Meramec  River  valley.  Mo. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  jSTokthkkn   States  and  Canada.     341 


This  is  a  medium-size  tree  rarely  attaining; 
a  greater  lieiglit  than  To  ft.  or  tliiekiiess  of 
trunk  than  2  ft.  and  often  no  more  than  lialf 
that  size.  When  isoUited  it  develops  a  broad 
rounded  umbrageous  top  of  many  branches 
and  thick  straiglit  branchlets.  It  is  confined 
in  its  distribution  to  low  moist  regions  and 
the  banks  of  streams,  and  is  a  tree  of  hand- 
some aspect  on  accoimt  of  its  star  shaped 
clusters  of  leallets,  wliich  in  autumn  turn  yel- 
low before  falling.  \Nhen  leafless  in  winter  tlie 
distinctly  keeled  bud-scales  with  apiculate  free 
tips  and  rather  smaller  buds  readily  distin- 
guish it  from  closely  allied  Yellow  Buckye. 
It  is  occasionally  planted  for  ornamental  pui 
poses  though  ill-favored  on  account  of  the  ill- 
smelling  bark  and  foliage  when  bruised  and  is 
not  as  ornamental  as  the  introduced  Horse- 
Chestnut. 

Its  light  wood  weighs  when  absolutely  dry 
28.31  lbs.  per  cubic  foot,  is  soft,  close-grained, 
rather  tough  and  easily  worked.  These  quali- 
ties make  it  in  demand  for  the  manufactur- 
of  artificial  limbs,  splints  and  some  kinds 
of  wooden-ware,  and  it  is  also  used  for  paper- 
pulp. i  The  nuts,  "  buckeyes,"  are  often  carried 
in  the  pockets  of  superstitious  people  with  the 
belief  that  they  will  keep  away  the  rheuma- 
tism. 


Leaves  with  petioles  4-0 
or  oblong  leaflets  3-6  in.  Ion 
base,  acuminato.  finely  iiniM] 
maturity  glabrous  on  uppci 
the  veins  bcnoath  and  on 
(April-May)    yellowish    sriM 


louK  and  .■)-"  ov.lI 
imcati'  and  cutire  at 
ly  serrate  above,  at 
irface.  pubescnt  on 
'  petioles.  rinwrrx 
about    %    in.    Ion--. 


mostly  unilateral  in  loose  pubescent  panicles  r.  <; 
in.  long:  calyx  oampanulate :  petals  of  nearly 
equal  length  the  claws  about  equally  as  long  as  tli" 
calyx  but  the  lateral  pair  broader;  stamens  lon'-'rr 
than  the  [ictals.  usually  7.  with  lonr  curved  fila 
ments  :  ovary  pubcseent  and  armed  with  pi-ickles. 
Fruit  irregularly  ol)ovate  or  subglobose.  1-2  in. 
long,  more  or  less  roughened  with  prickles  ;  seed 
1-1%   in,  wide. 

1      Syn       i:.si;,liis    fhiid    Ail. 


\V, 


.\l,  -J.-,: 


YELLOW  BUCKEYE.     SWEET  BUCKEYE. 

^sculus  odandra  Marsh.* 


Fisi.  400.      Branchlets  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,   i  ;   isolated  seeds  and  valves  of  capsules,  2-3  ; 
branchlet  in  winter,  4. 

401.     Trunk  of  a  forest  tree  and   Rhododendron  foliage.     Alleghany   Mountains,  N.  C 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  North kkn   Sj 


AND  Canada.     343 


This  is  the  largest  and  handsomest  of  the 
native  Buckeyes,  attaining  tlie  height  of  75  to 
110  ft.,  with  trunk  2-3  or  more  ft.  in  diameter. 
It  does  not  equal  the  allied  Horse-Chestnut  in 
beauty  of  flower-cluster  or  size  of  leaves,  but 
is  distinctly  a  handsome  tree,  especially  a 
purple-flowered  variety  which  is  known  botan- 
ically  as  var.  hi/hrida  (do  C.)  Sarg.  Tlie  spe- 
cies is  culled  Sweet  Huckeye  not  because  the 
nuts  arc  sweet  enough  to  be  eaten  by  man, 
but  tlicy  are  sweeter  than  those  of  the  Fetid 
Buckeye  and  are  eagerly  eaten  by  cattle,  swine 
etc.  It  is  said  that  flour  made  from  the  nuts 
is  excellent  for  paste,  wliicli  jiossicsses  an  ad- 
hesive power  greater  tlian  that  of  ordinary 
paste  and  is  less  liible  to  be  eaten  by  insects. 

The  wood  is  liglit,  a  cu.  ft.  when  absolutely 
dry  weigliing  20.04  lbs.,  soft,  tough,  line- 
grained,  easily  worked  and  apjilied  to  the  same 
uses  as  is  the  wood  of  the  Fetid  Buckeye. 2 

Lcavvs  with  petioles  4-0  in.  long  and  usually 
5  (sometimes  G  or  7)  obovate-oblong  or  elliptical 
leaflets,  cuaeate  at  base  the  lowermost  oblique, 
acuminate,  serrate,  pubescent  at  first  but  finally 
nearly  glabrous  and  dark  green  above,  duller  and 
hairy  tufted  in  the  axils  beneath.  Flowers  (April- 
May)  IV2  in.  long,  yellow,  in  loose  pubescent 
panicles  5-7  in.  long ;  petals  4,  unequal,  longer 
than  the  calyx  :  stamens  usually  7,  shorter  than 
the  petals :  ovary  pubescent.  Fruit  about  2  in. 
long  smoothish.  with  pale  brown  seed  about  lij 
in.  long. 

Var.  luihridn  (de  r.)  S.nrg.  (var.  purpurascrns 
Gray)  has  pink  or  piii-pl(>  (lowers  and  under  sur- 
face of  the  leaflets,  petioles,  etc.  pale  pubescent. 

1.  Syn.  .ilsctilus  fiava  Ait. 

2.  A.   W.,   XII,   278. 


WESTERN  SOAPBERRY. 
Sapmdus  Drummondi  II.  &  A. 


Fig.  402.      Branchlets    with    leaves    and    fruit    in    Octol)er, 
separated  seeds,  3  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  4. 

403.  Trunk  of  tree  in  Red  River  valley,  Ark. 

404.  Wood  structure  magnified    15   diameters. 


fruit    cut    into    to    expose    seeds 


Handbook   of  Tkkks 


OF 


TiiK  Noin  jiKjjx   States   and  Canada.     345 


This  interesting  tree  attains  the  height  of 
from  50-75  ft.,  witli  trunk  1  Vj-2  ft.  in  diame- 
ter, clothed  in  a  gray  rough  scaly  bark  and 
strongly  buttressed  at  base.  It  puts  out  but 
few  large  branches  and  along  these  many  short 
contorted  branches,  the  whole  forming  a  top 
of  peculiar  aspect.  Its  dark  green  leaves  with 
sickle-shaped  leaflets  and  large  clusters  of 
golden  translucent  fruit  terminating  each 
branchlet  are  features  of  singular  interest,  and 
in  a  measure  compensate  for  its  ungainly  habit 
of  growth.  On  account  of  a  resemblance  in  its 
fruit  to  that  of  tlie  Cliina-tree  (Melia  Aze- 
daracJi)  it  is  simetimos  called  the  Wild  China- 
tree.  It  inhabits  chiefly  bottom-lands  in  com- 
pany with  the  Pecan.  Nutmeg  Hickory,  Mis- 
sissippi Hackberry,  Prickly  Ash,  Honey  Locust, 
Drunimond  ^luple,  etc. 

The  name  Soap-berry  is  applied  to  this  and 
the  allied  trees  on  account  of  detersive  prop- 
erties found  in  the  pulp  of  its  fruits,  which 
when  rubbed  between  the  hands  in  water,  form 
a  lather  and  can  be  used  as  a  substitute  for 
soap. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  a  cu.  ft.  when  absolutely 

dry    weighing   50.64    lbs.,    strong   and    splitting 

easily  between  the  rings.     These  are  properties 

which   make   it  valuable  for  splints   in   basket 

making    for    which    it    is   to    some    extent    em- 

ployed.i 

Leaves  glabrous  or  noarl.v  so,  with  slondor  not 
winged  rachises  and  !>-ll  pairs  of  lancrdlato 
usually  falcate  acuminatp  short-iictioliitc  <il)ll(|uo 
entire" loafiots  2-:?  in.  long,  acuti'  at  hasi',  glabrous 
above,  pubescent,  thickish.  Floinm  (May-.Tuno) 
about  ."J-ie  in.  across,  white,  in  terminal  compound 
panicles  6-9  in.  long.  Fndt  ripening  in  early  au- 
tumn and  remaining,  more  or  loss  shriveled,  on  the 
branches  until  spring,  oval,  about  '!>  in.  long, 
yellow,  translucent,  glabrous  and  slightly  if  at  all 
keeled  ;  seed  dark  brown. - 

1.  A.   W.,  XI,  254. 

2.  F'or  genus  see  pp.  447-448. 


V-,.'v.  "*v| 

m 

iLrf-^v-.  .-    ■*^-MvT>{' 

I;:'&i 

imm''\ 

^i^lffi^ 

COMMON  OR  PURGING  BUCKTHORN.     EUROPEAN  WAYTHORN. 

Bliamnu^  cathartica  L. 


Fig.  405.     Branchlets  with  mature  fruit  and  leaves,    i  ;  detached  fruit,  2  ;  nutlets,   3  ;   branchlet  in 
winter,  4. 

406.  Tree  in  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden,  St.  Louis,  Mo 

407.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.     347 


The  Common  or  European  Buckthorn  or 
Waythorn,  sometimes  called  also  the  Rhine- 
berry,  is  an  introduced  tree  in  the  United 
States,  as  a  hedge  plant,  and  has  become 
naturalized  in  many  places  throughout  tiie 
eastern  states.  It  is  a  native  of  JMirope  and 
western  and  nortliern  Asia.  As  we  find  it  in 
this  country  it  occasionally  attains  the  height 
of  26  to  30  ft.,  and  its  short  trunk,  sometimes 
12  or  14  in.  in  diameter,  divides  neir  tlie 
ground  into  large  upright  limbs,  which  aevplo|) 
an  oblong  or  spreading  bushy  top  of  crooked 
branches  and  many  small  spiny  branchlets;  or 
it  is  often  only  a  spreading  bush.  It  is  an 
interesting  species  for  shrubberies,  on  account 
of  its  small  distinct  leaves  and  closely  clustered 
black  berries,  and  it  is  also  a  good  hedge  plant. 
on  account  of  its  many  stiff  spiny  branchlets. 
Its  bark  yields  a  medicine  of  strong  catharti:,- 
properties,  and  is  also  used  in  making  a  yellow 
dye. 

The  wood  is  heavy,  hard,  firm,  very  durable, 

of   characteristic    fine   grain    and   yellowish    or 

pinkish  brown  color,  with  narrow  light  yellow 

sap-wood.     It   is   s\iitable   for   use  in   turnery, 

for  tool-handles,  etc.i 

Lrarrs  opposite,  deciduous,  broad  ovate  or  oval, 
IVj-S  in.  long,  mostly  roundod  or  obtuse  at  base, 
obtuse  or  acute,  tinely  crenate  serrate,  glabrous, 
with  2-4  pairs  of  prominent  veins  running  from 
near  tlie  base  nearly  to  tlie  apex  ;  winter  buds 
scaly.  FInicrs  (May-,Iune)  about  %  in.  wide,  in 
2-r>  axillary  clusters.  4  numerous ;  petals  very 
narrow.  Fruit  subglobose,  black,  about  Vt  in. 
across,  very  bitter  and  containing  ?,  or  4  nutlets  ; 
seed  sulcate  on  the  back.= 

1.  A.   \V.,  XII,  zr,. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  448. 


YELLOW  BUCKTHORN.     INDIAN  CHERRY. 

Bhamnus  Caroliniana  Walt. 


P'ig.  408.     Branchlet    with    mature    leaves    and    fruit ;    detached    fruit    and    nutlets    and    branchlets 
(one  still  retaining  fruit  stems)  in  winter.  , 

409.     Tree  near  Alienton,  Mo. 


If  \X1 


OF    ThKKS     of    the    NoRTlUajN     S'lAllS     AM)     ("a.XAI 


:U9 


The  Yellow  Buckthorn  or  Indian  Cherry,  as 
it  is  also  called,  is  a  small  slender  tree  with 
uiianiicd  brandies  soiiu'liines  attaining  tlie 
higlit  of  30  or  35  ft.  witli  trunk  G  or  8  in.  in 
diameter.  It  is  more  often,  however,  shrubby 
and  scattered  as  an  underj^row  th  througli  for- 
ests of  the  Black  Jack.  Post,  Shingle  and  Chin- 
f|ii:i|)iii  Oaks.  Blue  Ash.  Buiiielia.  etc.,  on  rich 
Ixittcini  lands  and  limestone  slopes.  In  these 
situations  its  cle.ir  bright  green  foliage  and 
berries,  varying  from  scarlet  to  black  according 
to  degree  of  ripeness,  are  highly  ornamental 
and  have  occasioned  its  planting  in  ornamental 
shrubberies,  for  which  it  is  well  adapted.  Its 
fruit  is  sweet  and  edible  though  of  no  com- 
mercial importance. 

The  wood  is  rather  liglit,  a  cu.   ft.  weighing 

34.04  lbs.,  but  hard  and  close-grained  and  of  a 

ricli  brown  color  witli  clear  yellow  sap-wood. 

Leans  plliptical  to  ovati'.  2-(>  in.  lon.sr  witli  0 
01"  7  pairs  of  veins  arcuate  near  the  marj;in, 
wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at  base,  acute  (or  some- 
times acuminate)  at  apex,  obscurely  serrate- 
crenate  or  nearly  entire,  tomentose  at  first  but  at 
maturity  shining  dark  green  with  impressed  veins 
above,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  beneath ;  petioles 
pubescent  :  winter  buds  naked.  Fluiicrs  (May- 
.Tune)  perfect,  about  %  in.  broad,  in  pubescent 
umbels  or  some  solitary  on  peduncles  from  Vs  to 
%  in.  long  ;  calyx  o-lobed  :  petals  .").  enveloping  a 
short  stamen.  Fruit  subglobose,  i;i  in.  in  di- 
ameter, ripening  in  early  autumn,  black  and 
sweetish  when  fully  ripe  and  containing  2-4 
closely  coherent   nutlets  rounded  on   back. 


BASSWOOD. 

Tilia  Americana  L. 


Fig.  410.  Branchlet   with    mature   leaves   and    fruit,    i;    nutlet    in    section,    2;    leaf    from    vigorous 

shoot,  3  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  4. 

411.  Tree  in  Black  River  valley,  N.  Y. 

412.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Tkees  of  the  Nortjii:i{n   States  and  Canada.     351 


The  Basswood  is  one  of  the  most  abundant 
and  useful  trees  of  eastern  L'nited  States  and 
Canada.  In  forest  growtli  it  lias  been  known 
to  attain  the  heiglit  of  123  ft.  with  straight 
columnar  trunk  3  to  4  ft.  or  more  in  diameter. 
W  lu'ii  grow  ing  apart  from  other  trees  it  de- 
velops a  full  ovoid  or  rounded  lop  very  un- 
brageous  on  account  of  its  many  branches  and 
large  leaves.  It  inhabits  preferably  rich  moist 
but  well  drained  slopes  and  bottom-lands,  and 
is  a  handsome  and  favorite  tree  at  all  seasons 
of  the  year.  It  is  especially  so  in  midsummer 
when  it  dangles  amid  its  ample  foliage  numer- 
ous clusters  of  yellow  fragrant  flowers,  which 
perfume  the  atmosphere  for  some  distance 
about  the  tree  and  offer  an  abundance  of  nec- 
tar from  which  the  honey  bees  make  their 
choicest  honey.  In  autumn  we  see  in  the  Bass- 
wood  a  unique  plan  of  nature  to  aid  in  the 
scattering  of  its  seeds.  Each  cluster  of  a  half 
dozen  or  so  seeds  is  furnished  with  a  special 
seed-leaf,  which  serves  as  a  parachute  and  so 
retards  their  fall  that  the  wind  has  an  op- 
portunity to  carry  them  some  distance  away 
before  striking  the  ground. 

The  wood  is  light,  a  cu.  ft.  weighing  28.20 
lbs.,  soft  and  tough  and  largely  used  for  fur- 
niture, carriage-building,  wooden  ware,  etc.i 
The  fibrous  inner  bark  furnishes  v  .luable  bast 
for  mats,  cordage,  etc. 

Leaves  obliquply  oval.  5-10  in.  Ions,  cordate  at 
basp.  abruptly  aruminate.  sharply  glandular- 
serrato,  thick,  glahrous.  dull  dark  sreon  abovo, 
paliT  and  {ilahroiis  or  hairy  in  tho  axils  of  tho 
voins  benoath.  Floivrrs  with  pedunculate  bract 
r?-.">  in.  lonR,  c.vmps  drooping ;  sepals  pubescent  ; 
petals  slightly  "  longer  than  the  sepals  and  the 
scales,  /'n/i/ "globose-oblong,  %-i/i  in.  in  diameter, 
rufous- tomentose.= 

1.  A.  w.,  I,  :;. 

2.  For  gonus  see  pp.   i48-449. 


LOBLOLLY  BAY. 

(lordonia  Lasianthus  Ell. 


Fig.  413.     Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  empty  capsules  after  the  discharge  of  the  seed- 

414.  Tree  with  leaves  at  base.     Near  Rocky  Point,  N.  C. 

415.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 

I'.av 


353 


The  Loblollv 
lici-ht  of  70  or  7," 
trunk  rarely  over  18 
usually  conyidcralily 
fruiting  condition  li 
than  shouklor  lii,L;li  ii 
dimensions  in  tlie  s 
latod  tree  its  lia'it 
row    t't>iii|)acl    head. 


sometimes  attains  the 
ft.  witli  rather  slender 
)r  "JO  in.  in  diameter,  and 
mil  Her.  I  liave  seen  it  in 
til  as  a  shnili  no  more 
id  as  a  tree  of  its  largest 
me  locality.  As  an  iso- 
s  to  form  a  rather  nar- 
uid    it    is    particularly    a 


handsome  object  on  account  of  its  bright  ever- 
green leaves  and  conspicuous  llowers.  A  strik- 
ing feature  is  its  grayish  or  reddish  brown  bark 
of  trunk  fissured  into  long  broad  rounded 
ridges,  quite  dilVeicnt  from  tlie  liarks  of  other 
trees  with  which  it  is  associated. 

It  inhabits  low  rich  l)ottom-l;.nds  and  the 
borders  of  s\vam])s  in  company  with  the  Red 
^laple,  Sweet  Bay,  Swamp  J>ay,  Evergreen 
Magnolia,  Titi,  Devil-wood,  Gums,  Loblolly 
Pine,  etc. 

The  wood  is  light,  a  cu.  ft.  when  absolutely 

drj'   weighing  29.4(5   lbs.,   soft,   not   strong,   and 

easily  worked.'     Tlie  bark  contains  tannin  and 

is   sometimes    used    for   tanning  purposes. 

Leans  olihuiccolali'  to  (jliloim-,  nrarly  sessile. 
oiineate  at  hasi',  hluiilly  acute  at  apex,  appressed 
serrate,  lustrous  dark  green  above,  o-G  in.  Ions, 
Flowers  openin'j;  for  several  weeks  commencing  in 
.Tuly,  2-:?  in.  in  diameter,  with  red  pedimcles  2-.". 
in.  long,  thickest  above :  sepals  eiliate,  pubescent 
outside:  petals  white,  about  1  V4  in.  long,  pubescent 
outside:  ovary  pulx'seent  :  style  short.  Fruit: 
pointed  ovoid  capsules,  persisting  after  liberating 
their  seeds.= 

1.  A.    \V.,    V,    102. 

2.  I'^or  genus  see  p.  44;». 


V  ii^t^^r-  vv 

^^1'^'^^:^:*^^^:': 

•**>^!S/««  **'-'■  "i^  •'' 

^r^i^S^^^Sff^^ 

v.-.Mir-.y^.w:^/..: 

3£S»lv<it*i'*i**^*'*'*  •  •*-* 

^msmm: 

'-••• r-.v •v.-.-.-r.,.- :-'.:.:  •  ■:.. 

HERCULES  CLUB.     ANGELICA  TREE. 

Aralia  spinosa  L. 


Fig.  416.     Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit  greatly  reduced  and  branchlet  in  winter  about 
natural  size. 

417.  Small  trunk  with  foliage  at  base.     Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 

418.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern   States  and  Canada.     355 


The  Hercules  Club  is  a  small  tree,  rarely  if 
ever  attaining  a  larger  size  than  30  or  35  ft. 
in  height  with  trunk  (J  to  !l  inches  in  diameter 
and  it  is  often  inucli  smaller.  It  is  commonly 
a  vigorous  shrub  sending  up  branchless  stems 
"from  a  single  base  or  from  stolomferous  roots. 
When  it  attains  tlie  stature  of  a  tree  it  puts 
out  a  few  spreading  branches  and  forms  a 
ratiier  llat-topped  head.  Its  beautiful  great 
leaves  are  the  largest  of  all  leaves  in  the  re- 
gions in  which  it  grows,  though  their  many 
small  leaflets  are  commonly  mistaken  to  be 
leaves  and  the  leaf-stems  branchlets.  In  keep- 
ing with  the  great  size  of  its  leaves  are  the 
enormous  bunches  of  innumerable  small  flowers 
succeeded  by  small  blue  berries.  The  leaf- 
fitems,  the  great  twigs,  branches  and  even 
the  smaller  trunks  are  beset  with  many  sharp 
stout  curved  prickers,  warning  away  intruders 
who  might  but  for  these  pluck  its  royal  leaves 
and  flower  clusters  or  break  its  brittle  branches. 
It  is  justly  popular  for  ornamental  planting 
and  no  shrubbery  is  considered  well  equipped 
without  it. 

Its  wood  is  light,  very  soft  and  brittle  and 

a  large  hollow  pith-column  occupies  the  centre 

of  the  trunk. 1 

Leaves  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  hipinnate. 
2-4  ft.  lonjr  with  lona:  stout  pptioh>s  armed  with 
prickles  ;  leaflets  broad-ovate,  acute  or  aoiminate, 
serrate,  dark  groen  above,  paler  and  often  with 
prickles  on  midribs  beneath.  FInirers  (.Tuly) 
about  %  in.  across,  in  many  small  umbels,  ar- 
ranged in  a  compound  terminal  panicle  sometimes 
3  or  4  ft.  lonR :  style  distinct.  Fruit  ripe  in 
August,  ."-.5-ansled,  subglobose,  Vs  in.  long,  black 
with  purple  juice. = 

1.  A.   W.,   1,  8. 

2.  For  genus  see  pp.  440-4.'S0. 


FLOWERING  DOGWOOD. 


Fig.  419.     Branchlet   bearing   mature   leaves,    fruit   and   young  flower-buds, 
branchlet  in  winter  showing  flower-buds,  3;  do,  showing  leaf-buds,  4. 

420.  Trunk  with  leaves  at  base.     Sfaten  Island,  N.  Y. 

421.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


isolated   nutlets,   2; 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern   States  and  Canada.     3.';7 


This  favorite  tree  occasionally  attains  the 
height  of  35  or  40  feet  with  truni^  12  or  18 
inches  in  diameter,  and  when  away  from  the 
influence  of  other  trees  develops  a  low  spread- 
ing intricately  branched  top.  It  inhabits  rich 
well  drained  soil  along  the  banks  of  stream.-^ 
and  often  thrives  in  the  shade  of  other  trees. 
These  localities  it  enlivens  in  early  spring  with 
its  showy  flower  clusters  strangely  suggestive 
of  so  many  separate  flowers.  It  is  especially 
effective  when  seen  against  a  mass  of  the  flow- 
ers of  the  Red-bud,  witli  wliicli  it  is  often 
associated  and  which  flowers  at  the  same  sea- 
son. The  Dogwood  is  again  in  evidence  in 
autumn  on  account  of  the  splendor  of  its  red 
and  purple  garb  and  long-stemmed  close  clus- 
ters of  shining  red  berries. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  weighing 
50.41  lbs.,  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained  and 
admirably  adapted  to  use  in  turnery,  the 
handles  of  tools,  etc.  It  is  the  wood  usnl 
almost  exclusively  by  metal-spinners  for  fonii- 
who  purchase  it  from  supply  houses  by  tlie 
pound.  Its  bitter  bark,  particularly  of  the 
roots,  is  used  in  medicine  on  account  of  its 
astringent  and  aromatic  properties. i 

Leaves  mostly  in  cUisters  at  the  ends  of  tlu^ 
branchlets,  ovate  to  oval,  cuneate  at  base,  acute 
or  abruptly  acuminate  at  apex,  entire  or  obscurely 
crenato-tootlied,  thickish,  dark  green  and  with 
scattered  hairs  above,  pale  and  pnberulous  be- 
neath with  prominent  arcuate  veins :  petioles 
short.  Flowers  sreenish  yellow  in  dense  heads 
surrounded  by  four  large  white  or  pinkish  (rarely 
red)  petal-like  bracts  from  buds  formed  the  pre- 
vious season,  conspicuous  during  the  winter,  and 
enveloped  by  the  bracts.  Fruit  bright  scarlet 
berries  in  close  heads,  with  mealy  flesh  and  thick 
walled,  1-few-grooved  stone. = 

1.  A.    VV.,   IV,   S8. 

2.  For   genus   see    p.    4,50. 


^^'^:' ml  iter 


BLUE-FRUITED   DOGWOOD.      ALTERNATE-LEAF   DOGWOOD. 

Corniis  alternifolia  L. 


Fig.  422.     Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  i  ;  isolated  nutlets,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

423.  Trunk  of  large  tree,  about  i  ft.  in  diameter,  in  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. 

424.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


IIandkook  of  Tkees  of  the  Xoktiim-x 


KS     AND     ('a.XAI 


Thi3  is  a  small  northern  tree,  occasionally 
under  most  favorable  conditions,  attaining  the 
height  of  25  or  30  ft.  witli  trunk  0  to  8  or 
exceptionally  12  inches  in  diameter,  and  is  com- 
monly a  tall  shrub.  It  inluibits  rich  well- 
drained  soil  along  tlie  borders  of  forests,  par- 
tially cleared  huul  and  fence  rows,  where  its 
peculiar  habit  of  ramification  easily  distin- 
guishes it  from  its  associates.  It  puts  out 
horizontal  and  upward  inclined  strightish 
branches  witii  many  upturned  branchlets  on  the 
upper  side  and  but  few  if  any  beneath. 
This  feature  is  best  seen  when  the  tree  is  leaf- 
less and  it  is  then  quite  as  interesting  an  ob- 
ject as  in  summer,  when  it  is  conspicuous  on 
account  of  its  flat  sprays  of  foliage  inter- 
spersed with  clusters  of  white  flowers,  or  later 
red-stemmed  clusters  of  blue  berries. 

The   wood    is   heavy,   a   cubic   foot   weighing 

41.73  lbs.,  hard  and  verj'  close-grained,  adapted 

to  use  in  turnery,  etc.i 

Lcarcft  mostly  alternate  and  elusfered  at  the 
ends  of  the  branchlets,  ovate  to  oval,  .'!-")  in.  long, 
wedge-shaped  or  somewhat  rounded  at  base,  long- 
acuminate,  obscurely  crenulate,  pale  tomentose  at 
first,  but  at  maturity  thin,  dark  green  and  glab- 
rous or  nearly  so  above,  pale  and  apprcssed  pubes- 
cent beneath,  with  prominent  arcuate  veins  ; 
petioles  slender,  pubescent.  Floirirs  (May-.Tune» 
creamy  white,  about  hi  in.  long  in  loose  com- 
pound terminal  cymes  ;  petals  narrow,  rounded  at 
apex  and  refiexed.  Fruit  a  subglobose  blue  drupe, 
i/ii  in.  in  diameter,  depressed  at  apex,  tijjped  wit'i 
the  remnant  of  the  style,  in  loose  red-stemmed 
clusters :  flesh  thin  and  bitter  and  short  ovoid 
somewhat  pointed  2-celled  thick-walled  nutlet  with 
many  longitudinal  grooves. 

1.   A.   W.,   IV,  87. 


ROUGH-LEAF  DOGWOOD. 

Cornus  asperifolia  Michx. 


Fip.  4^5-     Mature  haves  a 
4. -6.      Large  and  smal 


1   fruit,    I  ;   isolated  nutlets,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

trunks  with   leaves  and  fruit  at  base.     Red  River  valley.  Ark. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  North krx   States  and  Canada. 


;]'il 


The  Rough-leaved  Dogwood  is  a  small  tree 
only  in  a  limited  portion  of  its  great  range, 
which  extends  from  the  Atlantic  coast  nearly 
to  the  limits  of  tree  growth  on  the  western 
plains  and  from  Canada  to  the  (iulf  of  Mexico. 
Usually  a  shrub  it  becomes  a  tree  on  the  rich 
bottom-lands  of  southern  Arkansas,  eastern 
Texas  and  northern  Louisiana.  Here,  in  com- 
pany with  the  Pecan  and  Nutmeg  Hickory, 
Prickly  Ash,  Rusty  Nannyberry,  Mississippi 
Hackberry,  Soapberry.  Urumnion  and  Red 
Maples,  the  Water  Oak,  etc.,  it  attains  the 
height  of  40  or  50  ft.  with  irregular  open  top 
and  trunk  sometimes  8  or  10  in.  in  diameter. 
Tt  is  an  especially  beautiful  object  in  early 
summer  when  bearing  its  many  clusters  of 
creamy  white  flowers  and  in  autumn  with  its 
red-stemmed  bunches  of  white  berries. 

The  wood  is  lieavv,  liard,  strong  and  of  fine 

grain,  adapted  to  use  in  turnery. 

Leaves  mostly  ovate  to  elliptic  and  oval,  acute, 
obtuse  or  almost  rounded  at  base,  long-acuminate, 
with  undulate  nearly  entire  margins,  tomentose  at 
first,  but  at  maturity  dark  green  and  rough  with 
short  stiff  hairs  above,  paler  and  pubescent  or 
glaucous  beneath ;  petioles  slender,  rough  pubes- 
cent, as  is  all  new  growth.  Flowers  (late  sprin.-j) 
creamy  white,  in  rather  loose-flowered  terminal 
compound  long-peduncled  cymes ;  petals  narrow, 
oblong,  acute  finally  reflexed.  Fruit  subglobosr. 
about  1/4  in.  in  diameter,  white,  tipped  with  (ln' 
remnants  of  the  style  and  in  loose  spreading 
clusters;  flesh  thin  and  bitter  and  stone  1-2- 
seeded  slightly  several-grooved   lengthwise. 


PEPPERIDGE.     SOUR  GUM.    TUPELO. 

Nyssa  sylvatica  Marsb.^ 


Fig.  427.     Branchlet  with   mature  leaves  and  fruit,    i    (There  are   often   several   more  drupes  in   a 
cluster  than  here  shown)  ;  isolated  pits,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

428.  Trunk  of  a  forest  tree.     Biltmore,  N.  C. 

429.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


ilANDHOOK    OF    TrEES    OF    THE    jSToRTIIERN    StATES    AND    CaNADA.        3G3 


Tho  Sour  Cum  in  tlio  forest  occasionally  at- 
tain the  height  of  SO  or  KUt  ft.,  witli  trtnik  3  to 
5  ft.  in  diameter.  Wlicn  isolated  from  tlic 
influence  of  other  trees  its  habit  of  growth  is 
picturesque,  as  it  sends  out  many  s|)rea(ling 
pendulous  small  tough  branches,  forming  a 
rounded  or  cylindrical  head.  It  inhabits  gc>n- 
erally  swamps  and  wet  lowlands,  in  com  pa  y 
with  the  Red  Maple,  Swamp  White  Oak,  Bl  uk 
Ash,  Water  Ash  and  other  water-loving  tre^s, 
but  on  the  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains 
is  also  found  on  well  drained  uplands.  Its 
clear  bright  green  foliage  is  an  attractive 
feature  in  summer,  and  its  autumnal  tints,  of 
bright  red  and  purple,  are  scarcely  surpassed 
by  the  tints  of  any  of  the  trees  about  it. 

The  wood  of  the  Sour  Gum  is  rather  light 
and  soft,  of  tine  grain,  tough  and  difficult  to 
split  and  work,  owing  to  its  contorted  fiber. 
These  qualities,  however,  make  it  particularly 
valuable  for  certain  special  uses;  as  for  wheel- 
hubs,  rollers,  wooden-shoes  and  many  other 
articles  of  wooden-ware,  and  it  is  extensively 
used,  when  cut  into  thin  lumber,  for  fruit- 
boxes  and  crates. 2 

T.rnvrf!  oliovatp-ohlonK  to  oval,  2-5  in.  lonj;. 
ciinoatc  or  sonictimes  rounded  at  base,  acute  or 
acuminate  at  apex,  entin-,  pubescent  at  first  but 
finally  thick,  firm  and  lustrous  dark  green  almve 
and  more  or  less  pnlicscent  Ix'ucath.  Fltiin/rn  ap- 
pparing  when  the  leaves  arc  marly  full  trrnwn  <iti 
slender  pubescent  [x'duiKles  from  i.j  to  nearly  '2 
in.  long,  the  staminate  in  many-llowered  and  tlie 
pistillate  in  few-flowered  heads.  Fruit  rii)enini;  in 
October,  2-3  or  more  in  each  cluster,  ol)lons;.  blue- 
black  with  thin  .iuicy  sour  flesh  and  ovoid  or 
oblong:  slij;htly  flattened  stone  having  10-12  low 
longitudinal  ribs.' 

1.  Syn.  y'l/ssa  multiflora  Wang. 

2.  A.    W.,    I,   0. 

.{.    For  genus  see  p.  4.")0. 


WATER  GUM.     SOUTHERN  GUM. 
Ufiora  Walt.^ 


Fig.  430.     Mature  leaves  and  fruit,   i  :  isolated  pits,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 
431.     Trunk  of  a  forest  tree  in  Dismal  Swamp,  Virginia. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Noktiiern   States  and  Canada.     3G5 


Tlie  \\!it(>r  <;um  nttnins  tlir  li(>i,i:lit  of  from 
50  to  7.")  ft.,  witli  trimk  usually  tai)LM-iiig  froiu 
an  enlarged  l)ase.  It  develop.s  a  ratlier  narrow 
top  of  many  snuill  spreading  brandies,  and,  as 
its  name  implies,  it  is  confined  in  its  distribu- 
tion to  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  water. 
It  occupies  deep  swamps  and  tlie  margins  of 
ponds  and  streams  in  companj'  with  the  Cotton 
Gum,  Cypress,  Water,  Laurel  and  Over-cup 
Oaks,  Titi.  Plancr-trce,  Forestiera,  etc.  In 
autumn  it  is  a  conspicuous  object  on  account 
of  the  purple  and  red  tints  assumed  by  its 
foliage. 

Its  wood  is  fine-grained,  light,  tough  and 
dillicult  to  s]dit  and  work  on  account  of  its 
contorted  and  twisted  fiber.  It  is  applicable  to 
the  same  uses  as  the  wood  of  tlie  Sour  Oum. 

A  forcible  anecdote  was  o:ice  toM  f  e  author 

to    illustrate    the    crooke'.iie^s    of    the    grain    of 

this    wood.      It    was    t;)    the    efTect    that    "An 

Irishman  was  u|)  a  gum-tree  one  day  when  it 

was  struck   by   liglitning,   and   he   hul   time  to 

climb   down    before   the    lig'itriug    reached    t!:e 

ground,  because   it    had    to    fillnw    the   grain.'" 

The  truth  of  the  sti>ry  was  not  vouched   f.)r. 

Lrnvrs  oMancoolate  to  ohovate  and  oblons, 
cuneate  at  base,  ohtuso  or  acute  ( occasionall.v 
acuminate)  at  apox.  entire,  tnmentose  at  first  Ivi't 
finally  lustrous  dark  frrcpn  above,  palor  beneatli  : 
petioles  stont.  I'loircrs  iwlini  Irnves  are  nearly 
prowni  <in  sleixler  liairy  ixhIhik  Ics.  1-1  V>  in.  loni': 
tlie  pisiillatc  (lowers  usually  in  pairs.  Fruit  in 
pairs  or  occasioniilly  solitary.  '.■•.-'■.  in.  Ions,  dark 
blue  with  iuicv  acid  flesh  and  distinctly  flattened 
and  ribbed  stone. 

1.    Syi      \  i/.ss(t    <i:;:!(iti<n    L.     (in    parti. 


COTTON  GUM.     TUPELO  GUM.     LARGE  TUPELO. 

Nyssa  Aquatica  L.^ 


Fig.  432.     Mature  leaves  and  fruit,  i  ;  isolated  pits, 
433.     Trunk  of  a  tree  in  Dismal  Swamp,  Va. 


branchlet  in  winter,  3. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern"  States  and  Canada.     307 


This  interostiiig  senii-iiquatio  tree  is  th? 
statliest  and  most  useful  of  the  American 
Tupelos,  soniotiiiies  attaining  tlie  lieiglit  of  100 
ft.,  with  straiglit  columnar  trunk  3  or  4  ft.  in 
diameter  above  its  wide  base.  This  may  be 
0  or  8  ft.  across  at  the  surface  of  the  ground, 
and  is  usually  lioUow.  The  wide  base  is 
nature's  provision  to  give  the  tree  stability  in 
the  loose  miry  soil  in  which  it  grows.  It  in- 
habits deep  swamps  and  the  margins  of  streams 
and  ponds,  where  its  base  is  covered  with  water 
during  a  considerable  portion  of  the  year. 
Here  its  associates  are  mainly  the  Bald 
Cypress,  Water  Gum,  Planer-tree,  ^^'ater  and 
Pimipkin  Ashes,  River  Birch,  Water  Hickory, 
etc.  Among  these  it  is  a  tree  of  striking  ap- 
pearance, with  its  large  lustrous  green  leaves 
and  clusters  of  long-stemmed  fruit,  which  sug- 
gest so  many  small  dates  in  appearance,  but 
the  extreme  opposite  of  them  in  flavor. 

Its  wood  is  rather  light,  a  cubic  foot  weigh- 
ing .32. .37  lbs.,  soft,  very  close-grained  and  more 
eisily  worked  than  that  of  the  other  Tupelos. 
It  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  wooden-ware, 
boxes,  fruit-crates,  etc. 2 

Lcavr.i  ovate-ot)long  to  oval,  mostly  rounded  or 
subcordatp  at  base,  long-acuminate,  irregularly 
angular-dentate  or  entire,  tomentose  at  first  but 
finally  glabrous  dark  green  above,  pale  and  downy 
pubescent  beneath.  .'^-lO  in.  long:  petioles  lVi-~Vi 
in.  long.  Flnirrr.9.  appear  in  March  and  .\pril, 
with  long  slender  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  bud- 
.scales  below  the  new  leaves;  thi>  staminntc  in 
dense  capitate  clusters,  the  pistillati'  solitary  ; 
style  revolute  into  a  coil.  Fruit  »n  slender  dr(i<ip- 
Ing  stems,  2-4  in.  long,  obovoid,  tipped  with  the 
remnants  of  the  style,  about  1  in.  long,  dark 
purple  with  pale  dots,  tough  skin  and  narrow 
obovoid  stone,  compressed  and  with  about  10 
sharp  wing-like  longitudinal   ridges. 

1.  Kyssa   utiiflnrn    Wan;;. 

2.  A.   W.,   XII,   282. 


ROSE  BAY.     GREAT  LAUREL 

Rhododendron  maximum  I.. 


Fig.  434.     Branch  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,   1  ;  do,  with  open  capsules, 

435.  Forest  trunk.     Highlands,  N.  C. 

436.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  IsTorthern   States  and  Canada. 


;09 


The  Pvose  Hay  is  familiar  as  a  slinih  to  iiio-t 
people,  wlio  never  lliiiik  of  it  as  a  ti'.'c  but 
in  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  of  Tennessee  and 
North  and  South  Carolina,  it  becomes  a  bushy 
round-topped  tree,  30  to  40  ft.  in  height,  with 
crooked  and  more  or  less  inclined  trunk  10  or 
12  in.  in  diameter.  We  see  in  these  individuals 
tlie  appropriateness  of  one  of  its  names  — 
Vircat  h'lioilodendron.  It  is  rare  and  locil,  and 
in  shrubby  form,  in  the  northern  part  of  its 
range,  only  occupying  certain  cold  swamps,  but 
to  the  southward  it  becomes  abundant,  occupy- 
ing mountain-slopes  and  intervales  alike,  and 
is  commonly  scattered  as  an  undergrowth 
through  forests  among  other  trees,  or  in  places 
forming  almost  impenetrable  thickets  of  con- 
siderable e.xtent.  The  beauty  of  the  Rhodo- 
dendron in  flower  is  scarcely  surpassed  by  any 
other  tree  or  shrub  of  the  American  forests, 
and  one's  first  visit  to  its  haunts  in  the  flowe.- 
ing  season  is  sure  to  be  long  remembered. 

The  wood  is  line-grained  ar.d  hard,  b;it  rather 

brittle,  and  useful  in  turnerj^  for  tool-handles. 

etc.     A  cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weighs 

39.28  Ibs.i 

Leaves  oblons-lancoolato.  ohlanccolato  or  ol)lonu'. 
4-12  in.  long.  aciUo  at  liotli  ends,  revolute  iu  tlic 
hud.  ferruginous  tomentose  at  first  but  at  ma- 
turity lustrous  dark  green  above,  paler  beneatl). 
thick  and  stiff.  Floirrrs  (.Tune-.Iul.v  I  in  1(5-24- 
flowored  umbels  4-."i  in.  across,  witli  slender  pink 
viscid-pubescent  pedicels  springing  from  the  axils 
•)f  the  scales  of  the  inflorescence  buds :  calyx- 
lol)es  oblong,  rounded  ;  corolla  campanulate,  gib- 
l)ous  posteriorly,  about  1  in.  long,  varying  from 
rose-color  or  purplish  to  white,  cleft  to  the  middle 
lobes  rounded,  the  upper  one  yellow  spotted  in- 
side. Fruit  capsule  olilong-ovoid,  M>  in.  long, 
glandular-hispid,  opening  and  liberating  its  seeds 
in  autumn  and  persisting  during  the  following 
winter.^ 

1.  A.    \V.,   .\ll.    2.S4. 

2.  For   genus   see   p.   4.'i7. 


BJiffiSHfS 

^ 

m 

^^^tt 

w 

^^^■h 

Mj 

^H 

1 

W-^ 

1 

B 

1 

M 

mi 

1 

MOUNTAIN  LAUREL     CALICO-BUSH. 

Kalinia  latifolia  L. 


Fig.  437.     Branclilet   with   mature   leaves  and  fruit, 
the  next  season,  2. 

438.  A  burly  forest  trunk.     Highlands,  N.  C. 

439.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


branchlet  with  leaves  and  flower-buds   for 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern   States  and  Canada.     371 


The  Mountain  Laurel,  like  tlic  Rhododendron 
with  which  it  is  coinnionly  assoi-iated,  is  gen 
erally  a  shrub  rather  than  a  tree,  excepting  in 
the  heart  of  tlie  AlK'ghany  .Mountains.  Tn  that 
interesting  region,  which  alone  affords  condi- 
tions sulliciently  favorable  for  the  aboresc^nt 
development  of  several  of  our  American  trees, 
the  Mountain  Laurel  is  found  occasionally  30 
or  40  ft.  in  height,  with  compact  rounded  top 
of  rigid  branches.  Its  trunk  is  usual  i\ 
crooked  or  inclined,  and  is  sometimes  18  or  20 
in  in  diameter.  To  the  nortliward  it  pre- 
fers low  rich  bottom-lands,  but  in  the  southern 
part  of  its  range,  where  it  is  more  abundant, 
it  extensively  occupies  rocky  slopes,  forming 
in  places  dense  thickets,  and  is  widely  dis- 
tributed as  an  undergrowth  in  deciduous 
forests.  In  flowering  time  it  is  the  Rhodo- 
dendron's only  peer  in  beauty  of  floral  dis- 
play, and  it  has  become  deservedly  popular  for 
ornamental  planting. 

The  wood  is  fine-grained,  rather  hard  and 
brittle,  and  useful  in  turnery.  A  cubic  foot 
when  absolutely  dry  weigiis  44.62  Ifes.i  Honey 
gathered  from  flowers  of  this  species  is  said  to 
be  poisonous,  at  least  to  some  extent,  to  per- 
sons eating  it,  though  apparently  not  to  the 
bees. 

Leaves  persi.'itpnt.  alternate,  opposite  and  in 
threes,  eonduplieate,  elliptic-lanceolate  to  oblon'4. 
acute  at  botli  ends,  pultescent  at  first  but  at  ma- 
turity lustrous  daik  frreen  al)ove.  paler  b(>noatli. 
ttiick.  v\}iU\.  Flowers  ( May-.Iuno ),  al)out  %  in. 
in  (lianii'tcr,  nuni(>r<)us  in  compound  and  crowded 
terminal  corymbs,  .■'.-(>  in.  across  ;  pedicels  slender. 
erect.  Klandular.  piiliesceui  :  corolla  white  or 
pinkisli  ,nnd  delicately  penciled  .-ibovi^  Fruit  a 
depressed-globdse  f;landul:ir  capsule.  three-six- 
tceutlis  in.  in  diameter  witli  persistent  calyx  and 
style.= 

1.  A.    W.,   .\I.   li.-'.). 

2.  Eor  genus   see   pp.    451-452. 


SORREL-TREE.     SOUR-WOOD. 

Oxydendnim  arhorcum  (L.)  DC. 


Fig.  440.     Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit  and   (to  the  left)   a  cluster  of  empty  capsules 
of  the  preceding  season,  i  ;  leaf  from  vigorous  shoot,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

141.     Large  forest  trunk  at  Biltmore,  N.  C. 

442.     Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Nortiieen  States  and  Canada.     373 


The  Sorrel-tree  is  a  Imndsomo  and  interest- 
ing tree,  occasionally  in  llie  I'oru-^t  attaining  tlie 
height  of  50  to  70  ft.  or  more,  with  long  clear 
trunk  18  or  20  in.  in  diameter.  When  iso- 
lated it  develops  a  rather  irregular  narrow- 
oblong  top,  with  spreading  and  drooping 
branches. 

It  occupies  mainly  well  drained  slopes  and 
ridges,  in  company  witli  various  Oaks  and 
Hickories,  the  Sugar  iMaple,  Sweet  and  Sour 
•Gums,  the  Silver-bell  Tree,  Yellow  Buckeye, 
■etc.,  and  attains  its  largest  size  on  the  lower 
slopes  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  Farther 
east,  as  I  have  found  it  along  the  borders  of 
the  Dismal  Swamp  in  Virginia,  it  is  a  small 
felender-stemmed  tree,  often  with  inclined 
trunk,  and  there  thriving  in  moist  soil.  It  i^ 
a,  distinctly  ornamental  tree  in  summer,  with 
handsome  foliage  and  large  terminal  bunches 
■of  tiny  cup-shaped  white  flowers,  and  in 
autumn  with  its  briglit  scarlet  foliag'. 

It  takes  its  name  from  a  slightly  acidulous 
flavor  of  its  leaves  and  branclilets,  which  are 
tonic,  refrigerant  and  diuretic  in  properties. 

The  wood  is  fine-grained,  rat'  er  liard  and 
heaAy,  a  cubic  foot  wlicn  absolutely  dry  weigh- 
ing 40.48  lbs.,  and  is  useful  in  turnery,  for 
tool-handles,  etc.i 

Lcarrs  alternate,  deciduous,  revolute  in  the 
bud,  oltlonj;  to  lanceolate,  cuneate  at  base,  acute 
or  acuminate  at  apex,  irregularly  serrulate  with 
slender  teeth,  lustrous  dark  green  above,  pale  and 
glaucous  beneath.  Flninrs  ( .Tuly-August)  numer- 
ous, white,  about  Mi  in.  long,  in  terminal  panicled 
racemes,  with  i)ubescent  bihracteolata  pedicels  ; 
•calyx  deeply  ."-lobed.  persistent  :  corolla  cylindri- 
cal! ovoid,  hypdgenous.  witli  ."«  minute  reflexed 
lobes:  stamens  lo.  Ilie  filaments  wider  than  the 
anthers:  disk  thin:  ovary  .">-(elled  with  columnar 
style  and  capitate  stigma  :  ovules  numerous,  a^^- 
pliitropous.  Fruit  a  r)-celled  ovoid  pyramidal 
capsule,  with  remnants  of  persistent  style  and 
•calyx,  loculicidally  .^)-valved  :  seeds  numerous,  the 
testa  pointed  at  both  ends.= 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  452. 

1.   A.   W.,  .\II,  283. 


s-.f.  {.-••-•v  #•.».».••••'  •••••:.*.•?•  <iv»'./ w 


t*  -•%€*  •«*;£*»  ••-•.••.  V » •••  .'*.  »•  f.v:  .V  %.;  * 


SPARKLEBERRY.     FARKLEBERRY.     TREE  HUCKLEBERRY. 

Vacciniuinarhoreum  (Marsh.)  jSTutt. 


Fig.  443.     Branchlets  with  mature  leaves  and   fruit,    i  ;  a  vigorous  branchlet  with  leaves  only,  2  ; 
leafless  in  late  autumn,  3.  ,        .  ,       u  ^       ^         •        -nt    r- 

444.  A  forest  trunk  with  Florida  moss  to  the  right  above.     Coast  region,  N.  C. 

445.  Wood  structure  magnified    15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  tjik  Northern   States  and  Canada.     375 


The  Sparkleberry  is  tlie  largest  and  hand- 
somest of  the  American  Jluckleberries.  It  at- 
tains the  height  of  20  or  30  ft.,  with  irregular 
open  top  of  few  slender  contorted  branches  and 
short  trunk.  It  inlial)its  moist  l)()ttoin-lands 
and  tlio  borders  of  streams  and  ponds,  and  is 
generally  scattered  through  forests  of  taller 
trees,  in  company  with  the  Wax  -Myrtle,  Sweet- 
leaf,  Holly,  Devil-wood,  etc.,  seeming  little 
hampered  by  the  shade.  Nor  does  it  seem  to 
suffer  from  the  burden  of  Florida  Moss 
{Tillandsia) ,  which  it  is  fated  to  carry  where 
that  abounds.  It  extends  its  branchlets  b:'- 
tween  and  beyond  the  gray  locks  of  the 
epiphyte,  to  bear  its  shining  green  leaves  an  1 
delicate  white  flowers  unhampereJ,  and  it  is 
then  a  peculiarly  beautiful  object,  thriving  in 
spite  of  adversity.  Its  fruit  is  sweet  and  edible, 
though  rather  dry,  and,  being  retained  on  it^ 
branches  during  tlie  winter,  it  affords  food  f  ir 
many  northern  birds  which  winter  in  the 
southern  states. 

The    wood    is    fine-grained,    heavy,    hard    and 

useful  for  tool-handles,  etc.     A  cubic  foot,  when 

absolutely  dry,  weighs  47.43  lbs.     'J'lie  burk   is 

rich  in  tannin. 2 

Leaves  deciduous  northward  but  persistent 
southward,  ol)ovate  to  oval.  V2--V>  in.  long.  sul>- 
spssilc,  cuneate  at  l)ase.  round(>d  or  acute  at  apex, 
with  entire  or  (jhsciircly  (li^ntii-iihUc  and  revolutc 
margins,  at  maturity  lustrous  dnik  green  above, 
paler  and  glalirous  or  pulieruhnis  licneath.  coriace- 
ous. Floinrs  ( Marcli-Mny )  white,  in  leafy- 
braeted  racemes,  with  slender  pedicels  1^  in.  long: 
corolla  campanulate  with  .">  acute  reflexed  lobes : 
stamens  10,  with  hairy  filaments.  Fruit  ripe  in 
October,  subglobose,  l:,  in.  in  diameter,  shinin; 
black.3 

1.  Syn,   Batodcndron  arborcinii    Nutt. 

2.  A.    W.,   XI,   2.^)8. 

3.  For  genus  see  p.  4r)2. 


WOOLLY  BUMELIA.      CHITTIM  WOOD.      BUCKTHORN. 

Bumelia  lanuginosa  (Michx.)  Pers. 


GUM-ELASTIC. 


ktl'  fn  tin?er!"4.''^^*'  ^''^  ^^^^^^  ^""^  "^^"'^  "'^^"''^  ^'""'*'   '  '  detached  fruits,  2  ;  pits,  3  ;  branch- 
447-     Trunk  of  an  isolated  tree. 
448.     Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 


377 


Tlic  Woolly  IJiimclia  is  a  sin  ill  nr  ini'diuin 
size  troo.  occasionally  attainiii;L:  the  iicijj;lit  of 
50  or  GO  ft.  and  2  or  :!  ft.  in  tliic-kness  of 
trunk.  When  isolatetl  from  other  trees  it  de- 
velops a  rounded  or  oblong  rather  open  top,  of 
rigid  branches,  more  or  less  spineseent  with 
thick  sharp  spines.  The  birk  of  trunk  is  of  a 
brownish  gray  color,  reticulated  with  firm 
prominent  ridges. 

To  the  northward  in  its  range  it  inhabit? 
usually  well-drained  gravelly  or  sandy  soil,  in 
company  with  the  Post,  ]jlack-Jack,  Chin- 
quapin and  other  Oaks,  Mocker-nut  and  Shag 
bark  Hickories,  Blue  Ash,  Red-bud,  etc.,  but  in 
the  south  it  occupies  moist  low-lands,  as  well 
as  the  drier  uplands.  A  gum  exudes  from  it 
when  wounded  which  gi\es  it  the  name  Gum- 
elastic.  It  is  a  clear  viscid  substance,  some- 
times used  domestically. 

Its  wood  is  rather  hard  and  heavy,  a  cubic 
foot  Aveighing  when  absolutely  dry  40.78  lbs., 
tough,  smooth-grained  and  of  marked  charac- 
teristic structure. 1 

Leavfs  raostl.v  obovato  or  olilancoolate,  1-2 Vi  in- 
lonjj.  narrow,  cunoato  at  base,  rounded  or  bluntly 
pointed  at  apex,  woolly  tomentose  at  first  but  at 
maturity  dark  green  and  glabrous  above  and 
donsoly  tomentose  beneath  as  are  the  short 
potiolcs  and  all  new  growth,  tardily  deciduous. 
FIniiuix  (.Tnly-Au'ust)  in  usually  several-flowered 
fascicles  with  pedicels  about  Vs  in.  long;  calyx 
witli  obtuse  or  rounded  lolies  ;  staminodia  ovate, 
acnte  (limlicniate.  Fruit  drupe,  black.  %  in.  or 
loss  in  ]en::tli;  seed  oblong,  rounded  at  apex,  about 
V4    in.   long.- 

Var.  rifiidn.  Oray.  is  a  form  found  along  the 
Mexican  boundary  with  rigid  spineseent  branchlets 
and  smaller  thicker  leaves. 

\.  \.  \V.,  XI.  260. 

2.    For  genus  see   p.   4.".:{. 


PERSIMMON. 

Diospyros  Virginiana  L. 


Fig.  449  Branchlets  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  i  ;  detached  fruits,  2 ;  seed  split  in  two  to 
show  embryo,  4 ;  fruit  in  cross-section,  5  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  6  (Note  the  tardily  deciduous 
fruit  stems). 

450.  Trunk  with  poison  ivy  vine.     Red  River  valley,  Ark. 

451.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Xorthekn   States  and  Canada.     379 


The  Persimmon  tree  ordinarly  does  not  at- 
tain a  greater  height  than  40  or  50  ft.,  but  in 
the  fertile  valleys  of  southern  Indiana  and 
Illinois  it  has  been  known  to  attain  100  ft. 
in  height,  with  trunk  2  or  3  ft.  ill  thickness. 
As  an  isolated  tree  it  develops  a  rather  broa  1 
rounded  or  flattened  tup  with  contort  .vl 
branches.  An  attractive  tree  at  all  soison^ 
it  is  particularly  so  in  autumn,  wh.m  it 
bright  orange-colored  fruit  shows  in  strorg  co  - 
trast  to  its  green  foliage,  or  later  wi.en  c  m- 
spicuous  on  its  otherwise  naked  br  uu-Iies 
The  fruit  is  rich  in  tannin  and  very  astii:ig'  t 
until  thorouglily  ripe  and  soft,  when  it  is  ord  - 
narily  delicious,  though  individual  trees  dl.Ter 
in  quality  of  fruit. 

The  wood  is  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso- 
lutely dry  weighing  49.28  lbs.,  hard  and  fine- 
grained, and  is  used  in  turnery  for  small  arti- 
cles of  wooden-ware,  shoe-lasts,   shuttles,  etc.i 

Its  fruit  is  often  found  in  the  markets  of 
southern  cities,  when  in  season.  It  is  quite 
variable  in  quality,  and  is  occasionally  fou^id 
comparatively  free  from  astringent  properties. 
By  careful  selection  and  propagntion  trees 
bearing  superior  fruit  could  no  doubt  be  se- 
cured worthy  of  propagation. 

Leaves  ovate  to  oblons:  and  oval,  ohtiiso.  ^-7 
in.  long,  rounded  or  suhcordatc  at  base,  acumi- 
nate, pubescent  at  first  but  at  maturity  lustrous 
dark  green  above,  paler  and  pubescent  beneath, 
coriaceous.  Flowrrsi  (May-.Fune)  short-peduncu- 
late ;  staminate  in  2-.S-flowered  cymes :  pistillate 
solitary  ;  corolla  greenish  yellow  :  stamens  of  the 
sterile  flowers  about  10  ano  of  the  pistilln*" 
flowers  rudimentary  and  only  S  ;  ovary  nearly 
glabrous,  S-celled  :  st.vles  4,  slender.  Fruit  mostly 
depressed  globose,  i-lVj  in.  in  diameter.  |iab' 
orange,  often  with  red  cheeks,  glaucous,  subtended 
by  the  enlarged  calyx,  persistent  into  the  winter  ; 
seeds  oblong,  flattened. = 

1.  A.   W.,   Ill,  01. 

2.  For  genus  see  p.  4-53. 


SWEET-LEAF.     HORSE-SUGAR. 

Symplocos  tindoria  (L.)  L'Her. 


Fig.  452.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  i;  detached  fruit,  2;  fruit  in  section,  3 
branchlets  in  winter,  the  one  to  the  left  showing  flower-buds  and  the  other  leaf-buds  only,  4 
(Note  segmented  pith.) 

453.  Trunk  with  leaves  at  base. 

454.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Treks  of  the  Xoktiieun   States  and  Canada.     381 


The  Sweet-leaf  is  a  small  tree  occasion:illy 
attaining  the  height  of  30  or  40  ft.  witli 
rather  wide  open  top  of  slender  branches,  an  1 
a  trunk  8  or  10  in.  in  diameter.  Like  tlio 
Sparkleberry  and  Wax  Myrtle,  with  wiiich 
it  is  associated,  it  loves  tlie  shade  of  the  forest, 
and  in  these  localities,  so  shut  away  from  sun- 
light that  we  almost  wonder  at  its  e.xisteiie:^. 
its  handsome  foliage  is  as  singular  as  its 
abode.  Each  branchlet  is  upturned  and  bsars 
near  its  tip  a  cluster  of  drooping  spreading 
leaves.  Its  identity  can  be  at  once  detected  by 
the  segmented  pith  of  its  branchlets  and  tlie 
agreeable  somewhat  sweetish  flavor  of  its 
leaves.  It  inhabits  rich  well-drained  but  moist 
eoil  of  the  forests  of  the  south  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  states,  from  the  coast  to  an  altitude  of 
about  3,000  ft.  on  the  Alleghany  ^Mountains, 
and  is  especially  a  pleasing  object  in  early 
spring,  when  its  puts  out  its  whorls  of  delicate 
fragrant  flowers,  at  the  time  when  its  old 
leaves  of  the  preceding  season  are  withering 
and  falling  to  the  ground. 

Its    light    soft    fine-grained    wood    is    easily 

worked    and    would    be    useful    in    turnery,    a 

cubic  foot  weigliing,  when  absolutely  dry,  33.19 

Ibs.i     The  leaves  and  fruit  yield  a  yellow  dye 

and  the  bitter  roots  have  tonic  properties. 

Leaves  oblong  to  obovato,  mostly  4-6  in.  long, 
cuneate  at  base,  acute  or  acuminate,  obscurely 
crenate,  serrate  or  suhentire.  revolute  in  the  bud. 
tomentose  beneath  at  first  but  at  maturity  lustrous 
dark  green  above,  paler  and  pubescent  beneath, 
subcoriaceous  and  with  arcuate  veins :  petioles 
short,  stout.  Floirrrx  in  early  spring,  creamy 
white  and  fragrant,  subsessile  in  several-flowered 
clusters  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  pre- 
vious season  :  calyx  cup-shaped,  puberulous,  with 
rounded  lobes :  corolla  %  in.  long,  oblong,  obtuse, 
each  lol)e  bearing  a  cluster  of  exserted  stamens  ; 
ovary  3-eelled  with  .'t  nectiferous  glands  opposite 
the  lobes  of  calyx.  Fruit  (.\ugust-September)  an 
oblong  nut-like  pubescent  drupe  about  Mi  in.  long.' 

1.   A.   W.,   XII,   285. 

■J.    I'or  genus  see  pp.  45:!-4.')4. 


■, 

11 

WSk^ 

i 

uK^Krl^       ''  '?^'^4i^^^^^l 

4  •>*■■-■ 

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■  ■'/  i"'' 

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wm 

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r^A 

SILVER-BELL  TREE.     SNOW-DROP  TREE. 

Mohrodendron  Carolinum  (L.)  Britt.^ 


F'g-  455-     Branchlet    with    mature    leaves    and    fruit    not    quite    fully    grown,    i  ;    fruit    with    seed 
exposed,  2  ;  isolated  seed,  3  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  4. 

456.  Trunk  about  i  ft.  in  diameter,  Biltmore,  N.  C. 

457.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Tkkes  of  tiik  Xoktiikrx   States  and  Can. 


583 


The  Silver-bell  Tree  is  generally  of  small 
stature,  but  on  the  high  AUogliany  Mountains 
of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee,  where  several 
other  trees  find  inspiration  for  greatest  de- 
velopment, this  one  lifts  its  head  to  the  heig'.it 
of  80  or  90  ft.,  with  straight  columnar  trunk 
3  ft.  in  diameter,  but  such  trees  are  only 
found  in  this  favored  locality;  elsewhere  it  is 
a  much  smaller  tree,  and  is  often  a  large  shrub 
Bending  up  several  stems  from  the  groiiiul. 
When  isolated  it  commonly  forms  a  narrow 
rounded  top  of  short  stout  branches.  It  in- 
habits rich  well-drained  wooded  slopes  and 
banks  of  streams,  in  company  with  various 
Oaks,  Hickories,  Ashes  and  Magnolias,  Sugar 
Maple,  Sorrel-tree,  Great  Rhododendron, 
Laurel,  Witch  Hazel,  etc.,  and  in  spring,  when 
its  branches  are  fringed  with  many  white  bell- 
Bhaped  flowers,  soon  after  the  unfolding  of  its 
leaves,  it  is  an  object  of  singular  beauty.  In- 
deed, that  its  ornamental  value  is  generally 
appreciated  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  it  is 
often  planted  in  city  parks  and  on  private 
grounds  throughout  the  Atlantic  states. 

Its  wood  is  light,  a  cubic  foot,  when  abso- 
lutely dry,  weighing  35.07  lbs.,  soft,  fine- 
grained and  suitable  for  use  in  turnery,  but 
generally  too  scarce  to  be  of  commercial  im- 
portance.2 

Leaves  oval  to  obovate-oblons;.  4-0  in.  lonsr. 
acute  or  obtuse  at  base,  mostly  aouminatp  at 
apex,  remotely  serrulate,  pale  tomentose  at  first, 
at  maturity  glahrou.s  dark  .ureen  above,  paler  and 
more  or  less  pubescent  beneath.  Flowers  (.March- 
April)  on  drooping  pedicels;  corolla  slightly 
lobed,  abont  %  in.  long :  stamens  10-lC  with 
glabrous  filaments  ;  ovary  4-celled.  Fruit  ripening 
In  late  autumn,  4-winged.   1-2  in.  long.^ 

1.   Syn.   Halcsia   tfiraplcra   Ellis. 

L>.   A.    W..    XI,   li()l 

3.    For  genus  see  p.  4.'>4. 


BLACK  ASH.     HOOP  ASH. 

Fmxinus  nigra  Marsh.^ 


459-     Forest  trunk  showing  small  burls. 

460.     Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  TkeiES  of  thk  Noktiikkn   States  and  C. 


385 


The  Black  Ash  is  distinctly  a  northern 
species,  and  in  forests,  under  most  favorable 
conditions,  attains  the  height  of  80-90  ft.,  with 
straight  columnar  trunk  3-4  ft.  in  diameter. 
When  isolated  it  develops  a  rounded  ovoid  top, 
which  may  be  recognized  when  leafless  by  it-i 
stout  straiglit  branch  lets  (those  of  the  stami- 
nate  tree  being  larger  than  of  the  pistillate] 
and  the  gray  scaly  bark  of  trunk. 

It  inhabits  the  low  banks  of  streams  and  cold 
swamps,  in  company  v.ith  the  Arbor-Vita>, 
Balsam,  Tamarack,  Silver  Maple,  Black  SpruC3, 
etc.,  sometimes  forming  a  considerable  portion 
of  forest  tracts. 

Its  wood  is  rather  heavy,  a  cubic  f  )ot  when 

dry  weighing  .38.37   lbs.,  moderately  hard  and 

strong,   and   is   valued    in    the   manufacture   of 

furniture  and  lumber  for  interior  finishing,  for 

barrel  hoops,  etc.     It  is  extensively  used  in  tlie 

manufacture  of   splints   for   baskets,   owing   to 

the   facility   with   wliich   it  splits  between   tlie 

layers   of   annual    growth.      Tlie   "Ash    Burl" 

veneering  is  a  product  of  tliis  tree,  being  sliced 

from  the  "knots"  or  burls  which  form  on  its 

trunk   and    larger   branches.      Their    cause   or 

origin  is  not  well  understood. 2 

Leaves  10-lG  in.  long,  with  7-11  oblong  to 
oblong-lanceolate  sessile  leaflets,  the  terminal  one 
pptiolulato.  rounded  or  cuneato  and  unequal  at 
base,  long-acnminato  at  apex,  sharply  serrate,  to- 
niciitoso  at  first  Imt  at  maturity  glabrous  dark 
grcrn  alidvi'.  sdiiicwhat  paler  and  glabrous  with 
rufdiis  hairs  along  the  midrib  beneath.  Flowers 
polygamo-diopcious,  calyx  none  :  petals  none  ; 
stamens  2  sometimes  rudimentary  in  the  pistillate 
flowers.  Fruit  samara,  linear-oblong,  1-1%  in. 
long,  1-^  in.  broad,  winged  all  around  and  with 
flattened  faintly-veined  body  and  thin  wing 
emarginate  at  apex.' 

1.  Syn.   Fraxinus  samiucifolia   Lam. 

2.  A.   W.,   Ill,  62. 

3.  For  genus  see  pp.  4.')4-4.55. 


:n:^  ^ 


WATER  ASH. 

Fraxinus  Caroliniana  Mill.^ 


Fig.  461.     Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,    ij  branchlet  in  winter,   2. 
462.     A  small  trunk  in  Dismal  Swamp  region,  V'a. 


Handbook  of  Tkkks  ok  thk  A^oktiiki^x   States  and  Caxada.     J3S7 


The  Water  Ash  is  a  tioo  of  medium  stature, 
rarely  larger  than  40  ft.  in  hoij,'lit  and  1  ft.  in 
diameter  of  trunk,  witli  usually  a  narrow 
rounded  top  of  slender  brandies.  It  iniiabits 
deep  swamps  antl  the  baid<s  of  streums  inun- 
dated during  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
year,  and  commonly  in  company  with  the  Bald 
Cj'press,  Water  and  Cotton  Gums,  Over-cup, 
Laurel  and  Water  Oaks,  Red  Maple,  Swamp 
Bay,  White  Cedar,  etc.  These  being  generally 
taller  trees  cast  their  shade  on  the  Water  Ashes 
which,  nevertheless,  accept  the  situation  seem- 
ingly without  complaint,  and  thrive  even 
though  deprived  of  their  aue  allowance  of  sun- 
light. 

The  wood  of  the  Water  Ash  is  liglit,  a  cubic 
foot,  when  absolutely  dry,  weigliiiig  22.07  lbs., 
rather  soft,  not  strong  and  of  little  commercial 
importance.2 

Leaves  7-12  in.  Iodr  with  plongatod  petioles  and 
5-7  rattier  remote  long-petiolulate  ovate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate  leaflets,  usually  cunneate  or  rounded  at 
base  and  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  closely 
serrate  or  entire,  tomentose  at  first  but  finally 
dark  green  above,  paler  and  glabrous  or  pubescent 
beneath;  branchlets  thick.  Flowers  (February 
and  March)  dioecious,  with  calyx  nearly  obsolete 
and  2  to  3  stamens :  corolla  none ;  pistillate 
flowers  with  cup-shaped  laciniate-lobed  persistent 
calyx.  Fruit:  samara  winged  all  around,  obovate. 
spatulate  or  elliptical,  nearly  2  in.  long.  M!-%  in 
broad,  frequently  3-winged  with  persistent  calyx 
at  base,  compressed  body  and  wing  pinnately 
-veined. 

1.  Syn.  Fraxinus  platycarpa  Michx. 

2,  A.   W.,  XII,   286. 


BLUE  ASH. 

Fraxinus  quadrangulata  Michx. 


Fig.  463.     Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,   i  ; 
464.     Trunk  of  a  forest  tree  near  Allenton,  Mo. 


branchlet  in  winter,  2. 


JIandbook   of  Tukks  of 


Ca.xai 


389 


Tliis  iiitorcstiiii,'  nnd  r.itli.T  iiiicMiniiion  Asli 
occasioiiiilly  iittauis  the  hri.uht  of  1-^0  ft.  or 
more,  willi  trunk  :!  or  4  It.  in  dianietor  in 
the  forests  of  tin-  rir'i  v.illt'V.s  of  southern 
Indiana  and  Jllinois.  Imt  elsewhere  doas  nat 
often  surpass  7.')  ft.  in  iici^i'.it  or  2Vj  ft.  in 
(lianicter  of  trunk.  It-,  |.c:uli;ir  scaly  l)ark  i^ 
a  feature  wliieli  at  once  (li>t  inf,Miislies  it  in  t'lc 
eye  of  the  woodman,  and  on  very  old  trunks  is 
e-pi'eially  intel■^-^tiIlJ,^  t!ie  lon.u  loose  phites 
^ixini;-  it  an  even  more  s'.aggy  ajip-'aranee  than 
those  of   the   Shag-hark   Hickory. 

It  inhabits  mostly  dry  lime  t;)ne  ridg'S  and 
uplands,  in  comi)any  with  the  White  Ash, 
Te.v.as,  Chinquapin  and  other  Oaks,  Woolly 
]Uimelia,  Red-bud.  various  Hickories,  et3.,  and 
is  ofcasionally  four.d  in  tl;e  more  moist  bottom- 
lands. It  is  called  the  I'.lue  Ash  on  account  of 
a  l)hie  dye  which  may  he  made  hy  mascerating 
the  inner  bark  in  water.  The  4-angled  nature 
of  the  twigs  constitute  a  character  by  wdiich 
it  may  be  easily  recognized. 

The  wood  is  heavy,  a  cubic  foot,  wlien  al)so- 
lutely  dry,  weighing  44.77  lbs.,  rather  hard  and 
strong  and  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  floor- 
ing, agricultural  implements,  etc.i 

Leaves  8-12  in.  long  with  7-9  ovato-ol)long  to 
lanceolate  sliort-petiolulate  Icafiots  .S-.")  in.  long,  un- 
equally rounded  or  ol)tuse  at  base,  long-acumi- 
nate; "closely  serrate,  tomentose  at  first  but  at 
maturity  glabrous,  dark  yellow  green  above,  paler 
and  glabrous  or  hairy-tufted  in  the  axils  of  the 
veins  beneath.  Floirris  perfect,  in  loose  panicles  ; 
calv.x  almost  obsolete:  corolla  none;  stamens  2 
with  dark  purple  oblong  anther-cells.  Fruit 
linear-oblong,  1-2  in.  Ion;,  winged  all  around, 
parallel-veined  and  the  body  extending  more  than 
half   way   to   the  einargiiiaie  apex. 

1.  A.    W..   XI,    26.3. 


WHITE  ASH. 

Fraxinns  Americana  L, 


Fig.  465.     Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,   i  ;  large  leaf  from  vigorous  shoot,  2  ;  branchlet 
in  winter,  3. 

466.     Trunk  of  isolated  tree  near  Albany,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trkes  ok 


The  White  Ash  is  one  of  the  most  vi 
h.ardwood  trees  of  tlie  American  forests,  and 
one  of  tlie  statliest  representatives  of  its  <;;cmis. 
In  the  forests  of  tlie  rich  bottom-hinds  of  th." 
lower  Ohio  basin  it  has  been  known  to  attain 
the  height  of  120  ft.  and  5-6  ft.  in  diameter  of 
trunk,  but  these  dimensions  are  exceptional. 
It  occupies  rich  slopes  and  bottom-lands,  where 
nut  too  moist,  and  is  an  abundant  tree  tliro.igh- 
out  most  of  tlie  eastern  states  and  Canada. 
\\'lien  growing  apart  from  other  trees  it  de- 
velops an  ovoid  or  somewhat  pyramidal  top, 
with  long  slender  lateral  branches.  It  is  a 
tree  of  good  habit  and  handsome  foliage  and 
is  popular  as  an  ornamental  shade  tree. 

The  wood  of  the  White  Ash  is  heavy,  a  cubic 
foot  weighing  40.78  lbs.,  hard  and  strong,  and 
is  used  extensively  in  the  manufacture  of  tool- 
handles,  agricultural  implements,  cars,  furni- 
ture, etc.i     The  inner  bark  is  used  in  medicine. 

Leaves  8-15  in.  Ions,  with  ."-ll  ol)lonf,'-l!in('i'- 
olate,  ovate  or  obovate  petiolulate  leaflets,  rounded 
or  cuneate  at  base,  long-acuminate  or  acute  at 
apex,  entire  or  crenate-serrate  at  maturity,  siih- 
ooriaceous.  glabrous  dark  green  above,  whitish 
and  glabrous  or  pubescent  beneath.  Floinr.s 
dioecious,  cal.vx  campanulate.  4-lobed  ( more 
deepl.v  in  the  pistillate  flower)  ;  petals  none  ; 
stamens  2  (sometimes  8).  Fruit:  samara,  1-2  in. 
in  length  but  sometimes  (in  var.  microcdiiiti 
(Jra.v)  not  more  than  V.-  in.,  lanceolate  with  short 
terete  body  and  terminal  wing  more  than  twice  its 
length. 

1.   A.   W.,    I,    10. 


IK  North KKx   S 

lahle 


ATKS     .\NI)     ("aXADA. 


391 


BILTMOREASH. 

Fraxinus  Biltmoreana  Beadle. 


Fig.  467.     Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  i  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  2. 
468.     Trunk  of  forest  tree  at  Biltmore,  N.  C. 
For  the  specimens  of  leaves,  fruit  and  winter  branchlet  I  am  indebted  to  Prof.  C.  D.  Beadle. 


Handbook  of  Tkkks  of 


NoiMJiKiJX   States  and  Canada.     393 


The  Biltniore  Ash  is  a  tm-  of  iiu'diuiii  sizo, 
not  ofton  surpassing  40  or  ,">()  ft.  in  licij,'lit  or 
12  or  15  in.  in  thickness  of  Iniiilc,  and  wlicii 
not  crowded  by  otlier  trees  devndops  an  op.-ii 
symmetrical  ovoid  or  n)und('d  top,  of  stout 
spreading  branches.  Its  hark  is  of  a  dark- 
gray  color,  fissured  in  ratlier  narrow  somewhat 
reticulate  ridges,  very  much  resembling  that  of 
the  White  Ash,  as  it  does  also  in  the  quality 
of  its  wood  and  other  ciuiracters,  excejjting  the 
amount  of  pubescence  of  its  foliage  and  brandi- 
lets.  It  inhabits  the  ricli  well-drained  soil  of 
slopes  and  the  banks  of  streams,  or  occasionally 
low-lands,  of  the  foot-hill  region  of  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains,  from  Pennsylvania  to  North- 
ern Georgia  and  Alabama.  For  its  discovery 
we  are  indebted  to  Prof.  C.  D.  Beadle,  Botanist 
at  the  Biltmore  forest  estate  of  :\Ir.  Geo.  W. 
Vanderbilt,  where  it  is  a  common  tree,  and 
he  has  appropriately  given  it  the  name  of  the 
estate. 

Its  wood  is  heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough   and 

of  a  pinkish  brown  color,  with  abundant  lighter 

sap-wood,  and  is  suitable  for  the  uses  to  whidi 

the  White  Ash  wood  is  applied.! 

Lrarrs  lO-l.'i  In.  long,  with  7-0  ovate  or  ovate- 
oblong  to  lanceolate  somewhat  falcate  long- 
petiolulate  leaflets,  3-7  in.  long,  obtuse  or 
rounded  at  l)ase,  acuminate,  with  entire  or  cih- 
scurelv  denticulate  margins  .and  at  maturity  firm 
dark  green  aliove.  paler  and  imliesceiii  I'speciall.v 
on  the  veins  beneath  :  liranclilels  velvety  pubescent. 
Floirrrii  early  in  May,  in  rather  compact  imbescent 
panicles.  Fruit:  samaras  li/4-l%  in-  long,  linear 
or  linear-spatulate  with  wing  2  or  .S  times  as 
long  and  very  slightly  decurrent  upon  the  nearly 
terete   narrowly  elliptic  seed-bearing  portion. 

1.   .\.    \V..   Xll.    L'SV. 


GREEN  ASH. 

Fraxinus  hmceolata  Borck.^ 


Fig.  469.     Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,   i  ;  branchlet  in  winter, 
470.     Trunk  of  isolated  tree.     Meramec  River  valley,  Mo. 


II  AX 


■:s   OK 


•II K     XoKTlIKK'.N     Si 


195 


It.  and  -Z-A  fl.  ill 
^olaled  it  develops 
slender    spre.iding 


This  handsome  tree  rarely  attains  a  {,'rcater 
size  than   GO-70   ft.    in   lici 
diameter  of  trunk.     W  hen 
a    broad    rounded    top,    of 
branches. 

It  inhabits  the  hanks  of  streams,  lake-sliores 
and  bottom-lands  over  the  greater  part  of  tlie 
United  States  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and, 
in  the  western  part  of  its  range,  it  so  closely 
approximates  the  Red  Ash  in  characters  that 
it  is  considered  by  some  botanists  to  be  a 
variety  of  that  species,  though  it  is  verj'  dis- 
tinct from  it  in  regions  east  of  the  i\Iississi])pi 
River.  Comparatively  uncommon  east  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains  it  is  very  common  in  the 
Mississippi  Valley.  Being  a  very  hardy  tree, 
of  rapid  growth  and  desirable  habit,  it  is  ex- 
tensively planted  as  an  ornamental  shade  tree 
in  many  of  the  cities  and  towns  of  the  central 
states. 

The  wood  is  heavy,  a  cubic  foot  when  abso- 
lutely dry  weighing  44.35  lbs.,  hard  and 
strong,  and  adapted  to  the  same  uses  as  that 
of  the  White  Ash,  no  distinction  being  made 
between  them  in  commerce.-* 

Leaves  8-12  in.  long  with  petiole  and  racliis 
frlabroiis  or  nearly  so  and  .">-n  oblons-lanceolate  to 
ovate  petiolulate  leaflets,  cuneate  at  base,  acumi- 
nate at  apex,  usually  sharply  serrate  at  ma- 
turity, glab'rous  or  n(>arly  so,  bright  green  both 
sides  or  slightly  liglit(>r  boni-ath  :  branchlets  gray, 
terete,  glabrous  with  pale  Icnticcls.  Floirers 
dioecious,  without  in'tals.  Fruit  samara,  1-2  in. 
long,  with  tcrcti'  body  tapering  from  the  base, 
tipped  with  a  spatiilate  or  lancoolate  wing  de- 
current  about  half  way  down  the  body. 


1.  Syn.    Fraxinua   viridis    Michx.    f. 
Pennsylvanica  var.   lanceolata  Sarg. 

2.  A.  W.,  XI,   262. 


Fraxinus 


RED  ASH. 

Fraxinus  Fennsi/Ivanica  Marsh.-^ 


Fig   471.     Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,   i  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  2. 
472.     Trunk  of  isolated  tree.     Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 


Handbook  of  Trkks  of  the  Xortiikun   States  and  Canada.     397 


The  Red  Ash  is  a  tree  of  medium  size,  rarely 
attaining  a  greater  heiglit  than  40-00  ft.  or  a 
greater  thickness  of  trunk  than  2  ft.  When 
isolated  from  other  trees  it  develops  a  broad- 
ovoid  or  somewhat  pyramidal  top  similar  tu 
that  of  the  White  Ash,  which  it  also  resembles 
in  character  of  bark.  It  inhabits  low  rich 
bottom-lands  and  the  margins  of  swamps  ami 
streams,  in  company  with  the  Hackberry,  JOlms, 
Swamp,  Pin  and  Water  Oaks,  Bitter-nut 
Hickory,  Red  and  Silver  Maples,  Sweet  and 
Sour  Gums,  etc.  It  is  not  generally  distin- 
guished by  the  common  people  from  the  White 
Ash,  which,  however,  is  more  a  tree  of  up- 
land regions  and  a  tree  of  more  vigorous 
growth  and  ornamental  character.  The  Red 
Ash  is  said  to  take  its  name  from  the  reddish 
color  of  the  inner  bark  of  the  branches. 

The  wood  is  rather  liglit,  a  cubic  foot  when 
dry  weighing  .38.96  lbs.,  hard  and  strong,  and 
applied  to  the  same  uses  as  is  that  of  the 
White  Ash,  though  somewhat  inferior  to  it  in 
quality.2 

Leaves  7-12  in.  Iodk.  with  velvety  pvihcscont 
petioles  and  raehises,  and  7-9  olilonK-lMnccdlato  or 
ovate  petiolulate  leaflets,  uneiiually  ciiiicarc  at 
base,  usually  acuminate  at  apex.  <il)seun'ly  scrrati' 
or  entire  below,  tomentose  at  first,  at  maturity 
lust  rolls  ycliiiw-m-i'cu  aliove  paler  and  tom(>ntose 
bi'iieath  :  liramlilcis  \rl\cty  but  sometimes  beeom- 
in'4  iclabrous  liy  ilic  close  of  the  first  season. 
Floir( m  dioecious,  petals  wanting  ;  stamens  sub- 
tended by  the  persistent  calyx.  Fruit:  samara, 
1-2  in.  long,  with  slender  terete  tapering  body, 
margined  above  by  the  thin  deourrent  linear  or 
spatulate  wing  which  about  equals  it  in  length. 


1.    Syii.   Fnuiiuis  jtiilx 
•2.   A.    W.,    IT,    81, 


'•IIS  Lam. 


PUMPKIN  ASH. 

Fraxinus  profunda  Bush, 


Fig.  473.     Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and   fruit  and   leafless  branchlet  in  winter. 

474.     Trunk  in  swamp  bordering  St.  Francis  River,  Mo.     Small  Cypress  knees  in  background. 


Handbook  of  Tkkks  of  the  Nortiiekn   States  and  Canada.     399 


Tlic  Pumpkin  Ash  is  :i  larp;e  tree  as  found 
in  the  swaiiiin-  bottom  I. iiids  of  eastern 
Arkansas  and  soiilhea>terii  Missouri,  wiiere  it 
attains  the  heiglit  of  lUU  ft.  or  more,  with 
columnar  trunk  3  or  4  tt.  in  diameter  abovj 
its  wide  base. 

It  inhabits  deep  swamps,  the  banks  of 
sloughs  and  streams  of  eastern  Arkansas  and 
southeastern  Missouri,  and  of  the  valley  of  the 
Appalaehicola  River  in  western  Florida.  It 
occupies  these  loL-alities,  inundated  during  a 
considerable  portion  of  the  year,  in  company 
with  the  Bald  Cypress,  Leitneria,  Cotton  and 
Water  Gums,  Planer-tree,  Swamp  Poplar, 
Water  Locust,  etc.  The  singular  name. 
Pumpkin  Ash,  by  which  it  is  popularly  known, 
i.^  said  to  be  given  to  it  on  account  of  its  wide 
swollen  base  which  gives  it  stability  in  the 
soft  miry  ooze  in  which  it  grows.  The  oc- 
currence of  the  Pumpkin  Ash,  Leitnaria  and 
certain  other  Floridian  species  in  southeastern 
Missouri  and  eastern  Arkansas  indicates  an 
interesting  extension  of  the  Floridian  fiora 
-into  those  regions  which  is  noteworthy,  espe- 
cially as  few,  if  any,  of  these  species  have  been 
found  in  the  intermediate  regions. 

Leaves  large,  0-18  in.  long,  leaflets  7-9,  lanceo- 
late or  ovate-lancpolate  and  usuall.v  inequilateral, 
entire  or  nearly  so,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  hasc. 
acuminate,  hairy  tomontose  at  first,  at  maturity 
darit  green  and  nearly  glabrous  al)ov(>,  puhi'sccn't 
beneath  :  branchlcts  and  all  new  growths  di^nscly 
pubescent.  Flowers  dioecious,  the  staminate  witii 
a  campanulate  obscurely  4-toothed  calyx  ;  sta- 
mens 2-.'{  ;  pistillate  calyx  larger,  deeply  4-lobed, 
accrescent  and  persistent.  Fruit:  "  samaras, 
linear-oblong,  2-3  In.  long  with  wing  decurrent  to 
below  the  middle  of  the  terete  thick  seed-bearing 
portion. 


FRINGE-TREE.      OLD-MAN'S-BEARD  TREE. 

Cliionanthus  Virghnca  L. 


Fig.  475.     Branchlet    with    mature    leaves    and    fruit,    i  ;    detached    fruits    with    pits    exposed,    2 : 
branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

476.  Trunk,  with  leaves  at  base,  of  a  transplanted  tree  in  New  York. 

477.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


II 


iiNDBOOK 


OF    TREJiS    OF    THE    NORTHERN     StATES    AND    CaNADA.       401 


The  beautiful  Frinjxo-troo  raroly  attains  a 
greater  size  than  25  or  30  ft.  in  heij,'lit  and 
8  to  10  in.  in  diameter  of  trunk,  and  is  often 
a  shrub  sending  up  several  stout  spreading 
stems  from  a  common  base.  When  isolated  it 
develops  a  low  rounded  or  oblong  top  of  tortu- 
ous branches.  It  inhabits  rich  moist  soil  of 
sheltered  ravines  and  the  banks  of  streams, 
and  is  a  tree  of  singular  beauty  in  May  and 
June,  when  its  light  green  foliage  is  inter- 
spersed with  numerous  tassel-like  or  fringe-like 
flowers  of  snowy  whiteness,  very  different  from 
the  flowers  of  all  other  tvees. 

There  are  several  names  by  which  the  tree 
is  known,  as  Old  Man's  Beard,  Grandfather 
Graybeard,  Sunfloicer  Tree,  Snoic-fton-er  Tree, 
Flowering  Ash,  etc.,  all  alhuling  to  its  singular 
flowers.  On  account  of  these  and  its  handsome 
foliage  it  is  popular  as  an  ornamental  shade- 
tree  throughout  eastern  United  States  and 
Europe,  and  proves  hardy  considerably  north 
of  its  native  range. 

The  wood  is  moderately   light,  a  cubic   foot 

when  absolutely  dry  weighing  39.71   lbs.,  hard 

and    close-grained,   though    of   no    coinmericial 

importance.     The  bark  is  used  in  medicine  as 

a  tonic,  aperient  and  diuretic. 

Leaves  oblong  or  sometimos  ovate  or  oliovate, 
4-8  in.  lonj?,  cuncate  at  base,  mostly  acute  or 
acuminate  at  apex,  entire,  when  they  unfold 
glabrous  above,  velvety  pubescent  beneath,  at  ma- 
turity dark-green  above,  paliT  and  glabrous  except 
on  the  conspicuous  arcuate  veins  beneath.  Flowers 
(Ma.v-.Tune),  delicate,  fragrant,  in  slender  drooping 
panicles  with  sessile  leaf-like  i)ersistent  bracts; 
petals  1  in.  long,  white,  purple-spotted  within  at 
base.  Fruit  ripe  in  September,  Vj-%  in.  long. 
dark  blue  with  glaucous  bloom  and  thin  pulp' 

1.    For  genus  see  p.   4.55. 


FORESTIERA.     SWAMP  PRIVET. 

Forestiera  acuminata  Poir.-' 


Fig.  478.     Branchlet    with    mature    leaves    and    scattered    detached    fruits,    i  ;    fruit    in    section, 
isolated  pits,  3  ;  vigorous  branchlet  bearing  leaves,  4  ;  leafless   branchlets    in  winter,  5. 

479.  Trunk  of  tree  near  mouth  of  River  des  Peres,  Mo. 

480.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


H 


\NI)BOOK    OF    TkKKS    OF     THK     XoKl'JlKKN     StA' 


AM)     ('a.NAI 


The  Forcstiera  or  Swamp  Privet  is  a  low 
wide- spreading  tree  occasionally  25  ft.  in 
height  and  1  ft.  in  diameter  of  trunk.  It  often 
IS  no  more  than  a  small  shrub  in  .stature,  send- 
ing up  from  the  ground  several  crooked  or  in- 
clined stems.  It  inhabits  low  banks  of  streams, 
lake-shores  and  deep  swamps  subject  to  occa- 
sional inundation,  in  company  with  various 
Willows,  the  Button-bush,  Planer-tree.  ISald 
Cypress,  Ciums,  Water  Locusts,  Water  Hickory, 
Deciduous  Holly,  etc.,  or  often  occupying  ex- 
clusively tracts  of  low  river  baid<s  and  swamps 
of  considerable  extent.  Many  such  regions  in 
the  southern  states  are  beautified  by  the  rich 
green  masses  of  its  abundant   foliage. 

The  wood  of  tlie  Forestiera  is  rather  light, 
a  cubic  foot  when  absolutely  dry  weigliing 
39.54  lbs.,  liard,  strong,  of  close  grain  and  suit- 
able for  use  in  turnery.2 

LraiT.s  d(H'ifluous,  oval  to  ovate-elliptical.  2-5 
in.  Ions,  alioiit  equally  acuminate  or  acute  at  botli 
ends,  glabrous,  crenate-serrate  or  entire,  especially 
at  base ;  petioles  slender,  about  %  in.  long. 
Floucrs  in  early  spring,  before  the  leaves,  the 
staminate  in  dense  close  clusters ;  the  pistillate 
mostly  in  short  panicles  ;  cal.vx  wanting.  Fruit 
an  oblong  to  linear-oblong  wrinkled  and  pitted 
drupe,  from  14  to  %  in.  long,  dark  blue  at  ma- 
turity, with  coriaceous  longitudinally  ribbed  and 
fibrous  pit.' 

1.  Syn.  Adclia  arutninata  Michx. 

2.  A.    W.,   V,   111. 

;{.    For  genus  see  p.  Ai^tit. 


COMMON  CATALPA. 

Catalpa  Catalpa  KarstJ 


Fig.  481.     Branch    with    mature    leaves    and    fruit,    much    reduced,    and    isolated    seeds    and    winter 
branchlet  about  natural  size. 

482.  Trunk  of  isolated  tree. 

483.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.     405 


The  Common  Catalpii  rarely  attains  a 
greater  lu'iylit  tluui  5U  or  tiO  ft.,  and  its  sliort 
stout  trunk  is  sometimes  3  or  4  ft.  in  dianirt  m. 
Its  iiabit  is  to  form  a  wide  ri)und<Ml  to|i.  ni 
few  spreading  crooked  branclK's  and  thick  up 
right  braiu'hiets.  It  is  hite  in  spring,  aftci- 
the  leaves  of  most  of  the  trees  are  well  alon^^, 
when  this  tree  opens  its  buds  and  unfolds  its 
ample  leaves,  and  these  are  soon  after  fol- 
lowed by  its  beautiful  pyramids  of  llowors, 
wliieh  are  scarcely  equaled  in  size  and  at- 
tractiveness by  those  of  any  other  American 
tree.  As  we  contemplate  the  mass  of  iieart- 
shaped  leaves  interspersed  with  these  great 
pyramids  of  handsome  flowers  we  do  not 
wonder  that  it  is  extensively  planted  for  orna- 
ment both  in  this  country  and  in  Europe. 
Through  this  agency  it  has  become  w  idcdy 
naturalized  throughout  eastern  United  States, 
far  outside  of  its  native  habitat.  The  limit 
of  its  natural  range  cannot  be  determined  with 
certainty,  but  its  supposed  limits  are  indicated 
on  the  acompanying  map. 

The  wood  is  soft,  coarse-grained  and  durable, 
and  valued  for  fence-posts,  rails,  etc.  A  cabie 
foot,  when  absolutely  dry,  weighs  27.88  lbs. 2 

Leaves  broad-ovate.  6-12  in.  long,  cordate  at 
base,  acute  or  acuminate,  entire  or  with  1  or  :_• 
lateral  lobes,  strong-scented,  pale  tomentose  at 
■first,  at  maturity  light  green  and  glabrous  al)0\-('. 
paler,  pube.scent  and  with  dark  glands  in  the 
axils  of  the  veins  beneath  ;  petioles  terete  and 
nearly  as  long  as  the  blades.  FUnrcrx  numerous 
in  large  panicles,  8-10  in.  long  and  broad  :  corolla 
nearl.v  '1  in.  in  length,  and  1 M;  in.  broad  cam- 
panuiate,  white  thickly  sjjotted  within  on  lower 
side  with  vellow  and  purple  :  lower  lobe  entire. 
Fruit:  capsiile  l()-:2(»  in.  long,  V,-!,.',  in.  thick,  thin- 
walled  :  se<'ds  about  'i  in.  wide  with  gray  wings 
terminating  mostly  in  pointed  tufts  of  hairs.^ 

1.  Syn.  Catalpabif/nonioides   Walt. 

'2.   A.   W.,   IV,  89. 

.'{.   For  genus  see  p.   4r.O. 


HARDY  CATALPA.     WESTERN  CATALPA.      CATAWBA-TREE. 

Caialpa  speciosa  Warder. 


Fig.  484.     Branch  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,   i  :  a  capsule  opening  to  liberate  seeds,  2  ;  detachec 
seeds,  3  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  4. 

485.     Trunk  of  a  small  tree  in  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the   Xoimiiikx    States   and   Canada.      407 


The  Plardy  Catalpa.  in  the  fertile  bottom- 
lands of  tlie  lower  Ohio  basin,  lias  been  known 
to  attain  the  height  ui  1'2U  ft.,  when  growing 
in  the  forest,  with  straight  columnar  trunk  J 
or  4  ft.  in  diameter,  but  it  is  usually  a  con- 
siderably smaller  tree,  and  when  isolated  from 
others  develops  a  bruad  top  of  spreading 
branches. 

It  is  quite  as  handsome  a  tree  as  the  Common 
Catalpa  when  in  flower,  and,  though  the 
pyramids  of  flowers  are  smaller  and  of  fewer 
flowers,  the  individual  flowers  are  distinctly 
larger.  Like  the  other  species,  too,  its  long 
capsular  pods  swing  from  its  leafless  branches 
long  after  the  leaves  have  fallen,  and,  when 
they  open  and  liberate  their  light  buoyant 
seeds,  the  wind  has  opportunity  to  carry  t'lem 
far  from  the  parent  tree  before  striking  the 
ground. 

Its  light  wood,  of  which  a  cubic  foot,  when 
absolutely  dry,  weighs  25.96  lbs.,  is  exceed- 
ingly durable  in  contact  wath  the  soil,  and  is 
proving  to  be  one  of  the  most  profitable  treas 
to  grow,  at  least  in  the  middle  west,  for  fence- 
posts,  railway  ties,  telegraph  poles,  etc.  Large 
plantations  of  the  trees  are  being  planted  espe- 
cially for  these  uses. 

Leaves  broad-ovate,  8-14  in.  long,  cordate  at 
base,  long-pointod,  entire  or  with  1  or  2  lateral 
lobes,  not  unpleasantly  scented,  at  maturity 
Rlabrous  dark  green  above,  pubescent  and  with 
dark  glands  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  Ijeneath. 
Floirers  in  few-flowered  panicles,  .^)-8  in.  Ions  and 
broad;  corolla  campanulate,  about  2yo  in.  wide, 
sparingly  spotted  with  yellow  and  purple  within, 
lower  lobe  emarginate.  Fruit:  capsule  S-20  in. 
long,  1/2-%  in.  thiek,  thick-walled;  seeds  about  Mj 
in.  wide  witli  light  brown  rounded  wings  terminat- 
ing in  a  mostly  wide  fringe  of  hairs. 


BUTTON-BUSH.     BUTTON-WILLOW. 

C eplialanthus  occidentalis  L. 


Fig.  486.     Branchlets    with    mature    leaves    and    fruit,    i  ;    fruit-head    disintegrating    and    scattered 
akenes,  2  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  3. 

487.     Trunk  of  tree  near  Lake  Kirkendall,  Red   River  valley.  Ark. 

488.     Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


Handbook  of  Trees  of  the  ^ortiiekn  States  and  Can. 


409 


The    Bottom-bush 
part    of    its    vast    ra 


throughout  the  greater 
igc,  oxlc'iuliiiy  from  the 
Atlantic  to  tiie  Tacilic,  could  only  be  called  a 
shrub,  rarely  becoming  a  small  tree  in  favor- 
able situations.  In  southern  Arkansas  and 
eastern  Texas,  however,  it  sometimes  attains 
the  height  of  40  or  50  ft.,  with  an  irregular 
top  of  crooked  spreading  or  upright  branches 
and  a  clear  often  leaning  trunk  1  ft.  in  diameter. 

It  inhabits  the  borders  of  sluggish  streams, 
swamps  and  bayous,  venturing  farther  out  into 
the  water  than  most  of  its  neighbors.  In 
southern  Arkansas,  where  it  attains  its  largest 
dimensions,  it  is  found  skirting  the  borders  of 
river-bottom  ponds,  in  company  with  the 
Swamp  Privet,  Planer-tree,  Water  Locust  and 
various  Willows.  In  these  regions  it  is  com- 
monly called  the  Button  ^Villow  —  a  name 
given  to  it  on  account  of  the  company  it  keeps 
rather  than  any  relationship  to  the  true 
Willows. 

Its  bark  is  rich  in  tannin,  and  is  said  to  pos- 
sess medicinal  properties. 

Leaves  ovate  to  oval,  4-7  in.  long,  rounded  or 
cuneatc  at  base,  acute  or  acuminate,  membrane- 
aceous,  entire,  dark  green  above,  paler  and  with 
prominent  light  yellow  arcuate  veins  beneath  ; 
petioles  stout,  V2  to  %  in.  long  and  between  them 
are  small  triangular  stipules.  Floiccrs  white, 
very  fragrant  and  nectiferous,  in  panicled  heads 
about  1  in.  in  diameter ;  calyx  longer  than  the 
ovary  ;  anthers  nearly  sessile  and  discharging 
their  pollen  before  the  t!c  wn-  opens.  Fruit  in 
heads  %  in.  or  less  in  (iianii'tcr.' 

1.   For  genus  see  p.  4.")6. 


PAULOWNIA.     PRINCESS-TREE. 

Paulownia  tomentosa  (Thimb.)  Bailey. 


Fig.  489.  Branchlet  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  and  (to  the  right)  empty  capsules,  i  ;  fruit 
in  longitudinal  section  to  show  placentas  and  seeds,  2  ;  do,  in  cross-section,  3  ;  an  open  capsule 
liberating  its  many  small  seeds,  4 ;  cluster  of  flower-buds  for  the  next  season's  flowers,  5  ; 
branchlet  in  winter  cut  to  show  segmented  pith,  6. 

490.  Trunk  with  empty  capsules  at  base. 

491.  Wood  structure  magnified  15  diameters. 


HANDnooK  OF  Trkks  of  the  Nortilkkn  States  and  Can. 


411 


The  Paulownia  is  a  beautiful  tree,  intro- 
duced into  this  country  from  China  and  Japan 
for  ornamental  purposes,  and  has  become  thor- 
oughly naturalized  in  localities,  where  the 
climate  is  not  too  severe.  It  is  wide-spreading 
in  habit  of  growth,  its  short  thick  trunk,  some- 
times 2-3  ft.  in  diameter,  usually  dividing 
within  a  few  feet  from  the  ground  into  few 
large  branches,  which  form  a  wide  and  often 
flat-topped  open  head,  if  there  is  sullicient  room 
for  lateral  development. 

It  is  a  remarkable  tree  at  all  seasons  of  the 
year.  When  leaHess,  in  winter,  it  bears  lai-ge 
upright  clusters  of  naked  llower-buds,  which 
developed  the  pre\  ions  season  to  open  early 
in  the  following  spring,  with  the  unfolding  of 
the  velvety  young  leaves,  and  then  become  sd 
many  beautiful  pyramids  of  long  blue  flowers. 
I'hese  are  delightfully  fragrant,  and  the  whole 
atmosphere  for  some  distance  from  the  tree  is 
redolent  with  their  perfume;  but,  alas!  their 
duration  is  far  too  short,  and  the  ground 
within  only  a  day  or  two  is  strewn  with  their 
withering  corollas.  In  summer  the  tree  is  at- 
tractive on  account  of  its  big  heart-shapad 
leaves,  which  cast  an  abundance  of  shade. 
After  these  fall,  in  the  autumn,  the  clusters  of 
fruit-pods,  suggestive  of  so  many  miniature 
bishop's  miters,  open  and  liberate  to  the  winds 
innumerable  small  filmy-winged  seeds.  The 
clusters  of  empty  blackened  pods  then  persist 
and  rattle  on  tlie  le.ifless  branches  during  the 
following  winter  or  longer,  when  they  detract 
somewhat  from  tlic  ornamental  value  of  ihe 
tree  unless  removed.  Sncli  is  tlie  yearly  pro- 
gram of  the  Paulownia  in  climates  south  of 
.nbout  the  latitude  (.f  New  York  City,  which 
limits  tlie  boundary  of  its  naturalization. 
Farther  north  its  flower-buds  usually  winter- 
kill, but  it  can  be  and  often  is  grown  as  an 
ornamental  foliage  jjlant  as  far  north  as 
Montreal.  For  this  use  it  is  generally  cut 
back  to  tlie  ground  every  year,  excepting  a 
single  shoot,  and  this  ]iuts  out  greit  lea\es  a 
foot  or  two  across,  and  sonictinies  attains  a 
height  of  10  to  12  .ft.  or  more  in  a  single 
season,  presenting  a  peculiarly  tropical  ap 
pearance. 

The  wood  of  the  Pauh.wiiia  is  soft,  light. 
easily  worked,  yielding  a  satiny  snrfic;.,  and 
of  a  purple  brown  colfjr  with  thin  sajiwood. 
It  is  highly  valued  in  Oriental  countries.- 

1.  &iu.   raulownia   impirialia  S.  &  Z. 

2.  A.   W.,  XII,  288. 

.*?.  For  genus  see  p.  457. 


BLACK  HAW.     SWEET  HAW.     SHEEP-BERRY.     STAG-BUSH. 

Vib urn ii m  prun ifolium  L. 


Fig.  49-2-     Branchlets  with  mature  leaves  and  fruit,  i  ;  isolated  pits,  2  ;  one  in  section,  3  ;  branchlets 
in  winter,  4.     The  two  large  terminal  buds  are  flower-buds. 

493.  Trunk  with  leaves  at  base  and  poison  ivy  foliage  in  background.     Stalen  Island,  N.  Y. 

494.  Wood  structure  magnified   15  diameters. 


IIaxdhook  of  Tkees  of  tiik   XoirrjiKKX    Staths   axd   Caxada.      41.*] 


Tlie  Black  or  Sweet  ITaw  is  a  low  bushy  tree, 
sometimes  attaining  the  heiglit  of  25  or  3U  ft. 
with  trunk  8  or  10  in.  in  diameter,  and  is 
often  shrubby,  especially  in  the  northern  part 
of  its  range.  It  develops  a  wide  rounded  tup 
of  many  rigid  branches  and  frequent  spur-likr 
hranchlets.  and  its  trunk  is  often  crooked  ur 
inclined. 

It  iuluibits  mainly  dry  riK'ky  hillsides  ami 
uplands,  freciueutiy  along  fence  rows  and  ro.ul- 
Bides,  where  its  seeds  have  been  dropped  by 
the  birds.  Itarer  to  the  westward  it  is  espe- 
cially common  in  the  vicinity  of  the  coast. 
Like  the  other  arborescent  representatives  of 
the  genus,  its  glossy  leaves  and  numerous 
clusters  of  white  flowers  and  ornamental  fruit 
have  made  this  tree  po])ular  for  ornamental 
planting,  in  parks  and  private  grounds  both 
in  this  country  and  in  Europe. 

The  fruit  is  very  sweet  and  occasionally 
eaten  by  children,  but  is  of  no  practical  im- 
portance. 

Its  close-grained  hard   wood  is  unimportant 

commercially,  but  the  bark  is  used  in  medici   c, 

as   it   possesses    neurotic,    antispasmodic,    tonic 

and  diuretic  properties. 

Leaves  oval  to  ovate  or  occasionally  obovato, 
1-3  in.  long,  obtuse  or  roundcfi  at  base  and  obtusr 
or  acutish  at  apex,  finely  serrate,  at  maturily 
firm,  coriaceous,  shinin.i;  dark  m'een  aliove.  paler 
and  glabrous  beneath  :  petioles  about  '•.  in.  hiii,', 
grooved  and  nearly  terete  or  on  vigorous  shoo-s 
slightly  margined.  Flnirers  white,  Vj  in.  wide,  in 
several-rayed  cymes  2-4  in.  across.  Fruit,  rii>e  iti 
October,  oval  or  subglobose.  glaucous,  blue-black 
in  red-stemmed  few-fruited  clusters  ;  stone  Hat  or 
slightly  convex  one  side,  blackish.* 


1.    For 


see  p.  4; 


RUSTY  NANNYBERRY.     SOUTHERN  NANNYBERRY. 

Yihurniim  rufidulum  Raf.' 


Fig.  495.     Vigorous  branchlet  with   leaves   only,    i;   branchlet  with   leaves  and    fully   grown   fruit 
but  still  green  in  color,  2  ;  fruit  in  section,  3  ;  isolated  pit,  4  ;  branchlet  in  winter,  5. 
496.     Trunk  of  tree  in  coast  region  of  North  Carolina. 


Ha^tdbook  of  Trees  of  the  Northern   States  and  Canada.     415 


The  Rusty  Nannybcrry  is  the  hirgest  Ameri- 
can representative  of  the  genus,  attaining  the 
height  of  40  ft.,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  12 
or  18  in.  in  diameter,  but  it  is  generally  a 
smaller  tree  and  is  sometimes  shrubby,  sending 
up  from  the  ground  several  stems.  The  b.irk 
of  trunk,  like  that  of  the  other  arborescent 
Viburnums,  is  fissured  into  more  or  less  pro- 
nounced .squares,  by  a  transverse  cheeking  of 
its   prominent  longtitudinal   ridges. 

When  isolated  it  develops  a  rather  wide  ir- 
regular open  top,  and,  with  its  ample  shining 
leaves  and  large  flower  clusters,  it  is  a  tree  of 
unusual  beauty  in  spring-time;  and  hardly  less 
so  later  in  autumn,  when  bearing  its  conspicu- 
ous fruit.  It  is  well  worthy  of  being  planted 
for  ornamental  purposes,  in  parks  and  private 
grounds,  and  has  been  found  to  be  hardy  as  far 
north  as  Massachusetts. 

The  wood  is  fine-grained,  heavy  and  hard, 
but,  as  is  the  case  with  the  northern  Nanny- 
berry,  the  heart-wood  possesses  such  a  strong, 
disagreeable  odor  as  to  render  it  undesirable 
for  most  uses,  even  if  it  were  procurable  in 
quantities.  The  disagreeable  odor  of  the  wood 
is  communicated  to  the  smoke  when  burning. 

Leaves  oval  to  elliptical  and  obovate,  rounded 
or  obtuse  at  base  and  mostly  obtuse  or  occasionally 
acute  at  apex,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  at  ma- 
turity coriaceous  lustrous  dark  green  above,  paler 
and  with  rutdus  hairs  on  midrib  and  prominent 
veins  beneath  and  tlie  wide  grooved  and  margined 
petioles.  Fluircrti  I4  in.  in  diameter,  in  com- 
pound rusty-pubescent  cymes  sometimes  .">  or  6  in. 
across.  Fruit,  ripe  in  October,  oblong,  blue  with 
glaucous  bloom,  about  Vi  in.  long,  in  few-fruited 
clusters  with  drooping  red  stems  ;  stone  flat, 
nearly  orbicular. 

1.   Syn.   Viburnum  refotomentosum   Small. 


NORTHERN  NANNY-BERRY  OR  SHEEP-BERRY. 

Viburnum  Lentaqo  L. 


Fig.  497.  Branch  with  leaves  and  mature  fruit,  i  ;  isolated  pits,  two  in  section,  2  ;  branchlets  wit4i 
vigorous  leaves,  3  ;  branchlets  in  winter,  4.  The  two  large  uppermost  buds  are  flower-buds ;  the 
others  leaf-buds. 

498.     Trunk  of  a  tree  in  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y.     Cattle  rubbing  against  this  trunk  have  broken 
ofif  most  of  the  square  plates  commonly  found  on  the  bark  of  this  species. 


Haxdbook  of  Tijkks  of  the  jSTorthkrn  Statks  and  Canada.       417 


Tlio  Noitlicrii  Naiiiiy-bcrry  is  at  best  a  small 
tioi",  only  uikIlt  most  lavorable  cumlitioiis  at 
taiiiin-,'  the  lieight  of  2.5  or  30  ft.,  with  trunk 
8  or  10  in.  in  diameter,  and  is  c-ommonly  only 
a  shrub.  When  isoUited  from  oilier  trees  it 
develops  a  wide  rounded  top  with  tough  tortu- 
ous branches.  The  bark  of  trunk  is  of  a  dark- 
brown  color  and  fissured  into  prominent  ridges, 
whicii  are  more  or  less  divided  by  transverse 
fissures. 

It  inhabits  the  banks  of  streams,  margins  of 
swamps  and  low  rich  bottom-lands,  or 
sparingly  hill-sides  where  there  is  an  abun- 
dance of  moisture,  and  in  these  localities,  in 
tlie  month  of  May,  its  lustrous  green  leaves 
and  large  clusters  of  small  white  flowers  are 
sure  to  elicit  admiration  from  even  the  casual 
observer.  Its  blue-black  fruit  in  autumn  pre- 
sents a  new  phase  of  beauty,  which  the  country 
children  consider  as  also  of  utility,  for  they 
delight  in  eating  the  sweet  fruit.  It  is  then 
that  the  appropriateness  of  its  names  —  Wild 
Raisin   Tree  and  Siceet-berry  —  is  apparent. 

The  wood  is  fine-grained,  hard  and  heavy,  a 
cubic  foot  weighing  45..!  1  lbs.,  and  the  yellow- 
ish brown  heart-wood  is  of  very  disagreeable 
and  remarkably  persistent  odor,  suggestive  of 
the  odor  of  rancid  butter. 

Lcavrs  ovate  to  oval,  2Vj  to  .">  in.  long,  mostly 
rounded  at  base  and  acuminate  at  apex,  sharply 
serrate,  at  maturity  lustrous  dark  sreen  above, 
yellowish  preen  and  witli  niiiinto  black  dots  be- 
neatii  :  petioles  wide,  si-oia ni  nhovi-.  the  lower- 
most wavy  margined,  rufmis  loiiHiitosc.  Floicers 
%  in.  broad  in  several-raycil  cyinis,  .;-.")  in.  across. 
Fruit  ripe  in  September,  oblong,  on  drooping 
pedicels  in  red  stemmed  clusters  with  thick  blue- 
black  glaucous  skin  ;  stone  very  flat  oval  or 
orbicular. 


./'.I 


SYNOPSIS 

OF  THE  FAMILIES  AND  GENERA  REPRESENTED  IN  THIS  WORK  WITH 

Ajsalytical  keys 

LEADING  TO  THE  SPECIES. 


CLASS  I.    GYMNOSPERM^. 

The  class  of  plants  known  as  Gymnospermce  is  of  very  ancient  origin,  being  represented 
among  the  fossils  of  the  Silurian  Age  and  most  numerously  among  those  of  the  Triassic.  It  is 
now  represented  by  not  more  than  four  hundred  and  fifty  species,  which  have  the  following 
characters  in  common  :  They  are  flowering  plants  in  which  the  ovules  or  seeds  are  borne 
naked  upon  an  open  scale  (not  inclosed  in  an  ovary)  and  are  trees  and  shrubs  mainly  with 
resinous  juice,  chiefly  parallel-veined  leaves  and  stems,  consisting  of  bark,  wood  and  pith, 
increasing  in  thickness  by  annual  layers  of  the  wood  externally  and  of  the  bark  internally. 
It  consists  of  three  families,  viz. :  Coniferce,  Genetacecr  and  Cycadacew,  the  latter  two  being 
confined  chiefly  to  tropical  and  south  temperate  regions. 

PINE  FAMILY.     CONIFERS. 

A  family  of  trees  and  few  shrubs  with  resinous  juice  and  cell-walls  of  wood  marked  with 

circular  discs.      It  is  of  greatest  economic  value   and  world-wide   distribution,  but  chiefly   in 

north  temperate  regions.      Among  its  representatives  are  trees,  notably  the   Sequoias,   which 

are  considered  to  be  of  the  greatest  longevity  of  all  living  organisms.      It  consists  of  thirty-one 

genera  of  which  thirteen  are  represented  in  the  United  States. 

Leaves  narrow  or  scale-like,  clustered  or  alternate,  parallel-veined  and  generally  persistent; 
buds  scaly.  Floivers  in  catkins  or  solitary  with  an  involucre  of  enlarged  bud-scales,  unisexual 
and  mon'Pcious  (dioecious  in  Juiiiijerus)  destitute  of  calyx  and  corolla;  anthers  2-celled ; 
pistillate  flowers  bearing  on  the  inner  face  of  each  scale  2  or  more  ovules  and  becoming  in 
Fruit  a  woody  cone  or  rarely  a  berry  or  drupe;  seeds  often  winged,  with  coat  of  two  layers; 
embryo  axial  in  copious  albumen  ;  cotyledons  2  or  several. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

a    Scales  of  cones  in  the  axils  of  persistent  bracts,  numerous,  spirally  arranged  and  each  bearing 
at  its  base  above  2  seeds   (Ahictinece) . 
b    Cones  requiring  2  years  to  mature ;  leaves  needle-shaped  in  2-5-leaved  axillary  fascicles 
(solitary  in  one  species)  sheathed  at  base  with  membranous  scales,  persistent. 

Finus. 

V  Cones  maturing  in  one  season  ;  leaves 

o    In  many-leaved  fascicles  on  lateral  spurs,  deciduous Larix. 

o^   Solitary,  scattered,  persistent  and  linear  or  4-sided;  cones 

d    Pendent  and  scales  persistent  on   the  axes ;  branchlets  rough  with   woody   persistent 
bases  of  the  leaves 
e    Leaves  sessile,  4-sided  or  flattened  above  and  stomatiferous  all  sides  or  above  only. 

Picea. 

e"  Leaves  petiolate,  flattened  and  stomatiferous  below  only Tsuga. 

d'  Erect  on  the  branchlets  and  scales  falling  away  from  persistent   axes  at  maturity; 

leaves  leaving  flat  or  depressed  leaf-scars Abies. 

a-  Scales  of  the  cones  without  bracts 

b    Numerous,  spirally  arranged  and  forming  a  woody  cone;  leaves  linear   (sometimes  scale- 
like)  alternate   (Taxodire)   and  deciduous Taxodium. 

V  Few,   decussate:   leaves  decussate   or   in  3-ranks  and   often   of  2  forms    (Cupressinew)  ; 

fruit  a 
c    Woody  cone ;  leaves  all  scale-like  ;  cones 

£418] 


IIaxdbook  of  Tk'kks  ov  tiik   XoiMiiKKx   S'l'ATKs  Axi)  Caxada.     419 

d    Ohlong ;  scales  H-12,  oblong,  each  bearing  li  equally  U-winged  seeds. 

Thuya, 
d"   Subglobose,  with  peltate  scales  each  bearing  2  seeds  and  maturinj;  \\<  unc  srason. 

ChaiuaRcyparis. 

C^  Berry,  foi-nicd  by  the  co^ilcsceiicc  of  the  fleshy  scah's  of  the  lluwri..       Juniperus. 

THE  PINES.     (;i:xLs  PL\US  L. 

The  I'iiics  arc  trees  and  a  few  shrubs  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  chiefly  of  temperate 
i-egions.  Many  of  its  representatives  are  of  greatest  economic  Naluo.  About  eighty  species 
are  recognized  of  wliicii  thirty-four  are  natives  of  the  Tnited  Stales,  ten  being  represented 
in  the  northeastern  states. 

LcdfcK  evergreen,  needle-shaped,  from  slender  buds,  in  clusters  of  2-5  together  (solitary 
in  one  species),  from  the  axils  of  scale-like  primary  leaves  each  cluster  invested  at  its  base 
with  a  sheath  of  thin,  membranous  scales.  Flowcr.s  appearing  in  spring,  mon(Ecious.  Sterile 
floHcrs  in  catkins,  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  shoots  of  the  season  :  stamens  numerous  with 
very  short  filaments  and  a  scale-like  connective;  anther-cells.  2.  opening  lengthwise:  pollen 
grains  triple.  Fcriilc  floircr.s  in  conical  or  cylindrical  spikes  —  cones — -consisting  of 
imbricated,  carpellary  scales,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  ijersistent  bract  and  bearing  at  its  base 
within  a  pair  of  inverted  ovules.  Fruit  maturing  in  the  autumn  of  the  second  year,  a  cone 
formed  of  the  imbricated  carpellary  scales,  which  are  woody,  often  thickened  or  awned  at  the 
apex,  persistent,  when  ripe  dry  and  spreading  to  liberate  the  two  nut-like  and  usually  winged 
seeds:  cotyledons  'A-1'2  linear. 

The  name  is  a  Latin  word  from  Celtic  i)in  or  pen,  a  crag. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 
Leaves  in  clusters  of 

a    Five  :  cones  with  thin  unarmed  scales P.    Strobus. 

a'  Three  ;  cones  with  scales  thickened  at  apex  and  armed  with  a  prickle  ;  cones 
b    Subterminal  and  deciduous  above  the  basal  scales 

c    Four  to  six  inches  long,  heavy;  buds  brown P.    ponderosa  scopulorum. 

c-   Six  to  ten  inches  long,  not  heavy  ;  buds  white P.    palustris. 

V  Lateral  and  symmetrical ;  cones 

c    Long-ovoid  with  stout  prickles;  leaves  G-9  in.  long..       P.    Tseda. 
c'-  Ovoid  with  slender  prickles ;  leaves 

Three  to  five  inches  long P.    rigida. 

Six  to  eight  inches  long P.    serotina. 

a*  Two ;  cones 

b    Subterminal  ;  scales  thickened  and  unarmed P.    resinosa. 

'-    b-  Lateral ;  st'ales 

c    Unarmed,  or  with  very  weak  or  deciduous  prickles:  cones  small,  incurved. 

P.    divaricata. 
C"  Armed  with 

d    Slender  prickles:  leaves 

e    Three  to   four   in.   long P.    echinata. 

o-   One   to   two   in.   long P.    Virginiana. 

d-   Very  thick  stout  spines P.    pungeus. 

For  xjicrics  sec  /jp.  2-19  and  the  foUoiriiin: 

Lon(,-i,i:af  I'ixk.  /'.  jxilKslris  Mill.  An  important  timber  tree  of  the  southern  states  and 
has  been  reported  as  occurring  vei-y  si)aringly  as  far  north  as  southeastern  Virginia.  Leaves 
8-lS  in.  long,  dark  green,  densidy  tufted  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets.  arranged  in  3  s.  with 
persistent  sheaths.  Flaircrs:  staminate  rose-purple;  pistillate  close  to  the  apex  of  the  shoot. 
Fruit:  cones  cylindric-ovoid,  (J-IO  in.  long,  somewhat  curved,  subsessile.  with  scales  thickened 
near  apex  by  a  transverse  ridge  and  bearing  a  short  recurved  prickle:  cones  deciduous  within 
the  base,  a  few  basal  .scales  being  left  attached  to  tlie  stem:  seeds  al)out  Va  in.  long  with  long 
wing  very  obliipie  at  apex. 

Pond  Fine.  /'.  serotina  Michx.  A  tree  of  the  southern  states  required  to  be  mentioned 
here  only  from  the  fact  that  its  northernmost  representatives  are  said  to  have  been  found  in 
southeastern  ^'irginia,  where,  however,  it  is  very  scarce.  Learex  in  'A  s.  0-8  in.  long,  rather 
slender,  glaucous,  stomatose  all  si(l.>s.  Fruit:  c(."nes  lateral,  subglobose  to  ovoid.  2-2'/,  in.  long, 
subsessile.  scales  thickened  at  apex  and  ix-aring  a  mimiic  prickle:  seeds  about  %' in.  long, 
including  wing  -^  in.  long. 

THE  LARCHES  OR  TAMARACKS.     (>i-nus  LARIX.   .Voaxson. 

A   genus  of   nine  si)ecies   of   trees   uf    uditliern   and    mountainous   regions   of   the   northern 

hemisphere  producing  durable  and  valuable  lumber  and  other  products.      Thret>  re|iresentatives 

are  North  American,  two  inhabiting  th(>  western  side  of  the  continent  and  one  the  eastern. 

Learrs  awl-shaped,  three-angled  (or  four-angled  in  Lari.r  Lijalii).  soft,  deciduous,  in 
clusters  of  many  each  from  lateral  scaly  spurs,  excepting  on  the  shoots  of  the  season  where  they 


420  "  COXIFKR.E. 

appear  singly,  remote  and  in  spiral  arrangement.  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves ;  th« 
staminate  solitary,  globose,  yellow,  terminating  lateral  scaly  buds  or  spurs  on  the  growths 
of  previous  seasons:  anthers  numerous,  spirally  arranged,  2-celled  with  pointed  connectives; 
pollen  grains  simple,  globular ;  pistillate  flowers  pinkish  green  with  stalked  scales  in  the  axils 
of  longer  scarlet  bracts  and  each  bearing  two  ovules.  Fruit  and  ovoid-obloug  erect  short- 
stalked  cone,  maturing  the  first  season,  with  thin  concave  scales  smallest  and  sterile  near  the 
ends ;  seeds  nearly  triangular  and  shorter  than  their  wings ;  cotyledons  six. 
The  name  is  the  classical  Latin  name  of  the  Larch. 

For  species  see  pp.  20-21. 

THE  SPRUCES.     Gexus   PICEA   Link. 
This   genus   consists   of   eighteen   species   of   trees   confined    to    the    north    temperate   and 
subarctic  regions,  sometimes  forming  extensive  tracts  of  valuable  forests.      Seven  species  are 
natives  of  North   America,   three   in   the   Atlantic   states,   one   is  confined    to    the   heart  of   the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  the  others  mainly  to  the  Pacific  slope. 

Leaves  linear.  4-sided  and  stomatiferous  all  sides  (in  the  eastern  species)  or  flattened 
and  stomatiferous  mostly  on  the  upper  side,  scattered  and  pointing  outward  and  toward  the 
end  of  the  twig  but  simetimes  appearing  2-ranked  by  a  twist  in  those  of  the  lower  side, 
articulated  to  )iioiiuiii'iit  persistent  liases.  Floicers  terminal  in  the  axils  of  upper  leaves, 
staminate  long-stnlkiMl,  on  the  luniichlets  of  the  previous  year;  anthers  with  produced  rounded 
connective  and  cells  (ijiening  lengthwise:  pistillate  oblong,  each  scale  in  the  axis  of  a  bract 
and  bearing  two  ovules  at  its  base.  Fruit  ovoid  or  cylindrical  cones,  pendent  mostly  from 
the  uppermost  branches,  maturing  the  first  year  with  thin  unarmed  persistent  scales  and  small 
not  exserted  bracts ;  seed  pointed-ovoid  with  ample  membranous  wing ;  cotyledons  four  to 
sixteen. 

Ficea  is  the  classical  Latin  name  of  the  tSprucc. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 
a    Branchlets  glabrous,  glaucous:   cones  oblong-cylindric  and  scales 

b    Narrow,  elongated  and  erose  at  apex;  leaves  rigid  and  spinescent.  ...      P.    Parryana. 

b=   Wide  and  entire  at  apex  ;  leaves  soft  and  flexible P.    Canadensis. 

a'  Branchlets  pubescent,  brownish  ;  cones 

b    Ovate-oblong,   with    very    short   slightly,    if   at   all.    incurved    stalks,    subentire   scales   and 

dark  yellowish  green  foliage P.    rubens. 

b'  Ovate  with  incurved  stalks  and  erose-margined  scales  ;   leaves  blue-green. 

P.    Mariana. 
For  species  see  pp.  22-29. 

THE  HEMLOCKS.     Genus  TSUGA  Carr. 
Tall  somewhat  pyramidal  trees  of  the  temperate  regions  of  North  America,  Japan,  China 
and    the    Himilaya    Mountains,    with    horizontal    and    drooping    branches,    slender    twigs    and 
graceful  flat  sprays  of  foliage.      Seven  species  are  known  of  which   four  are   inhabitants  of 
North  America,  two  of  the  Atlantic  and  two  of  the  Pacific  states. 

Leaves  linear,  short-petiolate  and  articulated  to  persistent  bases,  flat  in  most  species, 
mostly  appearing  2-ranked  by  a  twist  in  the  base  of  the  leaf  and  white  stomatose  beneath 
(but  not  2-ranked  and  stomatose  both  above  and  below  in  one  species)  with  a  single  dorsal 
resin-duct,  evergreen.  Flowers  in  middle  spring,  moncpcious :  the  sterile  subglobose  clusters 
of  stamens  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  previous  year ;  the  stipes  surrounded  by 
numerous  bud-scales  ;  anthers  tipped  with  a  short  spur  or  knob  and  cells  opening  transversely  ; 
pistillate  aments  terminal  on  the  branchlets  of  the  previous  year,  erect ;  bracts  somewhat 
shorter  than  the  scales. 

Tsuga  is  the  Japanese  name  of  the  Hemlock-tree. 

KEY  TO  THE   SPECIES. 

)rbicular  scales  expanding  bi 

Cones  more  than  1  in.  long  with  oblong  scales  widely  divergent  at  maturity. 

T.    Caroliniana. 
For  species  see  pp.  30-33. 

THE  FIRS.     Genus  ABIES  Link. 

Trees  of  generally  strict  pyramidal  habit  of  growth  with  branches  in  whorls  and  bark 
of  trunks  when  young  containing  numerous  resin-vesicles.  There  are  twenty-four  known 
species,  all  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  chiefly  of  northern  regions.  Ten  are 
found  in  North  America  north  of  Mexico,  eight  in  the  Pacific  coast  and  Rocky  Mountain 
regions  and  two  in  the  Atlantic  states. 


Cones  less  than  1  in.  long,  with  orbicular  scales  expanding  but  little  at  maturity. 

T.    Canadensis. 


Haxui'.dok   oi"   TkisKs  (tF   TiiK    X(  )i;'r  II  Kif.v    S'rAri:s    and   ('aNada.      4i^1 

hcarcK  scssilt".  tluisc  of  younir  licfs  and  si. Tile  l)ranc!i<'s  usually  llal  I  foiir-siiled  in  Ahic^ 
mafiiii/icin  loiiiMlcd  or  cinai-uinatr  at  apex,  c'cul  lally  f;n>.)\f(l  abovr.  spirally  arranged.  l)ut 
gencially  ai)|)('ariiiK  "J-raiikcd  i)y  a  twist  in  tlieii-  bases  and  stoniatit'i'i-oiis  only  below;  leaves 
of  leading  shoots  and  feitile  brandies  crowded,  incurved  and  more  or  less  (niadransrular.  obtuse 
or  acute  at  aix'X.  and  sometimes  sH)matiferous  above,  persistent  for  eight  or  ten  years  and 
when  fallins  away  leaving  a  circular  Hat  scar:  resin-ducts  li :  branch-buds  usually  lesiii 
coated.  J'loircrs  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  pievious  year  and  conlined  to  the  ujjper 
branches:  the  staminate  in  abundani-e  on  the  lower  side  of  bianchlets.  oi)I()ng  with  stipe, 
surrounded  at  base  with  bud  scales:  anther-cells  2.  extrorse.  opening  transversely  and  con- 
nective terminating  in  a  kmib  :  pistillate  flowers  erect  on  upi)ei-  si(h'  of  branchlet  and  usually 
only  those  of  the  topmost  branches,  globose  or  cylindrical-oblong:  scales  numerous,  imbricated 
ami  shorter  than  their  nuicronate  bracts.  Cones  erect,  ovoid  to  cylindrical-oblong,  maturing 
the  lirst  year,  with  numerous  broad  thin  imbricated  scales,  each  bearing  2  .seeds  and  sjjringing 
from  the  axil  of  a  thin  mend)ran()us  bract  which  with  the  scale  and  seeds  falls  away  at 
maturity  from  the  straight  ix-rsisiiuit  iixis:  seed  furnished  with  resin  vesicles  and  a  large 
nu'mbr.'incius  oblique  winii  al    npcx  ;  cotvledons  4-10,  shorter  than   i-adide. 

Ahiis  is  the  ancient   Latin  name  of  the  Fir-trcc. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

Bracts  of  cones  shorter  than  tli<'ir  scales  and  inclosed A.    balsamca. 

Bracts  of  cones  much  longer  than  their  scales  and  reflexed A.    Fraseri. 

For  Mpccica  sec  pp.  .}.)-.J7. 

THE  BALD  CYPRESS.     Gexus  TAXODIUM  Rich. 

The  genus  'rti.rodiiiin  ccuisists  of  two  or  three  sjiecies  of  resinous  trees  of  great  economic 
value  and  polymorfic  habits  of  growth.  One  is  found  on  the  table-lands  of  Mexico  and  Indi- 
viduals of  this  species  are  r^'uiarkable  for  their  enormous  size  and  age. 

Lrnrrs  deciduous  in  our  siiecies.  spirally  arranged  and  of  two  sorts,  viz..  flat  linear- 
lanceolate  and  spreading  so  as  to  api)ear  2-ranked.  smooth,  pale,  and  with  obscure  midrib  and 
stomatose  beneath  :  and  scale-like  and  appressed.  Floircrs  appearing  in  early  spring  before 
the  leave;,  unisexual  f'om  buds  fo'-mcl  the  previous  year:  the  staminate  nume  ous  in  long 
terminal  drooping  panicled  spikes  with  (i-S  stamens  having  b"oad  yellow  i)eltate  connctives  and 
'J-valved  anthers:  pistillate  aments  ovoid  and  appearing  singly  or  few  together  near  the  ends  of 
branchlets  of  the  previous  year  and  (onsisiing  of  a  few  bractless  scales  each  with  a  pair  of 
ovules  at  its  base.  f'oncs  globose  or  nearly  so,  short-stalked,  maturing  the  fi'st  year:  scales 
thick  woody,  rhomboidal,  valvate.  and  bearing  each  two  seeds  and  large  glands  filled  with  liquid 
resin:  seeds  irregularly  triangular-pyramidal,  with  coriaceous  or  woody  coat:  cotyledons  4-!». 

T1h>  name  'rd.rodiiDii  is  from  (ireek  words  indicating  the  resemblance  of  the  leaves  to  those 
of  the  Yi'w-tiee. 

For  sjiccics  sec  pp.  .?N-.?.0. 

THE  ARBOR-VIT^S.     Gexus  TIirVA  L. 

Impoi'tant  evergreen  li-<'es  <<['  few  sjiecies  with  very  durable  wood,  pyramidal  head,  resinous 
juice  and  handsome  froml-like  llal  L'-ranked  sprays  of  foliage.  Th(>y  are  confined  to  the 
northern  regions  of  North  America.  .Japan  and  eastern  Asia.  Two  are  Xorlh  American,  one 
a  valuable  timber-tree  of  the  I'acilic  slope  and  the  other  widely  distributed  in  the  Atlantic 
states  and   Canada. 

Lains  snuill.  decussate,  closely  imbricated  in  4  ranks,  scale-like,  stomatiferous  and 
rounded  or  slightly  keeled  on  the  back,  those  (ui  ultimate  shoots  obtuse  and  compressed  forming 
a  flat  sjiray  and  those  on  larger  twigs  more  spreading  and  acute  or  subulate  on  seedlings. 
l'ioi:(rs  very  small,  mon.ecious.  terminal,  the  two  .sexes  usually  on  different  brancidets.  st.iiui- 
nnte  subgloliose  with  4-Ci  opposite  filaments  having  peltate  connectives  bearing  e.-ich  4-()  anther- 
cells:  iiistillate  with  S-TJ  opposite  scales  each  with  2  erect  ovules.  Co;/r.s  small,  ovoid-oblong, 
maturing  the  first  season,  with  few  thin  oblong  leathery  scales  thickened  at  apex  and  only 
the  2  or  '.',  middle  pairs  fertile:  seeds  usually  2  at  the  base  of  each  scale,  oblong,  compressed 
and  usually  with  lateral  wimrs  not  united  at  apex:  cotyledons  2. 

Thuiia  is  the  ancient  (Jreek  name  of  some  coniferous  tree  and  applied  by  I.iimanis  to 
this  genus. 

For  species  see  pp.   'lO-'/t. 

THE  COAST  CEDARS.     (  Ikxus  CI  I.XM.iaA'l'ARI.^  Si>a(Ii. 

Tall    evergreen    pyi'amidal    trees    with    resinous    juici'.    fr;i-r;inl    valmdil.'    wood,    foliage    in 

the   hranchlets   deciduous.      .\    half    ihizen    siiecies    are 
n    and    Formosa,    with    many    abnormal    forms   due    tc 
an  species  two  are  conlined   to  the   Pacific  and  one  to 
)ast    regions. 


flat    open 

fjin-lili 

;e    spray: 

<    with 

Sll 

inie 

known    <•< 

inline(l 

to    Xon 

h    Ami 

■ri.- 

a.    .1 

the   uar.le 

ne;-s    .'ll 

■1.     Of  1 

he   X,. 

nh 

Aim 

422  Angiosperm.e. 

Leaven  very  small,  opposite,  in  four  ranks,  scale-like  and  appressed  or  more  spreading 
on  older  twigs  and  subulate  on  vigorous  sterile  shoots.  FlouvtK  in  early  spring,  minute, 
monoecious,  terminal,  the  two  sexes  on  different  branchlets :  staminate  oblong  with  several 
decussate  stamens  having  ovate  connectives  decreasing  in  size  from  below  upwards,  and  each 
bearing  usually  two  globose  anther-cells;  pistillate  subglobose  with  decussate  peltate  scales 
each  bearing  two  to  five  erect  ovules.  Cones  small,  globose,  erect,  maturing  the  first  season 
but  persisting  on  the  branchlets  after  discharging  their  seed,  with  thick  peltate  scales  having 
central  bosses  or  points  and  each  bearing  at  its  base  one  to  five  erect  compressed  laterally- 
winged  seeds ;  cotyledons  two. 

The  name  is  from  Greek  roots  meaning  "  a  low  Cypress." 

For  species  see  pp.  .'f2--'f3. 

THE  JUNIPEUS.  Gexus  JUNIPER  L. 
Evergreen  trees  and  shrubs  of  the  northern  hemisphere  having  pungent  aromatic  juice, 
generally  fibrous  bark  and  very  durable  light  odorous  wood.  About  thirty-five  speciees  are 
known.  In  the  New  World  they  are  distributed  from  the  Arctic  Circle  to  the  highlands  of 
Mexico,  Lower  California  and  the  West  Indies  in  eleven  arborescent  species  and  one  or  two 
shrubby.  Two  only  of  the  arborescent  and  one  of  the  shrubby  species  are  found  in  north- 
eastern United  States. 

Leaves  of  two  sorts,  viz.,  opposite,  scale-like,  with  gland-like  disk  and  appressed  in  four 
ranks,  or  subulate  and  free  in  whorls  of  three,  sessile,  sharp-pointed,  without  gland,  convex 
below,  concave  and  stomatiferous  above — ^both  forms  sometimes  on  the  same  plant.  Floivers 
small,  diojcious  or  sometimes  monoecious,  oblong,  terminal  or  axillary,  the  staminate  yellow, 
with  peltate  scales  each  bearing  2-G  globose  anther-cells  attached  to  its  base :  the  pistillate 
consisting  of  2-G  opposite  or  ternate  fleshy  pointed  scales  each  bearing  one  or  two  erect  ovules. 
Fruit  berry-like  by  a  coalescence  of  the  fleshy  scales  of  the  flower,  blue-black  or  red  with  white 
bloom,  smooth  or  marked  with  points  of  the  flower-scales,  closed  or  open,  containing  usually 
one  to  six  bony  wingless  seeds  and  requiring  one  to  three  years  to  attain  maturity ;  coty- 
ledons 2-G. 

Junipents  is  the  classical  Latin  name  of  the  Juniper. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

a    Leaves  of  2  kinds,  both  scale-like  and  subulate  ;  flowers  terminal ;  buds  naked 

Maturing  its  fruit  in  autumn  of  the  first  season J.    Virginiana. 

Maturing  its  fruit  in  autumn  of  second  season J.    scopulorum. 

a'  Leaves  all  subulate  ;  flowers  axillary  ;  buds  scaly J.    communis. 

For  species  see  pp.  .'fJf  -}7  and  the  foUoivinf/: 
Western  Red  Cedar,  ./.  scopulorum  Sarg.     A  tree  very  similar  to  the  eastern  Red  Cedar 
but  with  somewhat  larger  fruit,  containing  usually  2  seeds  and  maturing  at  the  close  of  the 
second  season. 

CLASS  II.    ANGIOSPERM^. 

In  distinction  from  the  class  of  plants  known  as  the  Gi/mnospcrnue  we  now  take  up 
Class  II,  the  Angiosperniw,  which  includes  all  other  Flowering  Plants.  Its  representatives 
are  thought  to  be  of  more  recent  origin  than  those  of  the  Gymnospermw  and  are  characterized 
by  having  flowers  in  which  the  ovules  are  borne  in  a  closed  cavity  (the  ovary)  which  becomes 
the  fruit  at  maturity. 

The  Class  is  divided  into  two  subclasses,  viz..  Monocotyledons  and  Dicotyledons.  The 
former  are  plants  in  which  the  embryo  contains  a  single  cotyledon  or  seed  leaf,  the  leaves 
are  parallel-veined,  the  parts  of  the  flower  are  in  3s  and  the  stems  consist  of  a  mass  of 
soft,  pith-like  tissue  (parenchyma)  permeated  with  wire-like  bundles  of  woody  tissue  (fibro- 
vascular  bundles).  The  Palms,  Yuccas,  etc..  are  tree  representatives  of  this  subclass,  all 
being  confined  to  warm  climates. 

Subclass  2.      DYCOTYLEDONS, 

These  are  plants  in  which  the  embryo  contains  two  cotyledons,  the  leaves  are  netted- 
veined.  the  parts  of  the  flower  are  mostly  in  4s  or  ."is  and  the  stems  consist  of  bark,  wood  and 
pith,  increasing  by  annual  layers  of  wood  inside  the  baik.  They  comprise  by  far  the  greater 
part  of  the  flowering  plants  including  all  of  the  trees  of  northern  temperate  regions  excepting 
those  of  the  class  dymnospernup.  The  subclass  is  divided  into  Apetalw,  Polypetalw  and 
Gamopetalcp,  which  we  will  take  up  in  order. 

Division   1.      APETAX^. 

Flowering  plants  in  which  the  corolla  and  also  the  calyx  sometimes  is  wanting. 


Handbook   oi'   Timiks   oi'    riii-;    Xoimii  i:i;.\    Sr. \ii-,s   and   Canada.      4S-j 
WALNUT  FAMILY.     JL'GLAXDACE/E. 

A    family    of   six   ficiicia    anil    aixuit    thirty-five   spec  ics   of    iiiiiiortaiit    trees   with    aromatic 

bark  and  watery  juice,  iiiosiiy  of  the  warmer  parts  of  tlie  north  temperate  zone.     Two  genera 

are  represented  in  the  United  States. 

Leaves  alternate,  deciduous,  odd-pinnate,  with  loiij;  grooved  petioles  exstipnlati'.  tlie 
leaflets  sessile  or  nearly  so  excepting  the  terminal  one  which  is  usually  long-stalked.  I'loirrrs 
mona?cious,  opening  after  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves  :  the  staminate  in  long  drooping  lateral 
aments  on  the  growth  of  the  previous  season  ;  calyx  '.'>  to  (i-lobed.  each  in  the  axil  of  and 
adnate  to  a  bract;  stamens  several  with  short  distinct  filaments  and  longitudinally  dehiscent 
anthers:  pistillate  in  spikes  or  solitary  terminating  the  new  growth,  hracteate  and  usually 
two-bracteolate :  calyx  H-H-lobed ;  ovary  inferior  and  1-celled  or  incompletely  .■{-4-eelle(]  and 
containing  a  solitary  erect  orthotropous  ovule;  style  short  with  2  plumose  stigmas.  Fruit 
a  bony  incompletely  2-4-celled  nut  inclosed  in  an  indehiscent  or  4-valved  exocarp ;  seed  without 
albumen,  large,  solitary,  2-lobed,  fleshy  and  very  oily ;  cotyledons  2-lobed,  corrugated  or 
sinuose  ;  radicle  minute,  superior,  at  apex  of  nut. 

KEY  TO  THE  GEXEHA. 

Husk  of  fruit  indehiscent:  nut  mostly  sculptured;  staminate  aments  simple;  pith  segmented. 

Juglans. 
Husk  4-valved:  nut  not  sculptured:  staminate  aments  branched;  pith  not  segmented. 

Hicoria. 

THE   WALNUTS   AND   BUTTERNUTS.     Gi-.xus   JUGL.WS    L. 

Trees  with  dark  colored  durable  heart-wood,  furroweil  bai'k,  stout  branchlets.  laminated 
pith  and  edible  nuts.  Ten  species  are  known,  four  of  which  are  natives  of  the  T'nited  States, 
two  of  the  northern  Atlantic  states,  one  of  the  southwestern  stales  and  one  of  the  I'acific 
coast  region. 

Leaves  with  stout  pubescent  petioles  and  11-17  subsessile,  oblong-lanceolate  leaflets  which 
are  mostly  from  2  to  4  inches  long,  rounded  and  unequal  at  base,  finely  serrate  except  at  base, 
acute  or  acuminate  and  clammy  pubescent  at  least  when  young,  rugose  above :  leaf-buds 
superposed.  Floirers  staminate  in  thick  drooping  cylindrical  aments  8-.j  in.  long  or  more; 
calyx  usually  G-lobed,  light  yellowish  green,  puberulous  outside ;  stamens  8-40  with  nearly 
sessile  dark  brown  anthers ;  pistillate  flowers  in  few-fiowered  spikes  at  the  ends  of  the 
shoots  of  the  season  with  villous  laciniated  involucre ;  calyx  4-lobed  ;  petals  4,  alternate 
with  the  sepals  and  adnate  to  the  ovary;  pistil  with  very  short  style;  two  plumose  stigmas 
and  usually  2-celled  ovary.  Fruit  globose  or  ovoid  with  fibrous  somewhat  fleshy  indehiscent 
exocai'p  and  an  ovoid  or  flattened  globose  hard  thick-walled  rugose  or  sculptured  indehiscent 
endocarp    (gjjit    which  is  2-4-celled  at  base:  seed  deeply  lobed. 

The  name  is  of  Latin  derivation  meaning  nut  of  Jove. 

KEY  TO  THE   SPECIES. 

Fruit  subglobose,  papillose   (not  viscid)  ;  leaflets  15-28 J,    nigra. 

Fruit  pointed-ovoid,   viscid-pubescent;   leaflets   11-17,   viscid-pubescent J.    cinerea. 

For  species  see  pp.  J/S-oL 

THE  HICKORIES.     Genus  HICORIA  Raf. 

The   Hickories  are  confined   to   tlie   temperate   regions  of  eastern    North   .America    ranging 

from   the   valley   of   the    St.    LawriMice    Kiver   to    the   highlands   of    Mexico.      Ther»>    are    ai)out 

a  dozen  species,  all  being  found  within  the  United  States  excepting  one.     Their  wood   is  very 

strong,  flexible  and   more  valuable  than  any  other  woods  for  certain  uses.     They  have  smooth 

gray  bark  when  young,  but  with  age  Ix'come  fissured  into  hard  plates  and  scales.      The  branches 

are  tough  and  fiexiiile  and   tlie  pith  solid. 

Leaves  with  tliick  and  linn  ovate  to  oiiovale  l.-atlels.  increasinir  in  size  from  below  up- 
wards, often  glandular-doiicMl.  usually  unei|ual  al  base,  and  acuniiuaie  at  ajiex.  serrati'.  \eins 
commonly  forking  near  the  margins.  Floir(rs:  staminate  aments  slendei-.  <lrooi)ing  and 
usually  in  threes  with  common  jiedunch'  from  the  axils  of  leaf-scars  at  the  base  of  the  shoots 
of  tli(>  season  or  in  clusters  from  buds  in  the  axils  of  leaf-scars  near  the  sunnnit  of  the 
growth  of  the  i)revious  seas(ui.  the  lateral  branches  from  the  axils  of  jiersistent  bracts; 
calyx  2-.'i  lobed.  adnate  to  the  brads:  stanuuis  ;'.-1()  with  ovate-oblong  hairy  anthers:  pistillate 
flowers  sessile,  in  mostly  2-lO-flowered  termimil  sjtikes :  calyx  uneipi.-iHy  4-lobed:  stigmas 
.short-papillose.  Fruit  subglobose.  oblong,  ovoid  or  pyriform.  with  husk  (ejiicariii  woudy  at 
maturity    and    seiiarating    more    or    less   com]detely    into    4    valves,    the    sutures    alternale    with 


424  JUGLANDACE.E.    MyRICACE.E. 

those  of  the  nut  and  falling  away  at  maturity;  nut  with  bony  crustaceous  shell  (endocarp), 
4-celled  at  base,  2-celled  at  apex ;  seed  lobed  and  variously  grooved,  oily  and  usually  edible, 
sometimes  bitter. 

The  name  is  from  the  popular  name  which  is  of  American  Indian  origin. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 
a    Bud   scales  few,   valvate ;    sutures  of   fruit   winged,    lateral   leaflets   more   or   less   lanceolate 
and  falcate. 
b    Nut  compressed  and  kernel  usually  bitter  ;  shell 

Smooth  and  pale H.    minima. 

Rugose,  angled,   chocolate-color    H.    aquatica. 

V  Nut  not  compressed  ;  seed  edible H.    Pecan. 

a-  Bud-scales  numerous,  imbricated  ;  lateral  leaflets  slightly  if  at  all  falcate,  broader  ;  sutures 
not  prominent   (or  slightly  so  in  H.  villosa) 
b    Husk  of  fruit  usually  thick,  splitting  to  base 

c    Bark  exfoliating  in  long  loose  plates  —  shaggy  ;  nuts  whitish  thick-shelled 

Leaflets  mostly  .3-5  and  nut  rounded  at  base H.    ovata. 

Leaflets  mostly  7-9  a.nd  nut  pointed  at  base H.    laciniosa. 

c-  Bark    in   close    rough    ridges,    not    shaggy :    leaflets    7-9 :    foliage    fragrant    and    stellate- 
pubescent ;  nut  usually  4-ridged  and  with  thick  brownish  shell..      H.    alba. 
b''  Husk  of  fruit  thin  and  usually  not  splitting  freely  to  the  base. 

c    Fruit  nearly  glohDse  and  nut  small  with  thin  shell  and  bark  of  old  trunks  exfoliating 
in  long  narrow  strips 

Nut  little  flattened;  middle  lobe  of  staminate  calyx  short H.    mierocarpa. 

Nut  much  flattened  ;  middle  lobe  of  calyx  long H.    borealis. 

e=  Fruit  obovoid  or  pyriform  with  smooth  thick-shelled  nut :  bark  close 

Foliage  glabrous  or  nearly  so H.    glabra. 

Foliage  provided  beneath  with  silvery  peltate  scales H.    villosa. 

For  species  see  pp.  52-69  and  the  foUoicing: 
XoRTiiERx  Hickory.  H.  borealis  Ashe.  This  is  a  name  recently  given  to  certain  small 
Hickories  found  on  dry  uplands  in  Michigan  near  the  Detroit  River,  which  are  allied  to  H. 
iiiicrncdriiK.  but  differing  from  it  mainly  in  having  a  longer  middle  lobe  of  the  staminate 
calyx  and  fruit  more  flattened,  with  very  thin  rugose  husk  usually  not  splitting.  The  extent 
of  their  distribution  is  not  yet  determined. 

SWEET  GALE  FAMILY.     MYRICACE.E. 

Small  aromatic  trees  and  shrubs  with  astringent  bai'k  and  of  about  forty  species  grouped 
in  two  genera  only  one  of  which  is  arborescent.  They  are  of  wide  distribution  throughout  the 
temperate  and  warmer  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

Leaves  simple,  alternate,  mostly  resin-dotted  and  fragrant,  revolute  in  the  bud,  persistent ; 
buds  small  and  scaly.  Flowers  in  early  spring  in  oblong  aments  from  the  exils  of  the  leaves 
of  the  previous  year,  dioecious  or  mona?cious,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  bracts ;  perianth  want- 
ing ;  staminate  with  4  to  several  stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  scale  with  slender 
filaments  united  at  base ;  anthers  erect,  introrse,  2-celled,  longitudinally  dehiscent :  pistillate 
flowers  single  or  in  pairs,  with  1-celled  ovary,  short  style,  2  filiform  stigmas:  ovule  solitary, 
erect,  orthotropous.  Fruit  a  small  subglobose  drupe  covered  with  waxy  exudation  ;  seed  erect 
with  straight  embryo,  iilano-c(uivex  cotyledons  and  no  albumen. 

THE  BAYBERRIES.     Genus  MYRICA  L. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  about  seven  species  are  represented  in  America  and  of  these  three 
only  are  trees.  One  is  confined  to  the  Pacific  coast  region  and  the  other  two  are  inhabitants 
of  southeastern  United  States,  one  of  these  extending  northward  into  Virginia  or  in  shrubby 
form  farther  north. 

Leares  serrate,  dentate  or  entire,  exstipulate.  mostly  resin-dotted.  Flou-ers:  ovary 
subtended  bv  2-4  short  bractlets.     Fruit  a  small  drupe  covered  with  waxy  exudations. 

The   name    Mi/rica,   thought    to   come   from    a    word    meaning    to   perfume,    is    the    ancient 
Greek  name  of  some  fragrant  shrub,  and  applied  by  Linna?us  to  this  genus. 
For  species  sec  pp.  70-71. 

CORK-WOOD  FAMILY.     LEITNERIACE^. 

Small  trees  and  shrubs  of  a  single  genus  and  species,  with  exceedingly  light  wood,  of 
southern  United  States  and  the  valley  of  the  St.  Francis  River  in  southeastern  JNIissouri  and 
the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River  in  Texas. 

Leaves  .3-8  in.  long,  deciduous,  alternate,  petiolate,  involute  in  the  bud.  oblong  or 
elliptic-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  cuneate  at  base,  firm,  rugose-reticulate,  at 
maturity  lustrous  bright  green  above  villous  pubescent  below  as  are   the  petioles  and  branch- 


Haxobook   of   Tukks   of   Till-:    Xoi;iin;i;.\    Staiks    a.nd    ("a.nada.      4-2't 

lets.  Floircrs  dicEfious  in  erert  tomentoso  aiiioiits.  expandiiiK  Ix'foiv  llic  leaves;  staminate 
amtMits  about  1  in.  long  near  the  ends  of  tlie  brancliji'ts :  perianlli  wanting  stamens  ."'.-I'J. 
inserted  on  tiie  bases  of  the  scales,  with  distinct  filaments  and  oblong  introrse  U-celled  longi- 
tudinally dehiscent  anthers:  i)istillate  ameiits  smaller,  with  perianth  consisting  of  small 
scales;  ovary  superior,  1-celled,  with  an  elongated  tlatteneed  recurved  style,  stigmatic  on 
inner  face:  ()\ule  solitary,  laterally  attached,  ascending,  l-'niit  an  elongated  comi)ressed  dry 
drupe,  solitary  or  I'  or'  :*.  together,  with  tiiiii-walied  nullel  :  sei'<\  tiatteened  with  oblong 
blackish  hiluni.   fleshy   nibumen.  erect    end)iyo  ami    flat   cordate  cotyledons. 

THE  CORKWOOD.     Genus  LEITXERIA  Cii.\pm.\x. 

The  genus   is  cliaracieiized   as  aixive  and  contains  a   single  species.      It   was   named  after 
Dr.  E.  F.  Leitner,  a  (Jcrnian  natuialist  who  was  killed  in  Florida  during  the  Seminole  war. 
For  ,v/Hc/c.v  .sTc  PI,.  7.^-7.?. 

WILLOW  FAMILY.     SALICACE^. 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  soft  light  wood,  brittle  twigs,  bitter  bark  and  of  wide  distribution, 
chiefly  of  tin;  noiihern  lieniisphere.  They  are  grouped  in  two  genera,  having  the  following 
characters  in  common  : 

Lcaroi  deciduous,  simple,  alternate  and  with  sti]iules  (sometimes  minute  and  cadueousi. 
Floircrs  dioM-ious,  appearing  in  early  spring  befoi'e  the  leaves,  in  aments,  from  axillary  buds, 
a  single  small  flower  appearing  in  the  axil  of  each  scale  of  the  anient,  perianth  wanting: 
stamens  2-many,  subtended  by  a  disk  and  with  intror.se  2-celled  anthers  longitudinally 
dehiscent:  i)istil  with  short  style.  2-4-lobed  stigma  and  1-celled  ovary  having  2-4  parietal 
placentae  and  numerous  anatropous  ovules.  Fruit  a  1-celled  2-4-valved  ovoid  capsule,  bearing 
numerous  minute  seeds  surrounded  by  long  silky  white  hairs  and  containing  short  radicle, 
fiat  cotyledons  and  no  albumen. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

Scales  of  the  aments  entire  :  stamens  2-10  and  buds  with  a  single  scale Salix. 

Scale  of  the  aments  in<ised  ;  stamens  numerous  and  buds  with  several  scales....      Populus. 

THE  WILLOWS.     Genus  SALIX  L. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  IC.d  or  170  species  of  wide  distribution  throughout  the  northern  and 
a  few  ill  the  southern  heinispliere.  They  grow  generally  along  the  banks  of  streams  and 
in  low  moist  soil  from  the  .Vrctic  regions  to  the  troiiics.  Numerous  natural  hybrids  also 
occur.  About  Tt)  siiecies  are  found  in  North  America  and  of  these  21  are  recognized  as 
trees  of  wlii(  h  !»  or  10  species  are  found  in  the  northeastern  states.  Besides  these  we  have 
two  or  three  natualized  arborescent  species. 

Lcarcs  commonly  lanceolate  but  ranging  from  obovate  to  linear:  petioles  short,  some- 
times glandular  at  apex  and  more  or  less  covering  the  bud  :  stii)ules  oblique,  .serrate,  large  and 
persistent  (espe<Mally  so  on  young  shoots)  or  small  and  deciduous:  winter  buds  covered 
with  a  single  scale  of  two  coats,  the  inner  thin  and  membranous,  Floircrs  in  aments  with 
entire  or  glandular  dentate  bracts  and  disk  gland-like,  minute  and  nectiferous ;  stamens  2-12 
(mostly  2)  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  scale,  with  slender  and  mostly  free  filaments  and 
small  oblong  anthers:  pistillate  aments  usually  (>rect  or  spreading:  ovary  sessile  or  short 
stipitate  with  short  style,  2  short  more  or  less  recurved  2-cleft  stigmas  and  containing  4-8 
ovules  on  each  of  the  2  placentas.  Fruit  an  acuminate  capsule  dehiscent  by  2  recurved 
valves:  seeds  minute,  dark  brown. 

The   name   is   [hv  niicieiit    Latin    name   of   the  genus. 

KEY  TO  TIIE  Sl'ECIES. 
a    Stamens  '>-7.  with   filaments  hairy  at   base:   aments  terminating  leafy  branchlets  and   with 
light  yellow  caducous  scales 
b    Petioles  not  glandular:   leaves 

c    Pale  or  whitish  beneath.  Iance(date  to  ovate-lanceolate 

With  longer  luMiohs  mostly    •  •_.   in.  or  more  long S.    aiiiyp;daloides. 

^Vith  very  short  i)etioles  mostly  less  than    ' :..   in.  lotig S.    lon(;;ix)es. 

c'  Green  beneath,  narrow-lanceolate,  long-pointed:  iietioles  short...       S.    nigra. 
V  Petioles  glandular:  leaves  tai)er-])ointed 

Lustrous  dark  green  above,   pale  beneath.   IJiirkish   and    finely   senate. 

S.    liicida. 
I  Mill  dark  i^ic.mi    (not    lustrous  I   above,  pale  bi'iieath.  thinnish  and  more  co.-irselv  s.'rrate. 

S.    fragilis. 
a'   Stamens  usually  2. 

b    Am(  iits    both    terminal    and    axillary:    leaves    linear-lanceolate    and    remotely    dent  Icui.ite  : 

filaments  hairy  at  base  :  bracts  yellow,  caducous S.    fluviatilis. 

b'   .\ineiits  terminal  on  lateral  branchlets. 


426  Salicace.e. 

c    Capsules  glabrous  ;  leaves 

d    Oblong-lauceolate,  acute  at  apex S.    balsamifera. 

d'  Linear-lanceolate ;  branchlets  long  and  pendent S.    Babylonica. 

d^  Lanceolate  to  oblanceolate ;  branchlets  not  pendent, 
e    (ilabrous 

Bright  or  reddish  yellow  ;  leaves  glaucous  beneath S.    vitellina. 

Light  brown  ;  leaves  silky  pubescent S.    alba. 

e-  Brownish   pubescent    S.    Missouriensis. 

c'  Capsules  hairy  ;  style  short ;   leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  oblong,  acute 

Glabrous  and  glaucous  beneath  ;  branchlets  usually  glabrous ;  pedicel  of  ovary  shorter 

than  the  scale    S.    discolor. 

Pubescent  beneath  ;  branchlets  pubescent ;  pedicel  of  ovary  longer  than  scale. 

S.    Bebbiana. 
For  species  see  pp.  7Jf-93  and  the  foUoicing : 

Balsam    Willow.      Salix    halsamifera    Barr.      A    species    of    boreal    distribution    ranging 

from    about    the    latitude    of    Mt.    Washington    northward    and    usually    shrubby,    but    in    the 

vicinity  of  Ft.  Kent,  Me.,  has  been  found  to  attain  the  height  of  25  ft.  with  trunk  12-14  in. 

in  diamater.     It  is  characterized  as  follows  : 

Leaves  elliptic  to  ovate,  2-4  in.  long,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  usually  acute  or 
obtuse  at  apex,  finely  glandular-serrate,  thin  at  first,  finally  rigid,  glabrous,  dark  green  above, 
paler,  glaucous  and  prominently  reticulated  beneath :  stipules  usually  none :  petioles  slender 
1/2  in.  or  less  in  length.  Floicers :  aments  expanding  with  the  leaves  on  leafy-bracted 
branchlets,  the  staminate  dense ;  stamens  2,  with  free  filaments  ;  pistillate  rather  loose :  scales 
rose-colored,  villous,  persistent ;  style  very  short.     Fruit  capsules  narrow-ovoid,  long-stalked. 

White  Willow.  SaJix  alba  L.  A  large  European  tree  willow  sparingly  escaped  in 
this  country  and  differs  from  the  >S'.  vitelUita  mainly  in  having  more  ashy  gray  and  silky 
pubescent  leaves,  which  gives  a  whitish  effect  to  its  foliage,  and  more  brownish  branchlets. 
Var.  eaeriilea  Koch.,  also  occasionally  found,  has  more  glabrous  dull  bluish  green  leaves  and 
olive  branchlets. 

Bebb  Willow.  Salix  Bebhinana  Sarg.  (,S'.  rostrata  Rich.  I.  A  large  shrub  or  small  bushy 
tree,  occasionally  25  ft.  in  height,  with  a  trunk  fi  or  8  in.  in  diameter,  ranging  from  Pennsyl- 
vania to  the  Arctic  regions,  and  from  the  St.  Lawrence  River  to  Alaska,  and  in  botanical 
characters  is  close  to  <S'.  discolor  (see  pp.  92-93)  but  differs  in  having  leaves  uusally  tomen- 
tose  or  pubescent  beneath  ;  pedicel  of  the  ovary  longer  than  the  scale  and  branchlets  pubes- 
cent. 

THE  POPLARS  AND  COTTONWOODS.     Genus  POPULUS  L. 

Trees  of  usually  large  size,  rapid  growth,  with  scaly  and  usually  resin-coated  buds  and 
bark  pale  at  first  but  furrowed  when  old  and  rich  in  tannin.  The  sticky  resin  of  these  buds 
is  gathered  by  honey  bees  for  sealing  crevices  in  their  hives,  the  material  which  bee-keepers 
call  "  propolis."  About  twenty-five  species  are  recognized  of  which  approximately  half  are 
natives  of  North  America  ranging  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  and  from  the  Arctic  Circle 
to  the  tropics. 

The   Poplars   are    the   oldest   known   dicotyledonous   plants,    being    represented    among    the 
ills  of  the  cretaceous  formations. 


Leaves  lance-ovate  to  orbicular  or  deltoid,  involute  in  the  bud,  usually  with  long  stalks 
more  or  less  laterally  compressed  causing  their  easy  agitation  by  the  winds :  stipules  small 
and  caducous ;  branchlets  terete  or  angled ;  winter  buds  pointed,  more  or  le.ss  resin-coated 
and  covered  with  several  thin  imbricated  scales.  Floicers  expanding  with  or  before  the  leaves 
in  stalked  drooping  aments  which  elongate  while  maturing,  with  thin  obovate  stipitate 
fimbriated  caducous  scales,  more  crowded  on  the  staminate  aments;  pistillate  aments  with 
broad  cup-shaped,  usually  oblique,  stipitate  and  persistent  disk  ;  stamens  4-r)0.  with  short  free 
filaments:  anthers  purplish:  ovary  sessile  with  short  style  and  entire  digitate  or  broadly 
2-4-lobed  stigma.  Fruit  maturing  often  before  the  full  growth  of  the  leaves,  in  usually 
drooping  racemes  and  with  subglobose  to  ovoid-oblong  capsules  subtended  by  the  persistent 
disk  and  dehiscent  by  2-4  recurved  valves;  seeds  small,  brown  and  provided  with  abundant 
cottony  hairs. 

The  name  is  the  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Poplar. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

a    l?uds  coated  with  a  sticky  resin  ;  leaves 

b    Broadly  deltoid,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex 

Very  wide-cordate  to  truncate  at  base  :  buds  large P.    deltoides. 

Verv  wide-cuneate  to  truncate  at  base:  buds  comparatively  small. 

P.    dilatata. 

V  Rhombic-lanceolate,  green  both   sides,  long-pointed P.    acuminata. 

V  Ovate-lanceolate,  green  both  sides,  short-petiolate P.    angustifolia. 


ll.\.M)i;(«)K     i»K    TkIvKS    of    TIIK    Xl  )K  T 11  KK.N     SrAli:s     AM)    ('a.xaha.        4i'7 

V  Broad-ovato,  cordate  at   liasc.   imlc  or   rusty  licneath P.    candicaus. 

b*  Ovati',    jial(>   or    rusty    liciicatli.    roundel    or    widf    cuni'alc-    at    liasr.  liiirly    ncnatc-scrrate, 

afuiiiiiuitc P.    balsainifera. 

b"  licart-sliapcd.     lar^ic    al.rupl     at     apex.    cnMialc-sn  rale    and     prti.drs    sliulnly     if    ,m     all 

tlattciuMl P,    heterophylla. 

a'  Buds  not   resin-coated:  le.ives  tjihicular-ovate  ;   petioles  lonj;  and 
b    Flattened  laterally    (.Ixpc/i.s  )    and  edses  of  leaves 

Finely  crenate-serrate  ;    buds  glabrous P.    tremiiloides. 

Coarsely   dentate  ;    buds   scurfy-pubescent P.    grandidentata. 

b'  Slightly  if  at  all  flattened;  leaves  densely  white-tomentose  bi'ueatli.  P.    alba. 

For  species   see  pp.  1)1-1  l-i   nml    the   folloiriiii/: 

KiROi'EAN  Bi-AC'K  PoPLAK.  /'.  iilf/ra  L.  A  large  wide-spreading  Kuroiiean  tree  and  nearly 
a  century  ago  was  reported  (as  /'.  H udsoiiicii  Michx.  and  /'.  iKtiilifolid  I'ursh.)  as  naturalized 
in  this  country,  but  it  is  rare  in  a  naturalized  state.  The  characters  given  below  are  of  the 
typical  J'.  ni(ir(i.  and  are  equally  applicable  to  the  Loinbardy  I'oi)lar  (var.  linlicd)  exce|)t  as 
noted  in  the  consideration  of  that  tree.  Lcarcs  broad-deltoid,  wide-cuneate  or  almost  truncate 
at  base,  abruptly  acuminate  at  apex,  crenate.  pubescent  at  first  but  finally  glabrous,  firm,  the 
blade  usually  wider  than  long;  i)etioles  long,  slender  and  laterally  comiu-essed.  Floinrs: 
staminate  anients  l%-3  in.  becoming  longer;  stamens  about  20;  pistillate  auients  2-lj  in.  long, 
becoming  longer.       fniif:  capsules  oblong,  obtuse,  short-stalked. 

BIRCH  FAMILY.     BETULACE^. 

Trees   and   a   few   shrubs   of   the   northern    hemisphere   commonly    with    fragrant   aromatic 

properties  and  grouped   in  six  genera  of  which  five  are  found   in   North   .Vmerica.     They  have 

the  following  characters  in  common  : 

Leaves  simple,  alternate,  petioled,  pinniveined.  obliquely  pli<'ate  in  venation,  deciduous; 
stipules  fugacious;  branchlets  terete.  Floinrs  in  early  spring  before  or  with  the  unfolding  of 
the  leaves,  monoecious;  the  staminate  in  elongated  pendulous  lateral  aments,  in  the  axils 
of  the  bracts  of  which  are  borne  1-8  stnall  flowers,  with  or  without  calyx  and  'J-20  small 
erect  stamens  inseited  on  the  receptacle,  with  distinct  filaments  and  2-celled  extrorse  anthers 
opening  longitudinally  ;  pistillate  flowers  in  short  spike-like  or  capitate  aments,  from  lateral  buds 
with  or  without  calyx,  with  2-celled  ovary  and  2-cleft  or  bifurcate  style  stigmatie  at  the  apex 
or  on  the  inner  surfaces  of  tb.e  branches  and  a  single  anatropous  pendulous  ovule  in  each 
cell  of  the  ovary.  Fruit  a  small  mostly  1-celled  l-seeded  nut  or  samara;  seed  solitary, 
suspended,  without  allnimen,  with  large  and  fleshy  cotyledons  and  short  radicle. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

a    Nutlet    wingless,    from    the    axils    of    deciduous    scales    and    more    or    less    inclosed    in    an 
invoiucie  ;  staminate  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  scales  of  the  ament  and  without 
calyx  ;  involucre  of  fruit 
b    Hat,  open,  3-cleft  and  foliaceous  ;  staminate  aments  in  winter  inclosed  with  bud-scales. 

Carpinus. 

b'  A  closed  bladder-like  sac  ;  staminate  aments  in  winter  naked Ostrya. 

a'  Nutlet    more    or    less    winged,    in    the    axils    of    ])ersistent    scales    and    without     involucre; 
staminate  flowers  .S-(>  together  in  the  axils  of  the  scales  of  the  aments  and  with  calyx; 
bracts  of  the   fruiting  aments 
b    Three-lobed,    thin    and    deciduous;    stamens    2    with    2-branched    filaments;    winter    i)ud3 

covered  with  scales   Betiila. 

b^   Erose  or  .")-lobed.  thickened,  wood.\-  and   persistent;   wings  of  nutlet  more  or  less  reduced; 
winter  buds   naked    Alnus. 

THE  HORNBEAMS.     Ge.nus  CARPI XUS  L. 

Trees  of  about  a  dozen  species  with  smooth  gray  Beech-like  bark,  furrowed  and  ridged 
trunks,  and  confined  to  the  northern  hemisphere,  but  only  one  is  found  native  in  North 
America.     The  following  are  the  generic  characters: 

Leaves  ovate,  acjite  or  acuminate,  with  nearly  straight  prominent  veins.  Flowers  in 
April;  staminate  anients  i)endulous  and  with  lUduiineni  nearly  sessile  broad  ovate  acute 
scales,  in  the  axils  of  which  are  found  the  naked  flowers  consisting  of  several  stamens  with 
short  slender  two-branched  filaments,  each  branch  bearing  a  1-celled  half-anther  hairy  at 
apex;  pistill.-ite  aments  slender,  few-flowered  and  terminal  on  leafy  branchlets  of  the  year, 
with  small  deciduous  scales,  each  subtended  by  a  pair  of  flowers  wliich  are  furnished  each 
with  a  small  acute  bract  and  pair  of  bractlets;  calyx  adnale  to  the  ovary:  stigmas  2.  subulate. 
Fruit  a  small  comjji'essed  ovoid  i)rominentlv  ribbed  nut.  tipped  with  calvx-lobes  and  attached 
at  its  base  until  maturity  to  :i  large  foliaceous  .•'.-lobed  jiale-green  involucr.-  formed  from  the 
enlarged  bract  and  bract l.'ts  of  the  flower. 

Carpi)iiis  is  the  ancient   Latin  name  of  the  Euroiiean   llnrnfuain. 

For  xjXiicn   see   jtp.    tl'i-lt't. 


428  Betulace^e. 

THE  HOP-HORNBEAM.     Genus  OSTRYA  Scop. 

Trees  of  wide  disti'ibutiou  tliioughout  the  uorthern  hemisphere,  with  scaly  bark,  slender 
terete  branchlets  and  hard  rather  close-grained  wood.  Four  species  are  liuown.  two  of  which  are 
North  American.  One  of  them  (O.  Knoicltoni  Cov.,),  as  far  as  known,  is  found  only  in  the 
Grand  Canyon  of  the  Colorado  Kiver  in  Arizona,  and  the  other  is  a  common  tree  widely  dis- 
tributed throughout  the  eastern  United  States  and  Canada. 

Leaves  open  and  concave  in  the  bud.  more  or  less  plaited  on  the  nearly  straight  veins. 
Floivers  expanding  before  the  leaves;  staminate  aments  in  clusters  of  a  few  each  with  short 
stalks  or  sessile,  developed  the  previous  season  near  the  ends  of  the  branchlets  and  naked  and 
conspicuous  during  the  winter  ;  stamens  8-4,  crowded  on  a  receptacle  at  the  base  of  a  broad 
ovate  pointed  concave  scale  longer  than  the  stamens  ;  filaments  short,  2-branched.  each  branch 
bearing  a  1-celled  half-ant licr  liairy  at  apex;  pistillate  flowers  in  small  loose  suberect  aments 
terminating  leafy  shoots  nnd  with  large  pointe<l  deciduous  scales  at  the  base  of  each  of  which 
are  2  flowers  each  sundundiil  with  a  tubular  persistent  accrescent  involucre:  calyx  adnate 
to  the  ovary  ;  style  2-branched.  Fruit  an  ovoid  flattened  pointed  nutlet,  inclosed  in  an  enlarged 
pale  membranous  closed  sac  formed  by  the  enlarged  involucre  and  these  together  forming  a 
strobile  very  much  resembling  a  hop,  suspended  by  a  slender  stem. 

0><trt/(i  is  the  classical  Latin  name  of  the  European  species. 

For  species  see  pp.  116-111. 


\.  Hen 

^^of  tl 


THE  BIRCHES.     Genus  BETULA  L. 

The  Birches  constitute  a  considerable  and  important  part  of  the  forests  of  the  Northern 
Hemisphere  of  both  the  Old  and  the  New  Worlds.      Although  a  few  are  shrubby  species  most 
of  them  are  large  and  handsome  and  often  aromatic  forest  trees,  some  of  excep'tional  ornamental 
kie   with   more  or   less  laminate   and   resinous  bark,   very   tough   slender   twigs   and  copious 
watery  and  slightly  saccharine  sap. 

Leares  serrate,  dentate,  or  sometimes  incisely  lobed.  usually  thin,  from  scaly  pointed 
sessile  buds;  stipules  scarious  and  fugacious.  Flowers  unfolding' with  or  before  the  leaves; 
the  staminate  in  pendulous  often  clustered  sessile  aments  which  form  the  previous  season  and 
remain  erect  and  naked  during  the  winter  at  or  near  the  ends  of  the  branchlets  and  rapidly 
develop  expanding  their  golden  flowers  in  early  spring ;  scales  broad-ovate  with  the  two  lateral 
flowers  adnate  to  their  bases ;  calyx  membranous,  usually  4-lobed ;  stamens  2  with  short 
2-parted  filaments,  each  filament  bearing  and  anther-cell ;  pistillate  aments  small  oblong  or 
cylindrical,  usually  peduncled,  terminating  short  lateral  2-leaved  branchlets  and  with  closely 
imbricated  ,3-lobed  persistent  accrescent  scales  ;  calyx  v\-anting ;  pistil  with  compressed  sessile 
ovary  and  2  spreading  persistent  styles  stigmatic  at  the  apex.  Fruit  erect,  inclined  or 
pendulous  strobiles  with  thin  woody  3-lobed  scales  and  3  laterally  winged  nutlets  to  each 
scale  and  these  with  the  scales  falling  away  from  the  central  axis  of  the  strobile  at  maturity. 

Betula  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Birch-tree. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 
a    Branchlets.  etc..  not  aromatic;  strobiles 

b    Cylindrical,  with  long  slender  peduncles;  wings  broader  than  nutlet;  scales 

o    Pubescent,    lateral    lobes   broad    and    recurved:    bark    not   easily    separable    into    layers: 
leaves  with  long  slender  petioles,  long  ai-uniinate  and 

Deltoid,  wide  and  mostly  truncated  at  liasc.  bright  green B.    populifolia. 

Ovate,  mostly  rounded  or  wedge-shaped  at  base,  dull  blue-green..      B.    ccerulea. 
o'  Glabrous  with  spreading  lateral  lobes:   leaves  mostly  ovate  and  rounded  at  base:  bark 
creamy  white  and  separating  freely  into  layers B.    papyracea. 

V  Oblong,  slender,  peduncled,  mostly  erect  and  lobes  of  scales  linear-oblong  :  leaves  acute. 

B.    nigra, 
a-  Branch.lets   and   inner   bark   aromatic ;    strobiles   oblong-ovoid,   subsessile.   erect ;    wings   not 
broader  than  nutlet ;  leaves  sharply 
b    Serrate ;    scales   of   stobiles   short   glabrous    and    with    rounded    lateral    lobes ;    bark    dark 
brown  and  scaly B.    lenta. 

V  Doubly  serrate,  scales  longer  and  with  oblong  lobes:  bark  yellow  or  silv^'-v  and  laminate. 

B.    lutea. 
For  spt'cies  xee  pp.  11H-121'  und  the  foUoKinci : 

Blur  Birch.  Betula  ccerulea  Blanch.  A  small  tree  occasionally  ?,0  ft.  in  height  with 
trunk  8-10  in.  in  diameter  recently  described  as  found  in  southe-n  Vermont  and  northern 
Maine  and  may  be  found  elsewhere  in  New  England.  It  resembles  the  B.  populifolia  hut 
is  said  to  differ  in  having  leaves  rather  ovate  in  outline,  more  cuneate  at  base  and  with  dull 
bluish  green  upper  surfaces.  The  bark  of  trunk  is  described  as  being  more  lustrous  and  of  a 
pinkish  white  color. 


IIa.XDHOUK    ok    TkkKS    ok    TIIK     XoiMllKK.N     SrATKS     AND    Ca.nada.        4J9 

THE  ALDERS.     (,k.\is  ALXL'S   Ckkix. 

Tlic  Aldns  arc  lives  and  shiuhs  ol'  ah.iui  iwciiiy  spcics  with  astiiiiK.Mit  Ijaik  and  durable 
wood,  iiiliabitiug  the  north  temperate  regions  of  botli  hemispheres,  and  ranging  among  the 
mountains  of  the  New  World  into  the  tropics.  Nine  species  are  natives  of  North  America  of 
which  six  are  recognized  as  trees,  five  of  these  iniuibiting  the  Pacific  slope,  and  one  is  a  local 
species  of  the  Atlantic  states.  Besides  these  there  is  also  one  species  from  the  Old  World 
naturalized  in  localities  in  the  Atlantic  states. 

Lcarcs  serrate  or  dentate  and  falling  in  autunin  witliuut  change  of  color:  buds  naked, 
stipitate.  Floircrs  both  kinds  in  c.vuiose  stalked  anients  which  aiqiear  during  the  previous 
season  and.  remaining  dormant  during  the  winter,  develop  in  early  si)iing  before  the  leaves,  or, 
in  one  American  si)eci<>s,  in  late  summer:  staniiiuite  aments  pendulous  with  peltate  scales, 
8-(i  tloweis  in  the  axils  of  each  scale  and  e.-ich  subtended  by  minute  bractlets:  calyx  -l-iiarted  ; 
stamens  usually  4.  with  short  simple  filaments:  i)istillate  aments  ovoid-oblong,  erecr.  with 
thick  scales  and  in  tiic  axils  of  each  are  two  flowers  without  perianth  and  sidjtended  each 
by  2-4  minute  bractlets:  ovary  sessile  2-celled  :  styles  2.  Fruit:  nutlet  small,  compressed, 
tipped  with  the  lemnants  of  the  style  and  bearing  lateral  wings  which  are  sometimes  reduced 
to  a  mere  membranous  border,  2  nutlets  in  the  axils  of  each  scale;  scales  thick  woody,  erose 
or  5-toothed  at  apex  and  persistent,  forming  a  strobile. 

Alitiis  is  the  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Alder. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 
Leaves  oblong,  lustrous  bright  green  above;  aments  expanding  in  autumn.  ...      A.   maritiiua. 
Leaves  orbicular-obovate,  dull  green  and  glabrous;  aments  expanding  in  very  early  s]iiiiiir. 

A.    glutiuosa. 

For  .v/Kc/cv  .sec  PI).  12S-131. 

BEECH  FAMILY.     FAGACE/E. 

Trees  of  great  economic  value  and   some  shrubs  of  wide  distribution,   mainly   throughout 

the  northern  hemisphere.      "^rhere  ai'c  nearly  400  known  species  grouped  in  six  genera,  five  of 

which   are   represented    in   North   America.       Of  these  one   is  generally   distributed    throughout 

the  United  States,  two  others  are  represented  in  the  Atlantic  states  only,  and  the  remaining 

two  are  confined  to  the  Pacific  slope. 

Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  pinniveined  and  with  narrow  caducous  stipules.  Floircrs 
monoecious,  small ;  the  staminate  in  aments  or  heads  with  4-S-lobed  calyx  and  4-20  stamens 
with  slender  distinct  filaments  and  introrse  2-celled  anthers  opening  iengthwise :  pistillate 
fiowers  solitary  or  in  few-flowered  clusters  or  spikes  subtended  by  a  scaly  involucre  which 
becomes  woody  in  the  fruit ;  calyx  4-8-lobed.  adiiate ;  ovary  i5-T-celled  with  1-2  pendulous 
anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell,  but  usually  only  one  ovule  of  one  of  the  cells  maturing,  and 
as  many  linear  styles  as  there  are  cells  of  the  ovary.  Fruit  a  nut  subtended  or  enveloped  by  an 
involucral  covoiing  and  with  a  coriaceous  or  bony  exocarp.  1-celled  by  abortion  and  containing 
a  single  membranous-coaled   seed  without  albumen  :   cotyledons  fl(>sliy  ;    radicle  short,   superior. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

a    Nut  sharply  triangular:  staminate  flowers  in  globose  long-stalked  heads Fagua. 

a'  Nut  globose  and  more  or  less  flattened  at  base  :  staminate  flowers  in  aments ;  nut 

Inclosed  in  a  i)rickly  dehiscent  burr :  aments  suberect Castanea. 

Subtended  by  a  scaly,   woody   inv(ducral  cui) Quercus. 

THE  BEECHES.     C.kxus  FAGUS  L. 

Ti'ces  with  smooth  gi'ny  bai-k,  li;n-(l  close-grained  wood  and  long  iiointed  buds.  About 
a  half  dozen  species  are  known,  all  confined  to  th(>  t(>miterate  regions  of  the  northern  hemisi>here 
and  one  only  is  found  in  North  America. 

Leaves  convex  and  i)licale  on  the  veins  in  the  bud.  firm,  deciduous,  serrate  with  straight 
veins;  stipules  linear-lanceolate:  ix'lioles  short.  Fhirvrx  expanding  with  or  soon  after  the 
leaves;  the  staminate  at  the  base  of  the  shoots  of  the  season  in  many-flowered  drooi)ing  heads 
with  long  2-bracte(l  jx'duncles  :  pedicels  short :  calyx  campanulate.  greenish  yellow,  imbricated 
in  jTstivation.  4-S-lobed  :  stamens  S-Ki.  longer  than  the  calyx,  inserted  on  its  base  and  with 
greenish  anthers:  iiistillate  in  2-4-flowei-ed  clusters  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  and 
surround"d  by  numerous  awl-shaped  bracts  of  which  the  outermost  are  longer  ancl  caducous 
and  the  inner  are  united  so  as  to  form  a  4-lobed  burr-like  covering:  calyx  4  or  ."t-lobed.  villous, 
adnate  to  the  .'{-celled  and  .'{-angled  ovary  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell  and  with  'A  filiform  and 
recurved  ;;tyles.  Fruit  a  shari)ly  .'{-anghvl  ovoid  nut.  with  thin  histrous  brown  coriaceous 
shell  and  inclosed  usually  in  ))aii's  in  a  4-valved  burr:  seed  (with  the  abortive  ovules  ( 
suspended,  oily,  edible  and  of  delicious  flavor. 

Fagus  is  the  Greek  derivation  alluding  to  the  edible  quality  of  the  nuts. 
For  species  see  pp.  1S2-133. 


430  FAGACEiE. 

THE  CHESTNUTS.     Genus  CASTANEA  Adams. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  with  astringent  watery  juice,  edible  nuts 
and  very  porous  wood  and  of  great  economic  value.  Four  or  five  species  are  known  and  of 
these  two  are  trees  of  eastern  United  States  and  one  a  shrub  of  the  southern  states. 

Leaves  convolute  in  the  bud,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate  and  with  straight 
veins  terminating  in  the  teeth.  Floivers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  monoecious;  the  staminate 
in  interrupted  erect  axillary  araeuts,  several  flowers  together  in  the  axils  of  small  caducous 
bracts :  calyx  campanulate.  pale  yellow,  puberulous,  with  (J  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud ; 
stamens  10-20,  with  long  exserted  filiform  filaments  and  small  yellow  anthers,  pistillate  flowers 
mostly  at  the  bases  of  the  upper  staminate  (androgynous)  aments,  sessile,  and  usually  2  or  3 
together,  surrounded  with  an  involucre  of  many  acute  green  bracts :  calyx  urn-shaped  and 
with  G  minute  sterile  stamens ;  ovary  6-celled,  with  G  spreading  white  linear  styles  and  2 
ovules  in  each.  Fruit  maturing  in  autumn,  nuts  1-3  together,  with  a  globose  mostly  4-valved 
woody  burr-like  involucre,  very  prickly  with  stiff  branching  spines  outside  and  velvety  pubescent 
inside  ;  nut  flattened  by  mutual  compression,  short,  ovoid,  pointed  and  tipped  with  the  remnants 
of  the  style,  with  chestnut-brown  coriaceous  shell,  lustrous  below,  pubescent  above  and  with 
large  pale  scar  at  base  :  seed  solitary  by  abortion  and  marked  by  the  abortive  ovules  at  apex, 
large,  starchy  and  of  delicious  flavor. 

Castanea  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Chestnut-tree. 

KEY  TO  THE   SPECIES. 

Nuts  2-3  in  an  involucre,  compressed;  leaves  green  and  glabrous  both  sides.  ...      C.    dentata. 

Nuts  solitary,  not  compressed  ;  leaves  pale  tomentose  beneath C.   pumila. 

For  species  see  pp.  13'f-137. 

THE  OAKS.     Genus  QUERCUS  L. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  nearly  300  species  of  the  north  temperate  regions  and  high  altitudes 
of  the  tropics.  From  its  representatives  come  some  of  our  best  hard  woods,  barks  extensively 
used  for  tanning  purposes  and  the  corks  of  commerce.  The  acorns  of  many  species  are  an 
important  article  of  food  for  hogs,  etc.,  and  in  some  countries  also  for  man.  Oak-galls  of 
commerce  develop  on  the  branches  of  certain  species  and  many  dyes  and  other  products  may 
also  be  recorded  among  the  products  of  the  genus.  About  fifty  Oaks  are  natives  of  the  United 
States  and  more  than  half  of  these  are  found  in  the  Atlantic  states. 

Leaves  deciduous  or  persistent,  arranged  in  five  ranks,  pinnately  veined  and  often  pinnately 
lobed,  sometimes  entire  and  sometimes  variable  on  the  same  branch ;  stipules  scarious  and 
caducous  or  occasionally  persistent.  Floicers  appearing  with  or  before  the  leaves;  the 
staminate  in  clustered  slender  drooping  catkins,  from  axils  of  the  leaves  or  bud-scales  of  the 
previous  year  or  leaves  of  the  present  year,  a  single  flower  in  the  axil  of  each  caducous  scale  of 
the  anient :  calyx  yellowish  green,  campanulate.  deeply  G-lobed ;  stamens  4-12,  with  filiform 
exserted  filaments  and  yellow  anthers;  pistillate  flowers  solitary  or  in  few-flowered  spikes 
from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  year,  each  flower  svfljtended  by  a  caducous  bract  and  two 
bractlets  ;  calyx  urn-shaped,  with  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  and  limb  of  6  short  lobes ;  ovary 
mostly  3-celle'd  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell  and  3  short  or  elongated  styles,  each  flower  nearly 
enveloped  by  a  scaly  imbricated  accrescent  involucre.  Fruit  and  ovoid-oblong  or  subglobose 
1-celled  nut  (acorn)  maturing  in  1  or  2  years,  with  coriaceous  shell  having  large  circular  scar 
at  base,  each  nut  subtended  or  more  or  less  enveloped  in  a  woody  cup  of  imbricated  and  more 
or  less  united  scales  ;  seed  solitary  and  bearing  abortive  ovules  at  base  or  apex  ;  cotyledons 
usually  plano-convex  and  entire. 

Quer-cits  is  the  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Oak-tree. 

KEY  TO  THE   SPECIES. 

a    Acorns   maturing   in   autumn   of   the   second   year ;    shells   hairy    inside ;    abortive   ovules   at 
apex ;    stamens    4-G ;    styles    elongated ;    leaves    or    their    lobes    bristle-tipped,    deciduous 
(Black  Oaks) 
b    Leaves  pinnately  lobed,  convolute  in  the  bud  and 
c    Green  both  sides  ;  cup  of  acorn 

d    Saucer-shaped,  shallow  and  wide  ;  cups 

e    %-l  in.  wide,  rather  thick  and  not  more  than  14  investing  the  acorns  ;  leaves 

Dull  green  above  and  lobes  widest  at  base Q.    rubra. 

Lustrous  green,  lobes  wide  at  apex Q.    Texana. 

e'   %-%  in-  wide,  thin;  leaves  lustrous  with  lobes  spreading  and   wide  towards  apex; 

acorn  short-globose Q.   palustris.  

d'  Turbinate  with 

e    Small  closely  appressed  scales 

f    Acorn  elliptical;  cup  Vi-V?,  in.  wide,  leivp-;  lustrous Q.    ellipsoidalis. 

f'  Acorn  ovoid;  cups  mostly  more  than    ij   ui.  wide;   leaves  dull  green  and 


Handbook  of  Treks  of   the  Xortiierx   States  and   Canada.      431 

With  broad   rounded   sinuses;    inner  bark   reddish Q.    coccinea. 

Witli  narrow  sinuses Q.    borealis. 

e'   ScaU's   larger,   loosely   imbricated   antl   free  at   marj;iu   of  cup:    ii'a\cs  iili()\aie   with 

narrower  sinuses  ;   inner  bark  yellowish Q.    vellutina. 

c'  Loaves  whitish   tomentose  beneath   and   mostly   with 

d    Short  broad  lobes  ;  leaves  mostly  obovate Q.    nana. 

d^  Elongated  and  more  or  less  falcate  lobes  :  leaves 

Rounded  or  obtuse  at  base,  obovate  to  oblong  with  3-5  mostly  Imm;'     or  niauKular 

lobes Q.    digitata. 

Cuneate,  ovate  or  oblong  with  5-11  mostly  falcate  lobes.  ...      Q.    pagodaefolia. 
b'  Leaves  .'i-.'t-lobed  near  the  apex  or  entire,  obovate  or  spatulate 

Wide-obovate,  cuneate,  rusty  pubescent  beneath Q.    Marilandica. 

Spatulate-obovate,    glabrous    Q.    nigra. 

V  Leaves  usually  entire  and  lanceolate  to  oblong,  involute  in  the  bud  and 

Linear-oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  glabrous Q.    Phellos. 

Dblanceolate  to  oblong,  shining  dark  green  above,  paler  and  glabrous  bfin'atii. 

Q.    laiirifolia. 

Oblong-lanceolate  to  oblong  or  ovate,   pubescent  beneath Q.    inibricaria. 

a'  Acorns  maturing   in   the  autumn  of  the  first   year;   shells  glabrous   inside:   aixirtivc  ovules 
basal;  stamens  li-S  ;  styles  short    (  H7m7c  Oaks). 
b    Leaves  pinnately  lobed  or  lyrate-pinatifid  with  lobes  rounded  at  apex    (not  bristle-tipped) 
deciduous 
c    Glabrous  beneath,  obliquely  3-9-lobed  and  eonduplicate  in  the  bud  :  cuji  shallow. 

Q.    alba. 
c'  Pubescent  beneath  and  stellate  pubescent  above,  usually  J5-lobed,  convolute  in  the  Itud. 

Q.    minor. 
c'  White  toiuentose  beneath 

Lyrate-pinnatifid  ;  cup  fringed  with  free  ends  of  scales Q.    macrocarpa. 

Deeply  5-'.)-lobed  ;  cup  not  fringed  and  nearly  inclosing  the  nut      Q.    lyrata. 
b'  Leaves  coarsely  crenate-toothed 

c    Fruit  with  peduncles  much  longer  than  petioles Q.    platanoides. 

o    Fruit    with    peduncles    shorter    than    or    about    equal    to    the    petiole ;    leaves    whitish 
tomentose  beneath 

Bark  scaly  whitish   Q.    Michanxii. 

Bark  firmly  ridged,  grayish   brown Q.    Priniis. 

b'  Leaves  coarsely  repand-serrate,  lanceolate  to  obovate; 

Tall   trees   Q.    acuminata. 

Shrubs  or  very  small  trees Q.    prinoides. 

b*  Leaves  mostly  entire,  thick  and  evergreen Q.    Virginiana. 

For  spccir/i  .tec  pp.   13S-1S1  and  thr  foUovinri: 

Bear  Oak,  Barren  Oak  or  Scrub  Oak,  Q.  nana  Sarg.  (Syn.  Q.  ilicifolia  Wang.,  Q. 
pinnild  Sudw.l.  This  is  an  intricately  branched  shrub  ranging  from  Maine  to  ^'irginia. 
chieHy  coastwise,  occupying  sandy  barrens  and  hillsides  and  sometimes  forming  vast  and 
almost  impenetrable  thickets.  Mr.  Wm.  T.  Davis  has  found  it  on  the  Pine  Barrens  of  New 
Jersey  assuming  the  habit  of  a  small  wide-topped  tree  18  or  20  ft.  in  height  with  trunk  5  or  6 
in.  in  diameter.  It  is  characterized  as  follows:  Lcarctt  mostly  obovate,  2-ii  in.  long  with 
3-T  (usually  .5)  short  spreading  bristle-tipped  lobes,  cuneate,  more  or  less  pubescent  at  first, 
at  maturity  thick  firm  lustrous  dark  green  above,  whitish  pubescent  beneath  ;  petioles  short. 
Floucrs  staminate  aments  hairy,  often  iiersisting  late  into  the  summer  ;  pistillate  flowers  with 
red  recurved  stigmas.  Fruit  borne  in  great  abundance,  mostly  solitary  or  in  pairs,  sessile  or 
nearly  so;  acorns  globose-ovoid,  about  Vo  i"-  l<"iS  and  half  invested  by  the  usually  turbinate 
cup  of  small  closely  imbricated  scales. 

ScRfB  Chestnut  Oak.  Q.  prinoides  Willd.  A  slirubby  oak  distributed  from  Maine  to 
North  Carolina  and  westward  into  Nebraska.  Kansas  and  Texas,  occupying  rocky  slopes  and 
dry  sniulv  uidnnds  and  is  usunllv  only  a  stolaniferons  shrub  from  2-.">  fret  in  height.  West 
of  the  Mississipi)i  River  it  soni(>times  assumes  a  tree-like  habit  of  growth  but  only  attaining  a 
height  of  10  or  1.")  ft.  with  trunk  4  or  .">  in.  in  diameter.  In  botanical  characters  it  closely 
resembles  Q.  acuminata,  but  with  smaller  and  more  rcniotely  lobed  h>aves  and  shorter  petioles, 
and  acorns  with  deeper  cu])s  and  more  turgid  scab  s. 

(iR.\Y  O.VK,  Q.  horcalix  Michx.  f.  (also  Q.  amhi<iua  Michx.  f . ) .  A  large  tree,  occasionally 
found  from  Ontario  and  (,)ueb'c  to  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  bearing  leaves  like 
().  rubra  and  fruit  like  (J.  cocrini-a.  It  is  considered  by  some  a  distinct  species  and  by  others, 
and  jirobably  more  correctly,  only  an  aberrant  form  of  Q.  rubra. 

Many  natural  hybrids  are  found  amonc  the  Oaks,  some  of  which  h.nvc  beiMi  named  and 
described  by  earlv  botanists  ns  d;«tii<ct  siiecies.  Then-  raritv  and  local  (list  rlbut  ion,  however, 
and  occurrence  only  in  localities  where  certain  other  Oaks  whose  characters  they  more  or  less 
share  in  common  occur  seem  conclusive  evidence  of  hybridization.  The  following  cases  have 
been  noted  : 

Q.   Rudkini  Britton  =  Q.   MarUnndica    X    Q.   Phellos. 

Q.   lirilloni  W.  T.  Davis  =  (^.   Marilandiea   X   Q.  nana. 

(J.   hrterophiiUa  Michx.  =  (.).  I'heUus   X    Q.  rubra. 

Q.    Leana   Null.  =  Q.  inibricaria    X    O.   rehitina. 

Q.   tridcntata  Kngelm.  =  ().  imbriraria   X   Q.  ^farilandica. 

Other  hybrids  have  been  foun  I  wiiich  have  not  been  named. 


432  ULMACE.E. 

ELM  FAMILY.     UL^IACE.E. 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  tough  wood  and  of  about  one  hundred  and  forty  species  grouped 

in  thirteen  genera   and  widely  distributed  throughout  the   temperate   regions  of   the   northern 

hemisphere.      Five  genera  are  represented   in  the  United   States,  and  three  of  these  by  trees 

of  the  eastern  and  southern  states.      They  are  characterized  as  follows  : 

Leaves  deciduous,  simple,  petolate,  alternate,  in  two  ranks,  serrate,  pinnately  veined, 
unequal  at  base,  couduplicate  in  the  bud  and  with  usually  fugacious  stipules :  buds  with 
several  scales.  Flouirs  small,  perfect,  monoecious  or  polygamous,  clustered,  or  the  pistillate 
solitary  :  calyx  regular,  4-9-parted  or  lobed  ;  petals  none  ;  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the 
calyx  and  opposite  them,  with  straight  exserted  Aliments  and  introrse  2-celled  anthers  opening 
longitudinally :  ovary  1-celled  with  solitary,  auatropous  or  amphitropous  ovule  suspended 
from  apex  of  the  cell :  styles  two.  Fruit  a  samera.  drupe  or  nut ;  seed  with  little  or  no 
albumen,  straight  or  curved  embryo,  and  usually  flat  cotyledons. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

a    Fruit  a  samara;  flowers  perfect  and  usually  expanding  before  the  leaves....      Ulmus. 

a-  Fruit  papillose  nut-like;  flowers  polygamous,  expanding  with  the  leaves Planera. 

a'  Fruit  a  drupe  ;  flowers  on  the  new  growth  of  the  season Celtis. 

THE  ELMS.     Genus  ULMUS  L. 

Trees  or  rarely  shrubs  with  scaly  ridged  bark,  heavy  tough  wood  and  somewhat  zigzag 
branchlets,  and  of  about  eighteen  species,  of  which  six  or  seven  are  found  in  eastern  United 
States  and  four  of  these  in  the  northeastern  states.      None  are   found   in   the   Pacific  states. 

Leaves  inequilateral,  straight-veined  and  simply  or  doubly  serrate;  stipules  scarious 
caducous ;  buds  with  several  closely  imbricated  scales  in  2  ranks.  Floirers  from  axillary 
buds  on  twigs  of  the  previous  season's  growth  and  usvially  expanding  before  the  leaves  (or  in 
autumn  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  season),  mostly  perfect  and  in  fascicles  or 
racemes,  with  bibracteolate  pedicels ;  calyx  campanulate,  membranaceous  persistent  with 
4-9  imbricated  lobes ;  stamens  5-6,  exserted  with  slender  filaments  and  oblong  anthers ;  ovary 
sessile  or  stalked,  compressed  with  2  divergent  styles  stigmatic  on  inner  faces,  1-celled  and 
containinj?  a  single  amphitropous  ovule.  Fruit  a  flat  orbicular  or  oblong  membranaceous 
1-seeded  samara  winged  all  around  (or  excepting  apex),  subtended  by  the  withered  calyx 
and  sometimes  tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the  styles  ;  seed  compressed  with  straight  embryo 
and    no    albumen. 

Ulmus  is  the  ancient  Latin   name   of  the  Elm. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

a    Leaves  smooth  or  nearly  so  above  and  samara  with  wing-like  ciliate  margin 
b    As  broad  as  seed  portion 

Samara  with  glabrous  sides;  buds  glabrous  and  bluntly  pointed..      U.    Americana. 

Samara  hairy  on  sides :  buds  acuminate  and  puberulous TJ.    racemosa. 

V  Narrower    than    seed    portion ;    branchlets   corky    winged ;    samara    narrow,    stipitate    and 

hirsute U.    alata. 

a'  Leaves  very  rough  above;  samara  not  ciliate;  buds  rusty-tomentose.  ...      TJ.    pubescens. 
For  species  see  pp.  182-189. 

THE  PLANER  TREE.     GexXus  PLANERA  Gmelin. 

A  genus  of  a  single  species  of  small  trees  of  southeastern  United   St'ate:s  and  ^the  lower 

Mississippi  valley,  resembling  the  Elms.      The  characters  are  given  in  the  description  of  species. 

It  is  named  after  John  Jacob  Planer,  a  German   Prefessor  of  Botany  of  the  eighteenth 

century. 

For  species  sec  pp.  190-191. 

THE  HACKBERRIES.     Genus  CELTIS  L. 

Trees  and   shrubs   of   fifty   or   sixty   species,   widely   distributed   throughout   the   temperate 

and  tropical   regions.     Four  species   are   found   in   North    America,    two   being   shrubs   of   the 

louthern  states  and  southward  and   the  other  two   trees  entitled   to  consideration   here. 

Leaves  pointed,  inequilateral  pinnately-veined  or  sometimes  .3-.")-veined  at  base;  stipules 
membranous,  caducous.  Flotvers  polygamo-monoecious,  small,  appearing  with  the  unfoldin;? 
of  the  leaves  or  soon  after  on  the  branchlets  of  the  year,  pedicellate ;  the  staminate  in 
fascicles  near  the  base  of  the  shoot  and  the  pistillate  solitary  or  few  together  from   the  axils 


Handbook   of   Tkkks   ok   tiiio   Xoimii  i;i;.\    Siatks    a.nd   ('a.nada.      4;j3 

of  the  iippor  leaves;  calyx  deeply  H-T-lobed,  (leciduous :  stiinieiis  incurved  in  the  hud  and  in 
the  staminate  flowers  erect  and  exserted,  those  of  the  perfect  flowers  remaining  short, 
ovary  sessile,  ovoid  and  crowned  by  two  diverging  retiexed  styles,  stigniatic  on  tiie  inner  faces; 
ovule  anatropous.  I'ruit  a  sub-globose  drupe,  with  tirm  skin,  thiu  sweetish  flesh  and  l)ony 
or  rugose  pit;   seed    with   curved  embryo  and   scanty   albumen. 

KHY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

Leaves  sharply  and  coarsely  serrate C.    occidentalis. 

Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so C.    Mississippiensis. 

For  .spci-iis  ,vcc  pp.  1U2-1V'). 

MULBERRY  FAMILY.     MORACE/E. 

Trees,    shrubs    and    hcrlis    of    oNcr    nine  hundred    species,    generally    with    milky    juice    and 

natives   of   temperate   and    tropical    regions.  They    are   grouped    in    lifty-four   genera   of   which 

four    are    represented    in    North    American  trees,    three    being    indigenous    and    the    fourth    a 

naturalized   species. 

Leaves  conduplicate  or  invohite  in  the  hud.  petiolate.  alternate,  deciduous,  with  caducous 
stijiules  inclosing  the  leaf  in  the  bud.  Floircrs  montecious  or  di(ecious.  small,  in  ament-like 
spikes  or  heads,  from  the  axils  of  caducous  bud-scales  or  of  the  lower  leaves  of  the  shoots 
of  the  season;  calyx  ;^-.")-lobed  or  i)arted ;  corolla  none;  stamens  1  to  4.  inserted  on  the 
bases  of  'lie  calyx-lobes;  ovary  sui)erior,  1-2-celled  :  styles  1-2;  ovules  solitary.  anatroi)0!is 
and   pendulous.       Fntit   an   aggregation   of  drupelets,   each    inclosed    in    the   thick    fleshy   calyx. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

Both   staminate    and    i)islillate   flowers   in    spikes;    leaves   dentate    and    lobed  :  compound    fruit 

oblong Morus. 

Staminate  flowers  racemos(> ;  pistillate  cai)itate 

Leaves  crenate-serrate.  velvety  and  on  vigorous  shoots,  lobed Broussonetia. 

Leaves  entire,  glabrous,  not  lobed Toxylon. 

THE  MULBERRIES.     Genus  MORUS  L. 

Trees  of  eight  or  ten  species,  with  milky  juice  and  mostly  of  the  tropical  and  north 
temperate  regions  of  both  hemispheres.  Two  are  indigcu(uis  to  thi'  I'nited  States,  one  being 
found  along  tlie  Mexican  frontier  iuid  the  other  in  nuist  of  the  Atlantic  states.  A  third 
is  a  species  inii-oduccd  from  .Japan  and  eastern  Asia  and  extensively  naturalized  in  eastern 
T'nited    States. 

fjcarcs  serrate-dentate  and  sometimes  .".-.">-lobed  or  mitten-shaped,  all  forms  often  on 
the  same  tree.  H-nerved  at  ba-e.  Ftoni  r.f  snuill.  appearing  with  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves 
or  soon  after;  the  staminate  in  cylindrical,  pedunculate  ament-like  spikes;  calyx  deeply 
4-lobed  ;  stamens  4,  opposite  the  calyx  lobes,  inflexed  in  the  bud.  straightening  out  elastically 
( thereby  scattering  the  pollen )  and  becoming  exserted  ;  anthers  2-celled.  introrse.  longitud- 
inally dehiscent;  pistillate  flowers  sessile,  in  shorter  compact  spikes;  calyx  4-parted.  with 
(hick  j)ersistent  lobes  enveloping  the  flattened  ovoid  ovary  which  is  crowned  with  two  white 
spi-eading  stigmas.  l-'niif  a  blackberry-like  agsrregation  of  drupelets  i  siiir<iri) ) .  each  tijiped 
u-ith  the  remnants  of  the  styles  and  formed  by  the  nutlet  enveloped  by  the  succulent  enlarged 
and  colored  calyx;   seed   pendulous   with   curved   embryo  and   scanty   nlluimen. 

Morus  is  the  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  M uUxrrii-tn  ( . 

Ki:V  TO  TIIE   SPECIES. 

Leaves  rough  above,  pub.'scent   heiicalh  ;   fruil    purjile M.    rubra. 

Ix-aves  glabrous  or  iicaiiy  so  both  sides  :   fi-uit    usually  white M.    alba. 

For   sprcics   scr   pp.    I'.U'<- !<>'.> . 

THE  PAPER  MULBERRY.     Cf.xcs   llROl'S.^DXI-.TI.V   N'i-xt. 

Trees  ami  shrubs  of  tlircc  or  four  speci(^s  with  milky  juice  and  natives  of  eastern  Asia, 
one  s]i(vi(>s  being  wiijrjy   ii.-il  urali/ 'd    in   eastern    Cnited    Stales. 

Leaves  both  alternate  and  opposite,  entire  or  toothed,  serrate,  withoiit  lolies  or  variously 
1-5-lobpd.  petioled.  ;^nerved  at  base.  Floirrrs  diiecious.  staminate  in  cylin<lrical  nodding 
ament-like  spikes;  calyx  4-i)arted  ;  stamens  4;  pistillate  flowers  cai)ilate  with  tubular  jierianth. 
stalked  ovary  and  2-cleft  style.  Fruit  in  a  globular  head  and  nutlet  exserted  with  enlarged 
led  (l(wh\    stii)e  and  iicrianth. 

Named  in  honor  of   7'.   .V.    V.   I{n>us.-«nirf.  a   Erench   naturalist. 
For   sj„t  irs   srr   pp.   .'IKI-.^OI. 

28 


■io-i:  Magnoi.iace^. 

THE  OSAGE  ORANGE.     Genus  TOXYLON  Rafinesque. 

A  genus  of  a  siugle  Amerioan  species.      A  tree   with  deeply  furrowed  orange-brown  bark 

and   slightly   acrid   milky  juice. 

Leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  broad-ovate  to  oblong  and  oblong-lanceolate,  rounded,  obtuse 
or  subcordate  at  base,  acuminate,  entire,  pinuately  veined,  the  veins  arcuate  and  united  near 
the  margin,  whitish  tomentose  at  first  but  finally  lustrous  dark  green  above,  duller  and 
conspicuously  reticulate-veined  beneath,  turning  bright  yellow  in  autumn ;  petioles  rather 
long,  terete ;  stipules  triangular,  small,  caducous :  branchlets  armed  with  sharp  axillary 
spines.  Floicers  in  late  spring  after  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves,  dicecious,  light  green;  the 
staminate  in  long-pedunculate  subglobose  heads  from  the  axils  of  crowded  leaves  on  short 
lateral  spurs:  pedicels  sIcikIim- :  cnlNx  4-lobed  to  the  m'ddle.  stamens  4,  opposite  the  calyx 
lobes,  incurved  in  the  bud  and  elastically  straightening  and  becoming  exserted ;  anthers  2-celled ; 
pistillate  liowers  in  dense  globose  heads,  sessile  or  with  short  peduncles  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves  on  the  shoots  of  the  year ;  calyx  divided  to  the  base  with  thick  concave  persistent 
lobes  closely  investing  the  ovary,  the  two  outer  lobes  the  largest :  ovary  ovoid,  compressed, 
tipped  with  a  long  filiform  style  and  containing  a  single  anatropous  suspended  ovule.  Fruit 
a  globose  yellowish  green  aggregation  of  elongated  drupelets,  each  consisting  of  a  nutlet 
enveloped  by  the  enlarged  fleshy  calyx,  the  tips  of  the  lobes  of  which  form  the  roughened 
surface  of  the  fruit. 

For  speciefi  see  pp.  202-20S. 

Division  2.      POLYPETAL.a:. 

Flowers  with  both  calyx  and  corolla  (or  without  corolla  in  Liquidamhar,  Hamamelis, 
Bome  species  of  Acer,  and  some  extra-limital  species)  and  the  corolla  consisting  of  separate 
petals. 

MAGNOLIA  FAMILY.     MAGNOLIACE^. 

Trees   and    shrubs   of   ten   genera   and    about   seventy   species,   with   bitter   aromatic   bark, 

watery  juice,  and   thi^k  rootlets.      Of  the  ten  genera  four  are  represented   in   North  America. 

and   of  these  two  are  arborescent,   both   trees   of   the  Atlantic  states. 

Leave  ft  alternate,  petiolate.  pinnately-veined,  with  minute  transparent  dots,  conduplicate 
and  inclosed  by  their  stipules  in  the  bud.  Flowers  -large,  solitary,  tei-minal,  perfect, 
pedunculate,  and  inclosed  in  the  bud  in  a  srii)iilnr  caducous  sheath:  sepals  and  petals  gener- 
ally colorMd  alike,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  liyiiuui'nuus.  deciduous:  stamens  and  pistils  numerous, 
imbricated  and  inserted  on  an  elongated  rfcrptacli',  the  stamens  beneath  the  pistils;  ovules 
two,  anatropous.  Fruit  compound,  composed  of  numerous  1-2-seeded  follicles  or  samerse 
massed  together. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

Carpels  at  maturity  fleshy,  dehiscent,  persistent :  leaves  entire  ;  anthers  introrse. 

Magnolia. 
Carpels  drj-,  indehiscent,  deciduous ;  leaves  lobed  ;  anthers  extrorse Liiriodendron. 

THE  MAGNOLIAS.     Genus  MAGNOLIA  L. 

Trees  of  about  twenty  species  confined  to  eastern  North  America,  Mexico,  eastern  Asia, 
and  the  Himalayas.  Seven  species  are  indigenous  to  the  United  States  and  several  Asiatic 
species,  blossoming  before  the  appearance  of  the  leaves,  are  introduced  for  ornamental  pur- 
poses but  so  far  as  we  know  none  of  these  have  become  naturalized. 

Leaves  generally  large,  entire  and  deciduous  or  persistent.  Floicers  (in  the  American 
species)  appearing  after  the  leaves;  sepals  three,  spreading;  petals  six  to  twelve,  concave, 
in  series  of  three  each  ;  stamens  early  deciduous,  with  very  short  filaments  and  linear  2-celled 
intrors  anthers,  and  apiculate  connectives ;  ovary  sessile,  1-celled,  with  2  horizontal  ovules 
and  recurved  style.  Fruit  a  reddish  succulent  cone-shaped  or  cucumber-shaped  mass  of 
coalescenr  persistent  follicles,  each  dehiscent  at  maturity  along  its  dorsal  suture  and  liberating 
one  or  two  large  scarlet  drupe-like  compressed  seeds,  suspended  by  an  extensile  thread  of 
uncoiled  spiral  vessels ;  embryo  minute  at  the  base  of  fleshy  albumen. 

(ienus  named  in  honor  of  Pirre  Magnol,  Prof,  of  Botany  at  Montpelier  in  the  17th 
century. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES, 
a    Leaves  deciduous,  thin 

b    Buds  silky-tomentose  ;  leaves 

Oblong,  mostly  rounded  or  obtuse  at  base M.    acuminata. 

Obovate,  auriculate  at  base M.    macrophylla. 

b'  Buds  glabrous  ;  leaves  obovate  or  oblanceolate 

Cuneate  at  base    M.    tripetala. 

Auriculate  at  base    M.    Fraseri. 

a'  Leaves  subpersistent,  thick,  rigid  ;  buds  silky  pubescent M.    glauca. 

For  species  see  pp.  204-213. 


HaXDBOOK    OI"    TrKKS    of    THK    XoRTHKKX     StATKS    AM)    ("a.nada.        4.'j5 

THE  TULIP-TKEES.     Genus  LIRIODEXDROX  L. 

Trees  of  tuo  siiccii's.  nm-  nf  .-xlt  usive  distribution  throufiliout  tlie  eiistern  states  of  North 
Aiiierica  and  the  oilier  in  central  China.  They  are  irees  with  deei)ly  furrowed  brown  bark 
and    further  characterized   as   follows: 

Learrs  in(ur\ed  in  the  bud  and  bent  down  so  that  tlie  apex  points  to  the  base  of  the 
bud.  alternate,  deciduous,  truncate,  subcordate  or  soniewliat  wedgp-shaped  at  base,  truncate 
or  with  a  wide  sinus  at  apex,  with  4  pointed  lobes  (occasionally  with  2  or  t»  lobes)  :  stipules 
formed  by  the  accrescent  scales  of  the  laterally  compressed  obtuse  buds  joined  at  the  edxes, 
strai)-shai)ed  and  tardily  deciduous.  Flotrcrs  appearins;  after  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves. 
(•onsi)icuous,  cup-shai)ed,  somewhat  frasiant  :  sepals  three,  spreading  or  leflexed,  concave, 
{greenish  white  and  tarly  d(>ciduous :  petals  (i  in  2  rows,  erect,  fallinj;  early:  stamens  with 
filaments  about  '/,  as  lonj;  as  the  linear  L*-celled  extrorse  anthers:  jjistils  closely  massed 
tosetlu'r  on  the  elongated  recei)tacle ;  flattened,  with  wide  style,  stij^matic  at  the  acuminate 
recurved  apex ;  ovules  2.  sus])ended  from  the  ventral  suture.  Fruit  a  narrow  erect  liKht 
brown  cone,  consisting  of  the  flattened  samaras-like  indehiscent  4-ril)bed  cari^els  which  separate 
from  the  axis  when  ripe:  .seeds  usually  2.  suspended  in  the  small  cavity  at  the  base  of  the 
samara  :  embryo  minute  at  the  base  of  fleshy  albumen. 

The  name  is  from  two  (Jreek  words  meaning  lili/  or  tuliii  and  trcr. 
For  species  see  pp.  21'i-.il'). 

CUSTARD-APPLE  FAMILY.     AXOXACE.E. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  about  fifty  genera  and  five  hundred  and  fifty  species,  with   generally 

aromatic  properties  and  mainly  of  the  tropical  and  subtropical   regions  of  both  the  Old   World 

and  the  New.      Two  genera   only  are  represented   in   North  America,  one  in  southern    Florl<la 

and  the  West  Indies  and  the  other  in  the  eastern  states. 

Leaves  deciduous,  alternate,  entire,  petiolate.  pinnately- veined,  conduplicate  in  the  bud, 
without  stipules.  Ftoirers  solitary,  perfect  and  mostly  axillary;  sepals  three,  valvate  in  the 
bud  ;  petals  six  in  two  series  ;  stamens  numerous  on  an  elevated  rounded  receptacle  with  very 
short  filaments  and  2-celled  introrse  anthers  adnate  to  the  thick  fleshy  truncate  connective; 
pistils  few  on  the  summit  of  the  receptacle;  ovary  1-celled.  containing  from  one  to  many 
anatropous  ovules.  Fruit  fleshy,  baccate,  formed  by  the  riiiening  of  the  single  or  several 
united  pistils;  seed  inclosed  in  an  aril,  large,  anatropous.  with  thin  lustrous  brown  crustaceous 
coat  and  minute  embryo  at  the  base  of  ruminate  albumen. 

THE  PAPAWS.     Genus  ASLMIXA  Ai)an.so\. 

Small  trees  or  shrubs  emitting  an  unpleasant  odor  when  bruised  and  confined  to  eastern 
North  America.  Six  or  seven  species  are  known,  of  which  all  are  shrubby  and  confined  to 
the  South  Atlantic  and  (lulf  states  except  one.  which  is  a  small  tree  entitled  to  consideration 
here  and  the  only  representative  of  the  ("ustard  Apple  Family  extending  far  outside  the  tropics. 

Leaves  membranaceous.  Fl(Jir<rs  mostly  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  previous 
season,  nodding,  pedunculate,  of  a  puri)lish  color  and  disagreeable  odor;  sepals  green,  ovate, 
smaller  than  the  petals,  concave  and  early  deciduous;  petals  six,  imbricated  in  the  bud, 
accrescent,  hypogenous  prominently  reticulated,  the  three  outer  petals  alternate  with  the 
sepals,  si)reading  and  larger  than  the  three  inner  which  are  opposite  the  sepals  and  erect; 
stamens  closely  ma.ssed  together,  anther-ccdls  separate  on  the  connective;  pistils  few  from 
the  summit  of  the  receptacle,  with  styles  slightly  recurved  and  stigmatic  on  the  inner  side 
above;  ovules  several,  horizontal,  in  two  ranks  on  the  ventral  suture.  Fruit  baccate,  oval 
or  oblong,  smooth;  seeds  compiessed  and  with  large  hilum  at  base. 

The  name  Asimiiui  is  Latinized  from  the  Indian  name,  asimiit.  of  the  I'apaic. 

I'nr    s,„r\.s    x,r    pp.    .>n;^JI7. 

LAUREL  FAMILY.     LA  TRACK. E,. 

Aromatic  trees  and  shrubs  of  about  forty  geniM-a  and  nine  hundred  species  of  wide 
distribution  throughout  the  tropical  and  a  few  in  the  temp(>rate  zones.  Six  genera,  of  which 
two  are  shrubby,  are  represented  in  North  America.  (Uie  on  the  racitic  slojie  and  three  in 
the  Atlantic  states. 

Leaves  alternat(\  simple.  ]irlluci(l-p\iuctatt\  usually  thick,  without  stijiules.  Floirerx 
small-,  regular,  yellowish  green,  iierfecl.  polygamous,  diiecious  or  nuuitecious.  usually  fragrant  ; 
calyx  4-f.-i)arte(l.  the  .sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud  in  two  series;  corolla  none;  stamens  1(1-12. 
distinct  and  inserted  on  the  base  of  th''  calyx  in  three  or  four  series  of  three  each,  those  of 
the   fourtii   serie-i  sterile;   anthers  4-celled  opening  by   uplifted   valves;   ovary  superior.    1-ceIled. 


436  Laurace.e.      Hama]mp:ijdace.e. 

containing  a  single  anatropous  ovule  suspended  from  the  apex  of  the  veil :  stigma  discoid  or 
capitate.  Fruit  a  one  seeded  drupe  or  berry  ;  seed  with  thin  testa,  erect  embryo  and  radical 
between  the  thick  fleshy  cotyledons. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

Leaves  persistent,  coriaceous,  entire:  flowers  perfect:  calyx-lobes  persistent....      Persea. 
Leaves  deciduous,  rather  thin,  entire  or  1-3-lobed  :  flowers  dioecious Sassafras. 

THE  BAYS.     Genus  PERSEA  Gmrt^.  f. 

About  fifty  species  are  recognized  of  this  genus,  all  excepting  one  natives  of  the  western 
hemisphere.  Three  are  species  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coast  regions,  two  ranging  north- 
ward into  Virginia. 

Lravc.i  persistent,  rigid,  coriaceous,  pinnately-veined,  revolute  in  the  bud.  Floircrs 
perfect,  appearing  in  spring  in  two  or  three-flowered  pedunculate  cymes,  corymbs  or  panicles 
from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  year,  with  two  bracted  pedicels :  calyx  carapanulate,  per- 
sistent, those  of  the  outer  series  shortest:  stamens  12,  about  as  long  as  the  inner  sepal-,  those 
of  the  innermost  series  sterile  and  gland-like,  and  in  our  sincics  tln'  anthers  of  the  third 
series  extrorse  and  those  of  the  others  introrse :  ovary  sul)L;ii)liiisr.  -I.iIikhis.  tevminat  ng  in  a 
slender  club-shaped  style  with  discoid  terminal  stigma.  Fniil  a  suli-lnhdsc  or  oblong  drupe 
subtended  by  the  enlarged  persistent  calyx  and  with  thin  flesh  ;  seed  glubose,  pendulous,  with 
testa  separable  into  two  coats. 

Persea  is  the  classical  name  of  some  oriental  tree. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

Branchlets  and  petioles  tomentose  ;  peduncles  mostly  elongated P.    pubescens 

Branchlets  and  petioles  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  peduncles  mostly  short P.    Borbonia. 

For  species  sec  pp.  218-2,21. 

THE  SASSAFRAS.     Genus  SASSAFRAS  Nees  and   Eberm. 

Trees  with  pleasant  aromatic  properties,  deeply  furrowed  bark  and  smooth  green 
mucilaginous  twigs.  They  are  natives  of  eastern  North  America  and  China,  those  of  the 
latter  region,  so  far  as  now  understood,  being  indistinguishable  from  the  American  species. 

Leaves  deciduous,  membranaceous,  involute  in  the  bud,  ovate  to  oblong  and  entire  or 
with  an  oblique  lobe  on  one  or  both  sides,  conspicuously  reticulate-veined,  cuneate  at  base, 
with  arcuate  veins,  pilose  at  first  but  finally  glabrous  dark  green  with  veins  depressed  above, 
Ealer  beneath,  mucilaginous.  Floircrs  appearing  with  the  leaves  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets, 
pedunculate,  in  pilose  clustered  racemes,  from  the  axils  of  the  inner  accrescent  bud  scales, 
with  slender  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  deciduous  bracts :  calyx  with  G  subequal  spreading 
lobes,  yellowish  green  :  stamens  9,  with  elongated  bright  yellow  filaments,  those  of  the  inner 
series  bearing  near  their  base  each  2  orange-colored  stalked  glands :  anthers  oblong,  orange- 
colored,  introrse,  those  of  the  pistillate  flowers  small  and  usually  sterile  :  ovary  ovoid,  green, 
glabrous,  with  long  style  and  capitate  stigma.  Fruit  a  globose  oblong  lustrous  dark  blue 
di-upe  subtended  by  the  red  obscurely  lobed  calyx  and  enlarged  end  of  the  pedicel  and  having 
thin  flesh  with  smooth  brown  oblong  pointed  seeds. 

The  name  is  said  to  be  that  used  by  the  early  French  settlers  in  Florida. 

For  species  see  pp.  222-223. 

WITCH  HAZEL  FAMILY.     HAMAMELIDACE.E. 

The    Witch-Hazel    family    consists    of    trees    and    shrubs    of    about    eighteen    genera    and 

thirty-five  species  of  eastern  North  America,  Asia,  Madagascar  and   South  Africa.      Three  of 

the  genera,  two  of  which  are  arborescent,   are  represented   in   North  America. 

Leares  simple,  deciduous,  alternate,  petiolate,  with  stipules.  Floircrs  perfect  or  unisexual  : 
calyx  4-lobed  and  with  tube  coherent  to  the  ovary  or  none  :  petals  4  and  perygenous  or  none  ; 
stamens  4  or  8  or  numerous  with  2-celled  introrse  anthers  :  ovary  compound  formed  by  the 
union  below  of  2  carpels,  2-celled  and  with  2  subulate  styles  :  ovules  1  or  many,  anatropous 
and  suspended  from  an  axile  placenta.  Fruit  a  woody  2-beaked  capsule  dehiscent  at  the 
summit :  seeds  1  or  several  with  large  straight  embryo  and  scant  albumen. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

Leaves  pinnately  veined  :  flowers  perfect :  fruit  a  2-cellpd  capsule Hamamelis* 

Leaves  palmately  lobed  :  flowers  unisexual  ;  fruit  a  globular  head  of  consolidated  caiisnU's. 

Liquidambar. 


ITa.xdi'.ook   (»k  Tk'kks  of   tinv  Xoiriii  kkx   Statks   and   Canada.      437 
THE  WITCH-HAZELS.     Gexus  1 1  AMAMI^LIS  L. 

Small  trees  iind  slii-ul)s  of  three  speiies,  one  of  eastern  I'niled  Slutes.  one  of  centrai 
China  and  one  of  Cliina  and  .lapan. 

[jcaren  obovate  in  olildiii;,  umlulale-creiiale.  ine(|uilateral  at  l)ase.  involute  in  tlie  hml. 
with  veins  oonsi)i(uous  beneatii  ;  stiiiules  iiifoldin.i;  the  bud.  I' to  in  is  appear  in  autumn  in 
the  AmiM-ican  spi'cies  in  IMlowered  clusters  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  perfect.  ea<-li  sub- 
tended by  2-."'>  acute  bracts:  calyx  4-parted.  persistent  and  adnate  to  base  of  the  ovary: 
petals  4.  strap-shaped,  sjiirally  involute  in  the  bud,  hypogenous,  alternate  with  the  sejtals: 
stamens  S  in  2  rows  on  margin  of  receptacle,  those  opposite  the  calyx-lobes  fertile,  the  others 
small  and  abortive:  lilaments  very  short;  anthers  oblong,  opening  by  valves:  ovary  li-celled. 
each  containing  a  single  ovule  ;  styles  2.  subulate,  sijreading.  stigmatic  at  apex.  Fruit  a 
woody  capsule.  2-4-lol)ed  at  apex,  ioeulicidally  dehiscent  and  when  rii>e  foicibly  disdiarging 
its  seeds  which  are  lustrous  brown,  oblong,  pointed,  cotyledons  foliaceous. 

The  name  is  from  two  (Jreek  words  alluding  to  the  flowering  of  the  tree  at  the  same 
time  as  the  ripening  of  tiie  fruit  of  the  previous  season. 

Fur  species  see  pp.  22-^-225. 

THE  SWEET  GUM.     Gexus  LIQUIDAMBAR  L. 

Tlip  Liquidambars  ar(>  large  trees  of  about  four  species  with  balsamic  juices,  scaly  bark 
and  bran<-hlets  often  corky-winged.  Only  one  species  is  indigenous  to  the  United  States. 
The  family  is  characterized  as  follows: 

Leaves  palmately-lobed,  long-petiolate,  serrate,  plicate  in  tlie  bud;  stipules  pale,  lanceolate. 
caducous;  buds  scaly.  Flowers  small,  naked,  monoecious,  raicly  jierfect,  the  staminate  in 
suhglohose  heads  arranged  in  terminal  racemes,  each  head  surrounded  by  4  caducous  bracts. 
the  jjisiilJate  in  solitary  long-stalked  heads  from  the  axils  of  upper  leaves;  stamens  numerous 
witli  filaments  shorter  than  the  oblong  longitudinally  dehiscent  anthers;  pistillate  surrounded 
by  long-awned  scales  in  globular  heads,  calyces  obconic  confluent  and  with  limbs  nearly 
obsolete,  stamens  4,  small  and  usually  abortive;  ovary  partly  inferior,  with  long  recurved 
persistent  style  stigmatic  on  inner  side;  ovules  numerous.  Fruit  a  globose  woody  head 
consisting  of' the  united  capsules  which  are  tipped  with  the  incurved  enlarged  iiersistent  free 
beak-like  styles,  dehiscent  by  2  valves  at  the  summit  and  liberating  1  or  2  developed  com- 
pressed wing-angled  seeds  with  many  that  are  abortive. 

The  name  is  from  I^atin  and  Arabic  words  meaning  fuid  amber,  in  allusion  to  the 
fragrant   balsamic    exudation    of    these    trees. 

For  species  see  pp.  226-227. 

PLANE-TREE  FAMILY.     PLATAXACE^  Lindl. 

The   Plane-tree   family   consists   of   trees   with   watery   juice,   zigzig   branchlets,   and   bark 

of  trunks  and  larger  branches  exfoliating  in  large  irregular  scales.      It  consists  of  a  single  genus. 

Leaves  deciduous,  alternate,  palmately  3-7-lobed,  from  cordate  to  broad  wedge-shaped  at 
base,  leaves  and  all  new  growth  stellate-pubescent  when  young,  with  long  petioles  enlarged 
at  base  and  inclosing  the  bud,  plicate  in  vernation  and  in  autumn  mostly  turning  brown  and 
withering  on  the  branches  before  falling ;  stipules  large,  foliaceous  and  sheathing  the  branchlet 
on  vigorous  sterile  shoots,  but  thin  scarious  and  caducous  on  fiowering  shoots.  Flowers 
monoecious,  appearing  with  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves,  minute  in  unisexual  pedunculate 
globose  heads;  the  staminate  heads  axillary;  calyx  of  .S-ti  minute  sepals;  petals  .■'.-Ci.  scarious 
and  twice  as  long  as  the  .sepals;  stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  opposite  them  with  very 
short  filaments  and  elongate  2-celled  anthers  opening  longitudinally  and  with  truncate  con- 
nective; pistillate  heads  terminal,  sometimes  one  or  more  heads  sessile  on  the  side  of  the 
peduncle  and  often  encircling  it;  sepals  ?!-(>;  petals  of  same  number  but  larger:  pistils  3-r». 
superior,  with  persistent  straight  hairs  at  base  and  narrowing  to  a  long  curved  style  stigmatic 
on  the  ventral  side;  ovules  1-2,  orthtropous,  attached  to  the  side  of  the  cell.  Fruit  a  sub- 
globose  head  of  club-shai)ed  crustaceous  1-seeded  akenes  tipped  with  the  persistent  style 
and  surrounded  at  base  with  bristly  hairs;  seed  oblong  and  containing  a  straight  embryo 
and  fleshy  albumen. 

THE  PLANE-TREES.     Genus  PLATAXl'S  L. 
A  genus  consisting  of  (1  or  7  species  w'idely  distrilnited  in  Xorili  America,  eastern  Europe 
and   southwestern   Asia.       Three   are  North   American,   one   of   the   .Vllantic  states,   one  of   the 

Tncific    slope    and     one    of    sontliwestern     T'nited     States    and     Mexico.        F<ir    characters    see 
lles.Tiptioii  of  (lie  f;iniily.  Iliis  being  the  only  genus. 

The  ;  nine   is  derived    fiom  a   (Jreek   word   meaning   hroml   in   allusion   to  their  i)road   leaves. 
For  sriei,s  ..re  pp.  22S-.>2!). 


438  RosEACE.E. 

ROSE  FAMILY.     ROSEACE.E. 

The  Rose  Family  consists  of  trees,  shrubs  aud  a  few  heibs  of  wide  distribution  throughout 

temperate  regions,  and  of  upwards  of  fifteen  hundred  species  grouped  in  about  ninety  genera. 

Most  of  our  succulent   friuts   are   among   its   products.      Ten   of    the   genera   are    represented 

by  arborescent  species  in  the  United  States. 

Lcarci^  alternate  (opposite  in  Lijonothamnus)  with  stipules.  Flowers  regular,  perfect; 
calyx  r)-lobed ;  petals  ."•  (0  in  Cercocorpus)  imbricated  in  the  bud;  stamens  numerous,  distinct 
and  inserted  with  the  petals  on  a  disk  lining  the  calyx-tube  ;  anthers  small,  2-celled.  introrse 
(extrorse  in  ]'(ntquchiiia)  longitudinally  dehiscent;  pistils  1-many ;  ovary  1-celled  with 
generally  two  anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell ;  seeds  mostly  without  albumen. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

a    Fruit  a   pome,  consisting  of  an   enlarged   and   succulent  calyx-tube  and   ovary   with  papery 
or  iiorny  carpels;  stipules  free  from  the  petioles   (Tribe  Pomoidew). 
h    Carpels  "papery  at  maturity  and 
c    As  many  as  the  styles 

d    Leaves  simple ;   flowers   in  simple  cymes Pyrus. 

d^  Leaves  palmately  compound;   flowers  in  compound  cymes Sorbus. 

c^  Carpels  becoming  twice  as  many  as  the  styles;  flowers  in  racemes;  leaves  simple. 

Amelanchier. 

b=  Carpels  horny  at  maturity  ;  leaves  simple Crataegus. 

a=  Fruit  a  drupe;  ovary  superior,  1-celled,  with  single  terminal  style    (Tribe  Pniiioidcd) . 

Prunus. 

THE  APPLES  AND  PEARS.     Genus  PYRUS  L. 

The  genus  Pt/nis  ( also  spelled  Pinis )  as  here  restricted  consists  of  about  30  or  40 
species  of  small  or  medium-size  trees  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  mainly  of  the  Old  World. 
Five  are  natives  of  North  America,  four  of  the  Atlantic  states  and  one  of  the  Pacific  slope/ 
these  two  or  three  introduced  species  are  widely  naturalized. 


Leaves  simple,  deciduous,  petiolate,  involute  in  the  bud  ;  stipules  free  from  T:he  petioles, 
caducous;  winter  buds  scaly.  Floicers  pink  or  white,  in  simple  terminal  cymes  on  short 
lateral  and  sometimes  spinescent  spurs ;  calyx  with  urn-shaped  tube  aud  pointed  lobes 
imbricated  in  the  bud  and  mostly  persistent ;  petals  rounded,  short-clawed  ;  stamens  20  or 
more  ;  pistils  usually  5.  alternate  with  the  petals,  united  with  the  calyx-tube  and  containing 
2  ovules  in  each  cell;  styles  usually  5.  distinct  or  united  at  base.  Fruit  a  pome,  formed  by 
the  enlargement  of  the  "united  calyx  tube  and  ovaries  with  papery  carpels  joined  at  apex ; 
seeds  usually  2  in  each  cell,  more  or  less  compressed,  ovoid,  erect,  lustrous  brown  with 
cartilaginous"  testa  and  straight  embryo. 

The  name  is  the  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Pear. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 
a    Fruit  usually  tapering  to  the  stem  and  flesh  containing  grit-cells  ;  styles  mostly  distinct. 

P.    communis. 
a^  Fruit  usually  hollowing  at  the  stem  and  flesh  not  containing  grit-cells  ;  styles  united  at  base 
b    Leaves  glabrous  at  maturity  or  nearly  so  and 

c    Ovate,  mostly  truncate  or  subcordate  at  base P.    coronaria. 

c=  Oblong-lanceolate  to  oval  and  mostly  tapering  at  base P.    angustifolia. 

■     b-  Leaves  tomentose  or  pubescent  beneath  and 
c    Mostlv  narrowed  at  base 

Pedicels  slender,  1-1 V^  in.  long P.    Icensis. 

Pedicels  stout,  %   i"-  or  less  in  length P.    Soulardi. 

c'  Mostly  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base  ;  petioles  and  pedicels 

Short,  stout;  and  pubescent P-    Malus. 

Long,   slender  and   glabrous P.    pruuif olia. 

For  species  see  pp.  230-237  and  the  foUoiciiig: 

Pear.  Pi/rus  eomniunis  L.  A  native  of  southern  Europe  and  Asia,  producing  (in  a 
native  state )  a  small  inferior  fruit.  This  has  been  vastly  amelioriated  by  cultivation  aud 
hybridization,  and  the  tree  is  now  cultivated  in  all  countries  of  temperate  regions.  It  has 
escaped  and  become  naturalized  in  many  localities  in  the  United  States.  In  favorable  situations 
it  is  a  strong  upright  tree,  sometimes  75  ft.  in  height  and  2  ft.  or  more  in  thickness  of  trunk. 
Leaves  mostly  ovate-oblong,  2-4  in.  long,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  base,  acute  or  acuminate,  finely 
appressed-ser"rate  or  subentire.  pubescent  and  ciliate  at  first  but  finally  lustrous  dark  green 
above,  paler  and  veinv  beneath,  very  firm  in  texture:  petioles  long  and  slender.  Floirers 
about  1  in.  broad,  appearing  with  the  leaves:  styles  usually  .^)  and  distinct  to  base.  Fruit 
variable,  but  that  of  wild  seedling  trees  usually  small  and  more  or  less  austere. 

Apple  P.  Malus  L. —  Malus  Malus  (L.)  Britton.  The  native  land  of  the  Apple  is 
supposed  to  be  southeastern  Europe  and  western  Asia.      It  has  been  in  cultivation  from  very 


1IaM)i:<iok   oi-   Tkkks  ok   'riiio    Xokthkkx    Siaiks   axd   Ca.nada.      4-V.) 

early  tinios  and  is  now  i)liiiili(l  in  nil  IciiiiH'ratf  rofiioiis.  its  fruit  liaviiiK  hccii  vastly  iiiii)r()Vi'(l 
upon  its  natural  condition,  and  il  lias  escaped  and  become  conmionly  naturalized  lliroufiliout 
eastern  I'nited  States  and  Canada.  The  trees  attain  a  height  of  from  .'{O-ritl  ft.,  with  wide 
spreading  branches  and  the  trunk  sometimes  2  or  '.i  ft.  in  diameter.  The  close-iy;rained  hard 
wood  is  valued  in  turnery  for  certain  uses.  Leaves  ovate  to  oval,  mostly  rounded  or  cordate 
at  base,  acute  or  acuminate.  irre};ularly  serrate,  gray-tomentose  at  first  (as  are  all  new- 
growths),  at  maturity  glabrous  dull  green  above,  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath  and  soft  in 
texture;  petioles  stoiit.  FloircfK  appearing  with  the  leaves,  white  or  more  or  less  i)ink- 
Hushed.  1-2  in.  across,  in  close  clusters  with  stout  woody  pedicels  -^-T/o  in.  long:  calyx 
tomentose.  Fruit  very  various  in  size  and  (juality.  that  of  seedling  trees  not  true  to  the 
parents  and  generally   inferior. 

Siberian  Cuab.  I'l/nis  iinmi folia  Willd.  Occasionally  found  <'S(ap.'<l  from  cultivation. 
It  is  thought  to  be  a  hybrid  between  /'.  Maiux  L.  and  the  Asiatic  /'.  haccaia  L.  Il  is  a  small 
spreading  tree  differing  from  the  /'.  Mains  in  having  smooth  and  sometimes  entii-e  leaves,  with 
longer  more  slender  and   smaller   leaf  and   fruit-stems  and   small   firm   tai't    fruit. 

THE  MOUNTAIN- ASHES.     GexNus  SORB  US  L. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  about  seven  widely  distributed  species  of  the  north  temperate  regions, 

three  being  natives  of  Xoith  America   and   a   fourth   is  a   naturalized  species  introduced   from 

the  Old   World.      They   have  a   smooth   aromatic  bark,   stout   hranchlets  and   large  buds   with 

imbricated  scales,  the  innermost  of  which  are  accrescent. 

Leaves  alternate,  deciduous,  pinnately  compound  (in  the  American  species  I  with  serrate 
leaflets:  stipules  caducous.  Floirers  perfect,  regular,  white,  in  terminal  compound  cymes; 
calyx  with  urn-shaped  tupe  and  five  persistent  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud  :  petals  .">,  white, 
spreading,  rounded,  with  short  claw  :  stamens  numerous  ;  ovary  inferior  with  usually  3  carpels, 
.'?  distinct  styles  and  truncate  stigmas;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  erect.  Fruit  a  small  red  berry- 
like pome  with  thin  flesh,  papery  carpels  and  containing  in  each  cell  1  or  2  pointed  erect  seeds- 
with  smooth  cartilaginous  coat ;  cotyledons  fleshy,  plano-convex,  with  no  albumen. 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES. 
a    Leaflets  glabrous  above  and 

Long  acuminate  ;  fruit  V4   i"-  oi"  less  in  diameter S.    Americana. 

Acute  or  obtuse  ;  fruit  about  Vs  in.  in  diameter S.    decora. 

a'  Leaflets   pubescent   both   sides S.    Aucuparia. 

For  .species  sec  pp.  238-2'fl  and  the  foUoiviiif/: 
Old  World  Mountain-Asii.  or  Rowan-tree.  Sorhus  Aucuparia  L.  This  is  a  round-headed 
tree  sometimes  50  or  GO  ft.  in  height  with  trunk  from  1-214  ft.  in  diameter  growing  naturally 
in  the  forests  of  northern  Europe  and  Asia.  It  has  been  extensively  planted  in  this  country 
for  ornamental  purposes  and  has  become  naturalized  in  places.  Leaves  with  0-1.")  oblong  to 
oblong-lanceolate  leaflets  %-2  in.  long  serrate,  entire  at  base,  more  or  less  pubescent  both  sides 
especially  beneath;  branchlets  and  petioles  pubescent;  buds  tomentose.  Floirers  Va  i"-  across 
in  mostl\    tomentose  corymbs  4-()  in.  across.      Fruit  about  l^  in.  across. 

THE  SERVICE-BERRIES.     Genus  AMELANCHIER  Medic. 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  slender  branches  and  long-pointed  buds  covered  with  closely 
imbricated  scales,  the  innermost  of  which  are  accrescent.  They  are  of  extensive  distribution 
throughout  the  north  temperate  regions  of  both  hemispheres.  Three  arborescent  species  are 
known  in  North  America,  two  of  which  are  found  in  the  Atlantic  states  and  the  third  in  the 
racilic  coast   region  and  eastward   to   Lake   Superior. 

Laves  deciduous,  simple,  alternate,  petiolate,  serrate  or  entire,  pinnately-veined,  con- 
duplicate  in  the  bud  ;  stipules  linear,  pink  and  caducous.  Floirers  in  racemes  with  slender 
bibracteolate  pedicels:  calyx  with  campanulate  tube,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  and  Ave  narrow 
acute  reflexed  persistent  lobes;  disk  green,  uectiferous ;  petals  five,  elongated,  white,  with 
short  claws:  stamens  numerous  inserted  on  the  rim  of  the  calyx  tube  with  subulate  persistent 
styles  and  oblong  anthers:  ovary  inferior  with  5  cells  each  partly  divided  by  a  false  partition: 
styles  2-5  united  and  i)ubescent  below.  si)reading  above,  and  with  truncate  stigmas:  ovules 
erect.  2  in  each  cell.  , Fruit  a  small  berry-like  subglobose  pome,  purplish  or  blue  when  ripe 
and  crowned  with  the  calyx  lobes  and  remnants  of  the  fliaments.  with  juicy  pleasantly 
flavored  fruit  and  membranaceous  carpels;  seeds  5-l(X  oblong,  compressed,  with  lirown 
coriaceous  testa,  straight  embryo  and  no  albumen. 

The  name  is  the  pojjular  name  of  the  Eurojjean  species  in   Savoy. 

KEY  TO  THE   SPECIES. 
a    Leaves  sharply  serrate  .•in<l 

Ovale  to  ovate-olilong.  a<iile  to  acuminate  at  apex A.    Canadensis. 

Oblong  to  elliptical,  acute  to  rounded  at  apex A.    obovalis. 

a'  Leaves  coarsely  dentate  towards  the  rounded  ai)ex A.    alnifolia. 

For  species  sec  pp.  2'f2-2'i.^  and  the  foUouiny: 


440  ROSEACE^, 

Lo-NG-LEAF  or  SwAiiP  Sekvice-berry,  A.  obovalis  (Michx.;  Ashe.  A  small  tree  or  shrub 
found  in  swamps  and  moist  localities  of  northern  states  and  northward.  Leaves  oblong  to 
broad-elliptical,  IV2--  in-  long,  mostly  rounded  or  obtuse  at  base,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex, 
finely  serrate,  whitish  wooly  when  they  unfold,  nearly  glabrous  at  maturity.  Flowers  in  dense 
racemes  1M.>-2V2  iu-  long,  at  first  hairy  but  becoming  glabrous;  petals  about  %  in.  long. 
Fruit  depressed  globose,  1/3  in.  in  diameter,  from  red  to  dark  purple,  glaucous. 

Western  Service-berry  or  June-berry,  A.  alnifoUa  Nutt.  A  small  tree  of  the  Pacific 
coast  region  ranging  eastward  to  Manitoba  and  northern  Michigan,  but  is  only  a  shrub  east 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  is  characterized  by  having  thickish  broad  elliptical  to  suborbicular 
leaves  obtuse  to  truncate  and  coarsely  dentate  at  apex,  and  short  rather  dense  racemes. 

THE  HAWS  OR  THORNS.     Genus  CRATAEGUS  L. 

The  Haws,  Thorns.  Hawthorns  or  Thorn-apples,  as  they  are  variously  called,  are  gen- 
erally low  wide-spreading  trees  or  shrubs,  with  very  strong  tortuous  branches  armed  with  stiff 
sharp  thorns  (though  sometimes  unarmed),  with  somewhat  zigzag  branchlets  and  usually 
with  dark  or  gray  scaly  bark.  They  are  mostly  confined  to  north  temperate  regions,  with 
the  bulk  01  distribution  in  eastern  United  States.  Twenty  years  ago  scarcely  a  score  of 
species  were  recognized  in  America  and  fewer  abroad,  but  it  was  thought  that  many  of  the 
species  presented  almost  innumerable  forms. 

Within  the  past  few  years  much  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  subject,  and  now  the  list 
of  named  species  numbers  more  than  six  hundred.  The  validity  of  many  of  these,  however, 
is  extremely  problematical,  as  observers  working  in  different  localities  have  made  observations 
and  assigned  names  quite  independently  of  each  other,  and  when  the  studies  have  been  more 
extended  and  results  compared,  doubtless  many  of  the  names  must  be  relegated  to  synonymy. 
The  value  of  certain  characters,  too,  upon  which  to  determine  specific  rank,  are  matters  of 
controversj',  and  can  only  be  determined  by  more  extensive  observation  and  agreement. 
Extensive  experiments  are  being  conducted,  notably  at  the  Arnold  Arboretum,  under  the 
direction  of  Prof.  C.  S.  Sargent,  to  determine  how  far  seedling  plants  will  present  the 
characters  of  their  parents,  and  the  results  will  be  looked  upon  with  much  interest. 

Due  to  the  present  unsettled  condition  of  the  subject  it  is  impossible  to  present  the 
genus  with  the  completeness  accorded  the  other  genera,  and  it  has  been  decided  to  take  up  and 
illustrate  only  a  few  of  the  most  distinct  or  common  species,  defining  them  as  outlined  by 
Prof.   Sargent. 

Leaves  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  simple,  petiolatf,  generally  serrate,  and  often  also  lobed, 
especially  on  vigorous  shoots,  deciduous;  stipuhs  (■.iducous  or  on  vigorous  shoots  often 
foliaceous.  Floirrrs  in  simple  or  compound  corymbs  iciininating  short  lateral  leafy  branch- 
lets,  lowermost  iiciljci'ls  df  a  cluster  often  from  the  axils  of  leaves;  calyx  obconic  with  5 
acute  reflexed  mostly  inisistfiii  lobes  and  tube  adnate  to  the  carpels;  petals  5,  white  and 
pinkish,  spreading  and  iiiscrlcd  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx;  stamens  normally  5  in  one  row 
and  alternate  with  the  petals  or  10  in  5  pairs,  or  15  in  2  rows,  those  of  the  outer  row  in 
pairs,  or  20  in  3  rows,  or  25  in  4  rows  ;  filaments  subulate,  incurved  ;  anthers  pale  yellow  to 
nearly  white,  or  from  pink  to  dark  rose  and  purple;  ovary  inferior,  l-.5-celled  with  1  or  2 
ovules  in  each  cell ;  styles  1-5,  distinct,  persistent.  Fruit  a  pome  from  short  globose  to  oblong 
or  pear-shaped,  mostly  from  red  to  yellow  (sometimes  blue  or  black)  with  1-5  bony  carpels 
united  below  and  each  containing  usually  a  single  erect  compressed  seed. 

The  name  is  from  the  (ireek  word  for  strength,  referring  to  the  toughness  of  the  wood. 
For  species  see  pp.  2.'{Jf-2Gl. 

THE  PLUMS  AND  CHERRIES.     Genus  PRUNUS  B.  &  H. 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  peculiar  bitter  astringent  properties,  many  containing  prussic 
acid  and  exuding  a  gum  from  the  bark  when  wounded.  They  are  of  general  distribution 
throughout  the  temperate  and  tropical  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  many  repre- 
sentatives are  of  great  economic  value.  There  are  about  one  hundred  twenty  species  of  which 
some  twenty-five  or  thirty  occur  in  the  United  States,  eighteen  of  these  being  arborescent. 

Leaves  alternate,  simple,  petiolate,  conduplicate  or  'convolute  in  the  bud,  deciduous  or 
persistent,  serrate  (sometimes  entire);  petioles  often  glandular;  stipules  small,  caducous; 
winter  buds  with  closely  imbricated  scales,  the  innermost  accrescent.  Flowers  regular, 
perfect ;  calyx  inferior,  deciduous,  with  5  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud  and  thin  annular  disk  ; 


Handbook   ok   TitKKs   oi-   tiik   Noi;  tiikii.n    Siatks   and   Canada.      411 

petals    "),    wliito,    sproading.    (Iccidiious ;    stamens    mimcroiis.    insci'tcd    witli    tlie    petals   on    the 
calyx,    with    free    filiform    filaments    and    oval    2-seeded    anthers;    pistil    solitary    with    1-celled 
ovary,   single   terminal   style.   (•ai)itate   stifrina  :    ovules   2,   suspended.       Fruit   a    1-seeded   drupe 
with   horny  compressed   pit,   the  seed   suspended  ;  cotyledons  fleshy. 
The  name  is  tlie  ancient   Lai  in   iiaiiie  nf  (lie  I'lum-trer. 

ki:y  to  tiik  sPEriKS. 

a    Flowers  in  axillar\    umliels  expanding  with  or  Ix'fore  the  leaves:   pit  more  or  less  flattened 
b     Petioles   rnlher  slender  .Mnd    lon«    {  IHnl   T/n /tiCv  I 
c     I''ruil    mostly    '•_>   in.  oi-  more  in  diameter 

Leaves   i)ul)escent   liene.nlh  :    fruit    sweet P.    Avium. 

Leaves   ulnhrous  :    fruit    tart P.    Cerasus. 

c"    I'^ruit    about    •',    in.    in    diameter.    ver\-   sour P.    Peiinsylvanica. 

b=    Petiides  stout    and   shoit    {I'limis) 

c     Fruit    red  or   vellow  and  about    1    in.  or  less  louu' :   leaves  abi'upih-  acuuiinate  and 
d    Obovate-obioii.n-.   thickish.  dull  and  veins  impressed:  calyx-lobes 

(ilabrous   inside:    pit   much   compressed P.    nigra. 

Pubescent    inside:    pit    turgid P.    Americana. 

d'  Ov.ite-lnnceolate  to  lanceolate,  thinnish  :  pit  turgid:  calyx-lobes 

Pubescent  both  sides:    fruit  austeie   with   thickish  skin...       P.    hortulana. 

(ilabrous:    fruit   with    thinnish   skin P.    augustifolia. 

c'-   Fruit  dark  blue  with  bloom;  leaves  ovate  and  i)etioles  mostly  without   glamls. 

P.    Alleghaniensis. 

a"   Flowers    in    tenuiiial    corymbs   appearing  after    the   leaves P.    Mahaleb. 

a"   Flowers  in   ra<-enies  terminating  leafy  branchlets  ;   leaves  finely   senate 

b    With  slender  spreading  teeth  ;  leaves  thinnish P.    Virginiana. 

b-  With  incurved  callous  teeth  ;   leaves  thickish P.    serotina. 

a*  Flowers  mostly  solitary;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate;  fruit  velvety...  P.  Persica. 
/■'of  .s/Kcics  sec  pp.  262-,2Ki  and  the  foUouiiit/ : 
PK.U'ii.  Pnnnis  rersica  (L.)  S.  &  Z.  (Amyr/dahifi  Pcrsiea  L. ) .  The  Peach  was  early 
introduceil  into  this  country  from  Europe,  coming  originally  it  is  thought  from  China,  and 
is  found  naturalized  in  localities  from  southern  N.  Y.  southward.  It  is  a  small  tree,  occasion- 
ally 1  ft.  in  diameter,  with  bark  exfoliating  in  laminate  scales.  Leans  lanceolate  to  lance- 
oblong.  4-(»  in.  long,  tajiering  about  equally  to  both  ends,  serrate,  glabrous:  jietioles  stout. 
%  in.  long.  Flou-<rs  aiipenring  before  the  leaves,  solitary,  pink,  varying  in  sixe  from  ^■•-'1  in. 
broad,  scaly-bracted.  /•';•(/ //  a  subglobose  grooved  drupe,  velvety-tomentose,  with  very  hard 
deeply  pitted  stone. 

PULSE  OR  PEA  FAMILY.     LE( R'^IIXOS-E. 

A  very  large  and  important  family  of  trees,  shrubs  and  herbs  of  wide  distribution 
thidughont  all  temiierate  and  tropical  regions,  generally  free  from  obnoxious  properties  and 
many  of  its  representatives  of  the  greatest  economic  importance.  There  are  about  7,000 
species  groui)ed  in  nearly  4."><)  genera,  and  of  these  seventeen  have  arborescent  representatives 
in  the  United   States. 

Leaves  alternate,  usually  compound,  with  stii)ules.  Flairers  regular  or  i)aidlionaceous 
and  usually  perfect;  stamens  10  or  man\'.  with  diadelphous  (sometimes  distinct)  filaments 
and  2-celled  anthers  opening  longitudinally  ;  pistil  solitary,  with  one  or  several-celled  superior 
ovary.      Fruit  a  legume. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 
a    Flowers    regular   or    imperfectly    papilionaceous;    lobes    imbricated    in    a>stivation  :    stamens 
with  distinct  filaments  ;  seeds  albumenous  :   flowers 
b    Imperfectly  iiapilionaceotis,  i)erfect ;   legume  thin  and   flat;   leaves  simide. 

Cercis. 
b"   Regular,   diu'cious  oi-   jiolygamous  ;    leaves 

Bipinnate  :  cnlyx-tube  elongated  :  stamens  10;  pods  thick Gymnocladus. 

Both  i)iniiate  and  bii)innate  ;  stamens  3-.j ;  pods  thin Gleditsia. 

a"  Flowers  i)apilionaceous  ;   seeds  usually  without  albumen;   leaves  once-pinnat(^ :   stamens 

b    Distinct ;    flowers   iw  long   loose   panicles Cladrastis. 

b'  l)iad<'lphous  ;   jkxI   thin  ;ind   flat  :   stipides  si)inescent Robinia. 

THE  RED-BUDS.     Gi-Nr.s  CERCIS  L. 

Small  trees  and  shrubs  <if  seven  sjjecies.  three  of  which  are  natives  of  North  .\merica 
and  the  others  of  l-'.urope  an. I  .Vsia.  Of  tlu'  tlir.'e  North  American  species  on.>  is  a  Californian 
shrub,  another  is  .i  small  tree  of  the  b.Msiii  uf  ilie  Uio  Cr.inde  in  Texas  and  southwar.l.  ■•md 
the  third  is  widely  distributed   in  the  midille  and  eastern   states. 

Leaves  simple,  deciduous,  broad,  with  .">-7  prominent  veins,  entire,  long-petiolate ;  petioles 
terete,    slender    and    enlarged    near    the    leaf-blade;    stipules   small,    membranaceous,    caducous. 


442  Leguminos^e. 

Flowers  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves  in  short  lateral  fascicles,  on  the  growth  of 
previous  seasons  or  even  the  trunk ;  calyx  oblique-campanulate,  5-toothed  :  corolla  somewhat 
papilionaceous  with  5  rose-colored  unguiculate  petals,  those  forming  the  keel  the  largest  and 
not  united,  the  standard  smaller  than  the  wings  and  inclosed  by  them  in  the  bud  ;  stamens  10, 
distinct,  declined,  with  filaments  enlarged  and  pilose  at  base  ;  "anthers  alike,  oblong,  versatile ; 
ovary  with  short  stipe ;  style  filiform  with  capitate  stigma :  ovules  numerous,  in  2  ranks, 
attached  to  the  dorsal  suture.  Fruit  a  linear  oblong  flat  pod.  acute  at  both  ends,  margined 
along  the  upper  suture,  reddish  purple  and  2-valved  at  maturity,  with  thin  reticulate  valves ; 
seeds  oblong,  compressed,  with  reddish  brown  crustaceous  testa,  straight  embryo  and  scant 
horny  albumen. 

The  name  is  the  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  Old  World  Judas-tree. 
For  species  see  pp.  28-'/-2S5. 

THE  COFFEE-TREE.     Gexus  GYMNOCLADUS  Lam. 

Trees,  with  stout  branchlets  and  large  pith,  of  two  species,  one  of  eastern  North  America 
and  the  other  of  southern  and  southwestern  China. 

Leaves  deciduous,  bipinnate.  with  single  leaflets  in  place  of  the  one  or  two  pairs  of 
lowermost  pinnae  :  stipules  caducous  :  branchlets  thick  with  large  pith  and  2  small  impressed 
buds  in  each  axil.  Floicers  regular,  dioecious  or  polygamous,  in  terminal  racemes,  greenish 
white ;  calyx  elongated,  tubular,  10-ribbed,  with  .5  narrow  nearly  equal  acute  lobes :  petals 
4-5.  oblong,  equal,  pubescent,  rather  longer  than  the  calyx  lobes,  spreading  ;  stamens  10  and 
inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  margin  of  the  disk  bearing  the  calyx  tube,  shorter  than  the 
petals,  distinct,  with  pubescent  filaments  alternately  of  different  lengths  and  uniform  introrse 
longitudinally  dehiscent  anthers ;  pistil  sessile  with  short  style  and  oblique  2-lobed  stigma, 
rudimentary  or  wanting  in  the  staminate  flowers;  ovules  numerous.  Fruit  a  large  thick 
oblong  subfalcate  2-valved  coriaceous  pod,  tardily  dehiscent  and  containing  several  seeds 
with  pulp  between  :  seeds  suborbicular,  flattened,  with  long  funicles,  thick  horny  testa,  thick 
orange-colored  cotyledons  and  thin  horny  albumen. 

The  name  is  from  two  Greek  words  meaning  naked  iranch. 
For  species  see  pp.  286-287. 

THE  HONEY  LOCUSTS.     Genus  GLEDITSIA  L. 

Trees  of  about  eight  or  ten  species  of  eastern  United  States,  Asia,  Japan  and  tropical 
Africa.  Of  these  three  are  native  of  North  America,  one  limited  to  a  small  region  in  Texas, 
another  inhabiting  mainly  the  lower  Mississippi  basin  and  southeastern  states,  and  the  third 
is  now  distributed  over  most  of  the  Atlantic  states. 

Leaves  evenly  pinnate  or  twice  pinnate  or  with  some  of  the  pinnae  replaced  by  simple 
leaflets  often  fascicled,  deciduous ;  leaflets  subsessile  and  irregularly  crenulate  ;  stipules  small, 
caducous.  Flowers  regular,  polygamous,  small,  green  or  white,  in  axillary  or  lateral  some- 
times fascicled  spike-like  racemes  with  minute  caducous  bracts ;  calyx  campanulate  with 
3-5  nearl.v  equal  lobes :  petals  equal  and  of  same  number  as  the  calyx  lobes ;  stamens  0-10. 
inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  edge  of  the  disk,  distinct,  erect,  with  free  filaments  and 
uniform  anthers  :  ovary  nearly  sessile  ;  style  short  with  terminal  dilated  stigma ;  ovules  2  or 
many.  Fruit  a  flat  pod.  long-linear,  many-seeded  and  indehiscent.  or  short-ovate  and  dehiscent ; 
seeds  suborbicular  or  oblong,  flattened,  attached  by  long  funicles ;  embryo  surrounded  with 
horny  albumen. 

The  generic  name  (which  is  sometimes  spelled  Gleditschia)  is  in  honor  of  Prof.  J.  G. 
Gleditsch,  a  German  botanist  of  the  ISth  century. 

KF.Y  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

Pods  linear,  many-seeded  and  somewhat  twisted  or  coiled G.    triacanthos. 

Pods  oblique,  oval,  mostly   1-seeded G.    aquatica. 

For  species  see  pp.  288-29}. 

THE  YELLOW-WOOD.     Gexus  CLADRASTIS  Raf. 

Trees  of  a  single  species  of  limited  natural  distribution  in  the  Atlantic  states,  but  widely 

planted   for  ornamental   purposes.      They   have  yellowish   heart-wood,   somewhat   watery  juice 

and  smooth  bark.      Another  tree   (Maackia  Amitrensis  Rupr.).  of  eastern  Asia  and  Japan,  is 

referred  by  some  writers  to  this  genus,  but  by  others  is  considered   to  be  generically  distinct. 

Leaves  deciduous,  odd-pinnate,  with  stout  terete  petioles  enlarged  at  base  and  few  large 
entire  short-stalked  leaflets :  buds  small,  naked  superposed  and  formed  within  the  base  of 
the  petiole.  Floicers  white,  papilionaceous,  in  terminal  panicles  or  racemes:  calyx  narrow- 
campanulate.  5-toothed :  petals  with  suborbicular  reflexed  standard  and  those  of  the  keel 
incurved  and  distinct :  stamens  10.  distinct,  with  slender  filaments  and  uniform  versatile 
anthers;  ovary  subsessile.  linear  and  tipped  with  slender  incurved  style  with  terminal  stigma; 


IIaM)BOOK    of    TkKKS    ok      IIIK     XoiMUKKN     SlATKS     AND     ("a.NADA.        443 

ovules    several,    siisiieiided.        I'rnil    a    izlahiims    coinpressed    linear    inn r;:inei|    lardil.v    deliiscent 
legume,   ((intainiuf,'   tew   oblunj.'  ((uniiressed   seeds  with   slender  I'uuicle  ;»nd    no   albumen. 
Name  formed   from   (Jreek    roots  meaning   brittle   branches. 
For  species  see  pp.  292-2V3. 

THE  LOCUSTS.     Genus  ROBINIA  L. 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  slender  zigzag  branchlets  and  minute  superposed  buds  covered 
by  the  enl.irged  bases  (d"  the  petioles.  They  are  confined  to  North  America.  Seven  or  eight 
epecies  are  known,  of  which  four  are  represented  in  the  United  States,  three  arborescent  and 
one  shrubby. 

LcfliT.s'  deciduous,  uneiiually  iiinnat(>  and  with  spiiiescent  persistent  stipules;  leaflets 
entire,  petiolulate  with  minute  bristle-liko  stipels.  Floirers  in  racemes  from  the  axils  of 
the  leaves  of  the  year  with  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets :  calyx  campanulate.  fi-toftthed. 
the  upper  i)air  shorter  and  somewhat  united:  corolla  papilionaceous  with  large  reflexe(l 
obcordate  standard,  oblong  curved  free  wings  and  obtuse  incurved  keel-petals  united  below  ; 
stamens  10,  the  9  inferior  united  and  one  superior  free  at  least  to  base;  anthers  uniform  or 
every  other  one  smaller;  pistil  superior,  stipitate  with  subulate  inflexed  hairy  style  and  ter- 
minal stigma:  ovules  numerous,  susjx'uded  from  the  vential  suture  in  two  ranks.  Fruit:  jjofls, 
coinjiressed.  linear-oblong,  flat-margined  along  the  seed-bearing  suture,  with  2  thin  mem- 
branous valves  and  containing  several  obliciue  reniform  seeds  with  persistent  incurved  funicle. 
fleshy  cotyledons  and  reflexed  radicle. 

The  genus  is  named  in  honor  of  Jean  and  Vaspasean  Robin,  father  and  son,  herbalists  to 
Henry  lY,  King  of  France,  who  first  cultivated  the  Locust  tree  in  Europe. 

KFA'     TO     THE     SPECIES. 

Flowers   white:    branchlets   and    pods   glabrous R.    Pseudacacia. 

Flowers   pinkish  :   branchlets  and  pods  glandular-hispid R.    viacosa. 

For  species   see  pp.   2'.>.'i  297. 

RUE  FAMILY.      RUTACE.^  Juss. 

An    important    family   of    trees   and    shrubs   with    pungent   or   aromatic   properties,    widely 

distributed   throughout   warm  and   temperate   regions,   especially   of   the  Old   AVorld,   and  most 

abundant    in    South   Africa  and   Australia.     About   eight    hundred   eighty   species,   grouped    in 

one  hundred  ten  genera,   are   recognized,   but  only   five  of   the  genera  are   represented   in   the 

I'nited  States,  this  number  including  Citrus  (the  Bitter-sweet  Orange,  etc.)   of  Florida. 

Leaves  compound  (sometimes  simple)  usually  glandular-punctate,  without  stipules  or 
with  stipular  spines.  Floireis  regular,  perfect  or  unisexvial.  generally  in  cymes ;  calyx  with 
3-ri  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  petals  3-r>,  hypogynous  or  perigynous,  imbricated  in  the  bud  ; 
stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  or  twice  the  number,  distinct  or  united  below  and  inserted  on 
the  receptacle;  anthers  introrse,  longitudinally  dehiscent;  pistils  2-5,  sei)arate  or  united, 
sessile  or  stipitate,  the  styles  usually  united  and  ovary  containing  2  pedulous  anatropous  or 
aniiihilrnpous  ovules.  Fruit  usually  a  capsule  but  in  other  cases  a  samara  or  drupe;  seed 
with  horny  or  crustaceous  coat  and  containing  an  axile  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENEKA. 

Fruit    a   2-valved   capsule :    leaves   pinnate Xanthoxyluni. 

Fruit   a   samara   winged   all   around :    leaves   trifoliate Ptelea. 

THE  PRICKLY-ASHES.     Genus  XANTHOXYLUM  L. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  about  one  hundred  species,  with  prickly  twigs  and  of  wide  distribu- 
tion in  tro])ical  and  temi)erate  regions.  Five  species  are  found  in  the  United  States  of  which 
one  is  a  shrub  and  the  others  small  trees  mainly  of  the  southern  states.  The  bark,  especially 
of  the  roots,  of  all  the  representatives  of  the  genus  contains  active  stimulant  and  tonic  i)roi)- 
erties  and  is  used  in  the  treatment  of  rheumatism,  to  excite  salivation  and  to  relieve  tootiiache. 

Leaves  alternate.  odd-i)innate.  the  leaflets  generally  opjiosite.  oblique  at  base  and  entire 
or  crenulate.  Floirers  small,  whitish  or  greenish,  in  axillary  or  terminal  pedunculate  cymes; 
sepals  4-.")  or  obsolete:  jjctals  4-.");  stamens  4-.">  and  alternate  with  the  petals:  i)istils  2-.">. 
oblique.  stii)itate ;  ovaries  distinct.  1-celled.  2-ovuled ;  style  short,  slender  and  couni\aur. 
Fruit  a  capsule  with  two  thickish  valves  and  containing  1-2  oblong  seeds  witii  smooth  black 
shining  crustaceous  testa,  and  often  hanging  from  the  open  carpel  at  maturity  susi)ended  by  a 
slender  funicle  :  cotyledons  foliaceous. 

The  name  is  from  two  Oreek  words  meaning  yeUoir   irood. 
For  species  see  pp.   2'JS-2ilO. 


444  Anacardiace^e. 

THE  WAFER-ASKES.     Genus  PTELEA  L. 

Small  trees  or  shrubs  without  prickles  and  with  bitter  bark.  Five  or  six  species  are 
known,  all  natives  of  the  United  States  and  Mexico,  one  only  being  arborescent  and  that 
widely  distributed  throughout  central  and  eastern  United  States. 

Leaves  usually  3-foliate,  long  petiolate  and  without  stipules:  lea^ets  conduplicate  in  the 
bud.  ovate  or  oblong,  entire  or  serrate,  pellucid-punctate.  Flowers  greenish-white,  polygamous, 
in  compound  terminal  cymes;  calyx  with  sepals  4-5  or  wanting;  petals  4-5.  imbricated; 
stamens  of  same  number  and  alternate  with  them  with  subulate  filaments,  pilose  at  base 
and  shorter  in  the  pistillate  flowers ;  pistil  superior,  stipitate.  with  compressed.  2-3-celled 
ovary,  short  style  and  2-3-lobed  stigma.  Fruit  an  indehiscent  2-3-celled  samara,  surrounded 
by  a  broad  reticulate  wing  (or  rarely  wingless)  ;  seed  pointed  at  apex,  rounded  at  base  and 
with  coriaceous  testa. 

The  name  is  the  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  Elm.  given  to  this  genus  on  account  of  a 
resemblance   in   the   fruit. 

For  species  see  pp.  300-301. 

QUASSIA  FAMILY.     SIAIARUBACE^E  DC. 

Trees,  shrubs;  and  a   few  herbs  with  generally  bitter  milky  juice   and   confined  moctly   to 

tropical    regions.     About   one   hundred)   forty-five   species,    grouped   in   twenty-eight   genera,    are 

known.     Of   these  one   arborescent  genus    (J^imaruha)    is   indigenous   to   the   United    States   in 

subtropical    Florida.     Another     (Ailanthiis)     is    extensively    naturalized    throughout    eastern 

United  States  and  Canada. 

Leaves  generally^  alternate  and  pinnate,  not  glandular-punctate,  without  stipules. 
Floirers  mostly  in  axillary  racemes  or  panicles  and  dioecious  or  polygamous,  regular;  calyx 
3-5-lobed  or  parted,  imbricated  in  the  bud;  petals  3-5  (rarely  wanting),  hypogenous ;  disk 
annular  or  elongated ;  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  or  twice  as  many,  with  distinct  filaments 
each  with  a  scale  or  hairs  at  base  and  inserted  under  the  disk ;  anthers  2-celled  introrse ; 
pistils  composed  of  2-5  united  carpels  each  of  a  single  cell  and  containing  a  single  anatropous 
ovule  ;  style  1-5.     Fruit  a  drupe  or  samara. 

THE  AILANTHUS.     Genus  AILANTHUS  Desf. 

Lai-ge  handsome  trees  with  pale  bark  and  of  two  or  three  species,  natives  of  China,  the 
East  Indies  and  Australia  and  represented  in  the  United  States  by  a  single  naturalized  species. 

Leaves  simple,  altrenate.  deciduous,  odd-pinnate,  with  numerous  somewhat  oblique  sub- 
entire  leaflets.  Flowers  small,  in  large  terminal  panicles;  calyx  with  5  short  lobes;  petals  5, 
valvate,  spreading;  disk  hemispheric.  10-lobed ;  stamens  10  "(only  2  or  3  in  the  pistillate 
flowers);  ovary  deeply  2-5-lobed :  styles  2-5,  united.  Fruit  sameras  usually  2-5  together, 
linear-oblong,  with  membranous  veiny  wing  and  cell  containing  a  solitary  compresseid  seed 
at  about   its   center. 

The  name  is  from  the  native  Mallaca  name  of  the  tree  —  Ailanto.  meaning  Tree  of  Heaven. 

For  species  see  pp.  302-303. 

SUMACH  FAMILY.     ANACARDIACE;E  Lindl. 

Trees  and  shrubs  with   resinous  or  milky  juice,   of  about  fifty   genera  and   four  hundred 

species  mainly  of  warm  or  tropical  regions.  Three  genera  are  represented  in  the  trees  of  the 

United  States. 

Leaves  mostly  alternate  and  without  stipules ;  branchlets  terete  and  with  large  pith. 
Floicers  small,  regular,  polygamous,  dioecious  or  perfect ;  calyx  lobes  mostly  5 ;  petals  of  same 
number  and  imbricated  in  the  bud  or  none ;  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  or  twice  as  many 
(rarely  fewer)  and  inserted  with  them  on  the  edge  of  an  annular  hypogenous  disk;  filaments 
filiform  and  anthers  oblong,  introrse,  2-celled,  longitudinally  dehiscent :  ovary  usually  1-celled 
and  containing  a  solitary  anatropous  ovule  suspended  by  a  slender  funicle  rising  from  the 
base  of  the  ovary;  styles  1-3,  stigmas  terminal.  Fruit  generally  a  small  drupe;  seed  with 
membranous  or  crustaceous  coat;  cotyledons  fleshy  and  containing  little  or  no  albumen. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

Styles  lateral ;  fruit  compressed  with  many  abortive  plumose  pedicels ;  leaves  simple. 

Cotinna. 
Styles  terminal;   fruit  symmetrical;  leaves  compound    (simple   in   some  western  species). 

Rhus. 


IIaxdhook   ok  Tkkks  ok  tiik   XoiniiKKX    States   and   Canada.      445 
THE  SMOKE-TREES.     Ci-xrs  COTIXIS  Adans. 

Small  tivcs  (if  two  sprcirs  with  ai'oinalic  milky  jiiic,..  mw  a  native  of  Europe  ami  Asia 
ami   the  oilier  of  souiicasieni    CiiiiiMl   Slates. 

/y(  (((■(  .V  (lecidiiuus.  simiili',  mostly  jietiolate,  tliiunish,  ohovatc.  oliloiij;  or  oval,  entire.  Klal)- 
roiis  or  nearly  so.  Fluirtr.s  small,  iireeuish-yellow,  diu'cious  or  iiolygamou.s,  in  large  loose 
tenninal  panicles  with  slender  accrescent  pedicels  many  of  wliioh  are  abortive  and  become 
villous:  caly.x-  lobes  jjersistent ;  petals  twice  as  long  as  tlie  sepals:  stamens  ."»,  shorter  than 
the  i)etals :  ovary  obovoid,  compressed:  styles  o,  lateral,  .spreading.  Fruit  l-seeded  dry 
obli(ineIy  oblong  comi)ressed  glabrous  drupelets,  couspiciionsly  reticulated  and  bearing  the  rem- 
nants of  the  styles  on  one  side:  stone  bony.  The  drupelets  occur  in  ami)le  loose  thyrso'd 
panicles  with   inany   iilume-like  abortive  pedicels. 

The  name  is  the  ancient  Greek  name  of  the    \\'il<l  Olirc.  traiisferi-ed   to  this  tree. 
For  xpcrirs   .STY'   jiji.    .iO '/-.ill.'). 

THE  SUMACHS.     Ckxis  RHUS  L. 

Trees,  shrubs  and  climbing  vines  of  about  one  hinidred  twenty  species,  natives  mainly 
of  the  warmer  parts  of  the  north  and  south  temiierale  regions.  Some  are  of  great  economic 
value,  as  those  jirohicing  the  lacquer  and  vegetable  wax  of  .Taijan.  tannin,  etc..  and  several 
jiossess  iioisoiiot:s  prcpert  ii's.  Sixteen  or  seventeen  speci(>s  are  natives  of  the  T'liited  States 
of  which  about    a   half  dozen   may   be  considered  as  trees. 

Littns  lostly  unequally  pinnate  and  deciduous,  a  few  simple  and  i)ersistent,  alternate. 
Fldircru  mostly  diacious  in  compound  axillary  or  terminal  panicles:  calyx  mostly  Ti-cleft  or 
l)arted  and  persistent:  petals  spreading  and  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes:  stamens"."),  alternate 
with  the  i)etals  and  inserted  witli  them  under  the  margin  of  the  annular  disk:  pistil  solitary, 
sessile,  with  three  terminal  styles.  'Fruit  a  subglobose  drupelet  mostly  in  thyrses  with  thin 
dry  hairy  or  glabrous  outer  coat  and  a  single  bony  or  crustaceous  stone:  cotyledons  foliaceou.>. 

llIiKs  is  the  classical  (ireen  name  of  the  European  Siniiuc]i. 

KEY  TO  THE   SPECIES. 

a     Fruit   iiuhi<sc(>iit.   red.    with   smooth  stone,   in   terminal    thyrses 

Kachis    of    the    leaf    not    winged    villose R.    hirta. 

Itacliis    winged    between    the    leaflets K.    copallina. 

a'   Fruit  glabrous,  white,  with  striated  stone   in  axillary   panich  s R.    vernix. 

For  species  sec  pp.  .1(HS-311. 

HOLLY  FAMILY.     ILICACF.l^  Lowk.     (  AOUIFOLIACE.E  DC.) 

Trees    and    shrubs    with    watery    sap    and    terete    brauclilets    of    fi\-e   g(Miera    and    about    one 

hundred   seventy   sjiecies.      They    are   widely  disti-ibuled    in    both    temperate  and    tropical   regions 

of  both   til"  Old   World  and    the   New.      Only   one   genus  cnnlains  arborescent    representatives   in 

the  ITnitod  States. 

Leavcft  alternate,  iiersisteiit  oi'  deciduous,  petiolate.  entire,  crennte  or  toothed  and  with 
minute  stipules.  FUnrcrs  small,  regular,  axillary,  white  or  greenish,  dicecious  or  i)olygamous  : 
calyx  with  4-6  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  generally  iiersistent,  hypogenons :  jjetals  4-(!,  imbri- 
cated, decirhiov.s.  separate  or  united  at  base;  disk  none:  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  th.> 
corolln,  alternate  with  them  and  inserted  on  the  corolla:  anthers  oblons :  pistil  solitary, 
superior,  compound  with  4-S-celled  ovary,  short  style  or  none  and  capitate  stigmas  of  the  same 
number  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary:  ovules  usually  1  in  each  cell,  suspended,  anatropons.  Fruit 
a  drupe  with  thin  tii'sh  and  as  many  horny  or  crustaceous  nutlets  as  carpels:  seeds  i)en(lul(Uis 
with    minute   straight   end  ryo   and    flesliy    ■ilbumen. 

THE  HOLLIES.     CKxr.s  ILFA'  L. 

Tri>e-;  and   shrubs   of   mIhmii    diie   liiindied   sixl\-   species   id"   which    thirtiMMi    inhabit   eastern 

North   .\meri(a    (  none   the   west(  rn   side  of   the   enntinent)    and   live  of  these   are   trees. 

'i'he   .■haracters   are   those   uivn   of   the    family. 

Tile  name  is  the  anri.nt   Oicek   name  of  tlie  Holly  Oak  of  southern  Europe. 

KEY    I'O  Tin:   SPECIES. 

a    Leaves  (^vertrreen.   lhi<k  ;   nutlets  ribbed  ;    lea\e-. 

Spiny-toothed    I.  opaca. 

Entire    or    remotely    serrate I.  Cassine. 

Coarselv    eremite    I.  vomitoria. 


446  ACEKACE^E. 

a''  Leaves  deciduous,  thinnish ;  nutlets  ribbed ;  leaves 

Small,   obovate   to  oblanceolate-oblong,   crenate I.    decidua. 

Large,  ovate  to  oblong  and   lanceolate,  serrate I.    monticola. 

For  species  sec  pii.  Sl.i-3.il. 

STAFF-TREE  FAMILY.     CELASTRACE^  Lindl. 

Trees,    shrubs    and    climbing   vines   of   about    three    hundred   fifty   species   of    tropical    and 

temperate  regions  and  grouped  in  forty  genera.     Four  genera  are  represented  among  the  trees 

of  the  United  States,  mainly  southern. 

Leaves  simple  and  with  stipules  small  and  caducous  or  none.  Flowers  regular,  generally 
perfect,  in  axillary  clusters  and  mostly  with  jointed  pedicels;  calyx  4-.5-lobed  or  parted,  imbri- 
cated in  the  bud,  persistent;  petals  4-5.  spreading,  imbricated  in  the  bud:  stamens  4-."i,  inserted 
on  the  disk  with  2-celled  introrse  anthers  lungitudiiially  dchisciMit  ;  ovary  2-.")-celled  with  1  or 
2  anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell  (6  siih-hurizontal  in  ('(inotiu).  Fruit  a  fleshy  2-4-celled 
dehiscent  capsule  or  drupe;  seed  furnished  with  a  colored  aril,  containing  copious  albumen 
and  foliaceous  cotyledons. 

THE  WAHOO  OR  BURNING  BUSH.     Genus  EUONYMUS  L. 

Small  trees  and  shrubs  of  about  fifty  species  mainly  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  most 
numerous  in  southern  Asia  and  Japan.  Four  species  of  which  one  is  arborescent  are  natives 
of  the  United  States. 

Leaves  opposite,  petiolate.  entire  or  serrate:  stipules  caducous.  Flo)cers  generally  per- 
fect, in  few-flowered  cymes,  from  the  axils  of  the  lower  leaves  of  the  season,  greenish  or 
purple:  calyx  4-.')-lobed ;  petals  of  same  number,  spreading  and  inserted  beneath  the  thick 
4-lobed  disk  ;  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  alternate  with  them  and  inserted  on  the  disk  ; 
filaments  very  short :  anthers  with  2  cells,  spreading  below  :  ovary  4-celled  with  short  style  or 
none  and  depressed  stigma  ;  ovules  usually  2  in  each  cell.  Fniil  a  4-lobed  and  4-celled  capsule, 
fleshy,  smooth  (in  the  American  species)  or  winged;  longitudinally  dehiscent;  seeds  1  or  2 
in  each  cell,  ascending  and  sui-rounded  by  a  red  aril. 

The  name  is  the  classical  Greek  name  of  a  European  species. 
For  species  see  pp.  322-323. 

MAPLE  FAMILY.     ACERACE^  St.  Hil. 

Trees  and  a  few  shrubs  with  generally  watery  and  saccharine  sap  and  of  wide  distribution. 

It  consists  of  two  genera,  Acer  and  Dipteronia,  the  former  largely  represented  in  America  and 

the  latter  a  genus  of  a  single  species  in  China. 

Leaves  deciduous,  opposite,  long-petiolate,  simple  and  palmately  lobed  or  pinnate,  usually 
without  stipules ;  winter-buds  scaly,  the  innermost  scales  accrescent.  Flowers  regular,  poly- 
gamous or  dioecious,  in  axillary  or  terminal  fascicles,  cymes  or  racemes :  calyx  generally 
5-parted,  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  petals  of  same  number  or  none ;  disk  thick,  annular,  lobed ; 
stamens  4-12,  usually  7-8,  hypogenous  with  anthers  2-celled.  introrse.  the  cells  opening  longi- 
tudinally ;  ovary  2-lobed,  2-celled,  compressed,  wing-margined ;  styles  2.  inserted  between  the 
lobes  and  stigmatose  on  their  inner  surfaces  ;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  anatropous  or  amphitropous, 
attached  to  inner  angle.  Fruit  a  pair  of  long-winged  and  usually  1-seeded  samaras  joined  at 
base  ;  wings  papery,  thickened  on  the  outer  margin ;  seed  usually  solitary,  compressed,  ascend- 
ing, without  albumen ;  cotyledons  thin,  folded. 

THE  MAPLES.     Genus  ACER  L. 

The  genus  consists  of  about  seventy-five  species  widely  distributed  over  the  northern 
hemisphere,  only  one  species  in  Sumatra  nnd  .Java  extending  south  of  the  equator. 

About  thirteen  species  are  represented  in  North  America  most  of  them  having  sweet  sap, 
from  which  sugar  can  be  made,  and  several  producing  valuable  lumber. 

Acer  is  the  classical  name  of  the   Maple-tree. 

KEY  TO  THE   SPECIES. 

a    Leaves  simple  and  palmately  veined  and  lobed;  flowers  appearing 
b    After  the  leaves  from  terminal  buds  :  fruit  ripening  in  autumn 
c    Without  petals,  in  long-pedicelled  tassel-like  corymbs ;  leaves  thick 

Pale  beneath,  glabrous,  nearly  flat  and  lobes  coarsely  undulate-dentate. 

A.    Saccharum. 
Green  beneath  ;  concave  and  pubescent  below ;  lobes  undulate  or  entire. 

A.    nigrum. 
c'  With  petals ;   flowers  in 

Erect  racemes;    leaves  coarsely  serrate-dentate A.    spicatum. 

Drooping  racemes;  leaves  finely  and  often  doubly  serrate.      A.    Pennsylvanicum. 


IIam>1!()Ok   of   Tkkks  ok   thk   Xoimiii:i;.\    Statks    and   Canada.      417 

b'   Hoforc   the   leaves   in   very   e;irly   si)rin>,'.    in    fMscicl.'s   from    latrral    i)U(ls  :    fruit    i-iii.'nin;;    in 
early    suiniuer 
c    Flowers  subsessile,    without   petals:   ovary   tonifniose;    leaves  deejily    lohed. 

A.    saccharinuiu. 
c'  Flowers  with  pedicels  and  petals;  every  jjlabrous :   leaves  not  dee]i!y  lohed  and 

(Jlabrous  or  nearly   so  beneath A.    rubrum. 

Wliite-tomentose    beneath    A.    Drummondii. 

a'   Pinna tely  eouipoiind  ;  flowers  dio'cious A.    Negundo. 

For  species  see  pp.   .i.i'i-.U7,  and  the  folloiriuf/ 

DrI'MMoM)  Maim.k  —  Acer  Dninniiotidii  II.  &  A.:  .1.  riihniiii  var.  Dritniinonrlii  Sarjr.  A 
Iarf;t\  tree  inlinliil inn  dei>p  river  swanii)s  of  the  Gulf  states  from  (Jeorgia  to  Texas  and  n\>  the 
Mississipiti  Valley  to  southeastern  Missouri,  where  in  a  limited  area  it  is  found  within  the 
territory  covered  by  this  work.  Leares  .S-lobed,  or  sometimes  partially  H-jobed  with  short  broad 
acute  or  acuminate  nearly  entire  lobes,  cordate  or  rounded  at  base,  thick  and  densely  hoary- 
tomeutose  beneath,  as  are  tlie  iietioles  and  all  new  growth.  Flowers  scarlet,  in  dense  lateral 
clusters.  exi)andinK  before  the  h'aves,  with  ixnlicels  and  petals.  Fruit  ripening  in  March  or 
Anril  with  or  before  the  exiianding  of  (lie  leaves,  bright  scarlet  samaras  \V-2-1V->  in-  long  with 
wings   i.,-;'4    in.  broad  and  with  slender  pedicels   1-2  in.  long. 

HORSE-CHESTNUT  FAMILY.     1 1  IPPOCAXTANACE.^i  T.  and  C. 

Trees   and   a    few   shrubs   with    ill-scented   bark,   large  branohlets   and  buds,   and   of   about 

eighteen  species  natives  of  North  America  and  Asia  and  grouped  in  two  genera.  Acftculns  and 

BilUa.  the  latter  a  genus  of  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

Lenvrti  deciduous,  opposite,  petiolate,  digitately  compound,  with  8-0  serrate  leaflets,  and 
without  stli)ules.  Floirers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  conspicuous,  polygamous,  in  showy 
terminal  cymes  or  panicles,  only  the  lowermost  flowers  generally  fertile;  pedicel  jointed;  calyx 
campanulate  with  Ti  unequal  lobes,  imbricated  in  the  bud;  petals  4-.^t.  unequal,  clawed;  disk 
hypogenous,  annular;  stamens  ft-S,  usually  7.  unequal  with  elongated  filiform  filaments  and 
introrse  2-celled  anthers  longitudinally  dehiscent;  ovary  sessile.  3-celled.  with  2  ovules  in  each 
cell;  style  slender,  elongated,  curved,  and  with  terminal  stigma.  Fruit  a  coriaceous  .'}-valved 
l-2-se{>ded  cajisule.  loculicidally  dehiscent;  seeds  large,  round  or  irregularly  himispherical  with 
smooth  shining  brown  coat,  large  pale  hilum,  large  thick  unequal  cotyledons,  2-leaved  plumule 
and  remaining  underground  in  germination. 

THE  BUCKEYES  AND  HORSE-CHESTNUT.     Genus  ^SCULUS  L. 

A  genus  of  ten  or  twelve  sjiecies  of  which  four  native  and  one  naturalized  are  represented 
among  the  trees  of  America.     The  characters  are  those  of  the  family. 

The  name  is  the  classical  name  of  a  kind  of  oak  and  transferred  to  this  genus. 

KEY  TO  THE   SPECIES. 

a    Flowers  white;  winter  buds  resin-coated:   leaflets  mostly   7 A.    Hippocastanum. 

a-   Flowers  yellow  ;  winter  buds  not  resin-coated  :  leaflets  mostly  't ;  stamens 

Longer  than  petals;  capsules  spiny  at  least  when  young A.    glabra. 

Shorter  than  petals  ;  capsules  quite  smooth A.    octandra. 

For  species  see  pp.  ,?,?,'^-.?  J.7. 

SOAPBERRY  FAMILY.     SAPIXDACE.^I  R.  P,r. 

Trees,  shrulis  and  a   few  vines  with  watery  juice  and  chiefly  confined  to  the  tropics  of  the 

Old    World.     Over   a    thousand   species    are   known    grou])ed    in    about   twenty   genera.     Of    the 

arborescent    genera    four  are   ri'|)r('sented    in    the    Fnited    States,   all   southward. 

Leores  alternate  in  th(»  American  reiiresentat ives.  jn't iolale.  i)innately  or  palniately  com- 
pound, without  stijiules.  Floirtrs  regular  or  slightly  irregular,  iiolygamous.  dicecious :  calyx 
4-r»-lobed  or  divided,  imbricated  in  the  bud;  p(>tals  4-.").  imbricated:  disk  .-innular.  fleshy;  stamens 
usually  ">-l<>  inserted  on  the  disk:  anthers  introrse.  2-celled,  lougitu<liua]ly  dehisci'nt  :  ovary 
solitary,  with  2-4  lobes  and  cells  or  entire:  ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cell;  styles  terminal.  Fruit 
a   drupe  or  capsule  with  small  solitary  seed  and  containing  no  albumen. 

THE  SOAPBERRIES.     Cknis  SAPIXDl'.^  P. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  wide  distribution  uininly  in  troiiical  regions  and  jnost  abundant  in 
Asia.  Their  fruits  contain  a  saponaceous  juice  wliidi  ?uakes  a  lather  in  water,  like  soap, 
for  which  they  are  sometimes  used  as  a  substitute.  Tln'  horny  seeds  of  some  sjiecies  are  used 
for  beads  and  buttons,  .\bout  f<M-ty  si)ecies  are  known  of  which  three  are  found  in  southern 
United   States,   one   ranging  as  far  north  as  southern   Missouri. 


448  Tii.iACEu^. 

Leaver  mostly  pinnate,  deciduous.  FJoirrrs  small,  with  .short  pedicels,  in  ample  racemes 
or  panicles ;  sepals  4-5,  unequal ;  petals  of  same  number  and  alternate  with  the  sepals,  each 
usually  with  a  scale  at  its  base  inside  and  inserted  under  the  edge  of  the  disk ;  stamens  8-10 
inserted  on  the  dis'k,  equal,  usually  with  hairy  filaments  included  in  the  perfect  flowers  but  much 
longer  and  exserted  in  the  staminate  flowers :  anthers  versatile ;  ovary  ascending  and  3-celled 
with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell ;  style  columnar,  short,  and  2-4-lobed  stigma.  Fruit  a 
1-8  seedeil  drupe-like  berry,  subglobose  or  i:-.j-lobe(i :  seed  one  in  eacu  carpel,  obovate,  with 
smooth  testa  and  hilum  surrounded  with  silky  hairs. 

The  name  is  from  sapo  and  Indus,  meaning  Indian  soap. 
For  species  see  pp.  S.'i'i-SJiS. 

BUCKTHORN  FAMILY.     RHAMNACE/E  Dumort. 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  watery  bitter  juice  and  of  about  five  hundred  seventy-five  specie^!, 

grouped  in  forty-five  genera.     They  are  natives  of  warm  and  temperate  regions,  and  six  of  the 

genera  have  arborescent  representatives  in  the  United  States,  Rhamnus  only  being  represented 

in  the  northeastern  states. 

Leaves  simple,  mostly  alternate  and  often  .S-uerved :  stipules  small  mostly  deciduous. 
Floiccrs  small,  greenish,  mostly  perfect;  enlyx  4-."i-1(i1»im1  valvate ;  petals  4-.^)  inserted  on  the 
calyx:  disk  annular  and  lining  the  calyx  tube  or  iionc:  stamens  opposite  the  petals  and  in- 
serted with  them  on  the  edge  of  the  fleshy  disk;  ;niilii'rs  introrse,  versatile;  ovary  superior. 
2-5-celled  with  1  anatropous  ovule  in  each  cell  ;  style  columnar  with  terminal  stigma.  Fruit 
a  drupe  or  drupe-like,  tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the  style  ;  seed  usually  with  albumen. 

THE  BUCKTHOENS.     Genus  RHAMNUS  L. 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  bitter  bark  and  often  spinescent  branches,  of  about  seventy  species, 
inhabiting  chiefly  northern  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Five  or  six  species  are  indigenous 
to  the  United  States  and  at  least  one  or  two  others  are  naturalized  from  Europe. 

Leaves  mostly  alternate  and  deciduous  or  persistent,  petiolate.  conduplicate  in  the  bud. 
Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous  in  small  axillary  cymes,  racemes  or  panicles  ;  calyx  campanu- 
late.  4-r)-lobed ;  petals  4-5-emarginate  and  hooded  around  the  stamen  or  none;  stamens  4-5 
with  very  short  filaments;  ovary  ovoid,  free  from  rhe  disk;  style  o-4-cleft  or  lobed.  Fruit  a 
drupe  with  succulent  flesh  and  2-4-nutlets  each  containing  a  single  erect  grooved  seed  with 
large  foliaceous  cotyledons  and  scant  albumen. 

The  name  is  the  classical  Green  name  of  the  European  BurktJiorn. 

KEY   TO   THE    SPECIES. 

a    Leaves  opposite,  with  Pt  or  4  pairs  of  arcuate  veins  running  lengthwise :  nutlets  grooved. 

R.  Gathartica. 
a^  Leaves  alternate,  with  H-IO  pairs  of  veins  running  to  margin;  nutlets  smooth. 

Flowers  and   fruit    in   short-pednncled  umbels R.    Caroliiiiana. 

Flowers  and    fruit   in   sessile   umbels R.    Frangula. 

For  speeics  sec  pp.  SlfG-S-'iD  and  the  {oUoivinfi: 

Alder  Buckthorn,  Rhamnus  Frangula  L.  A  small  tree  or  shrub  of  Europe,  northern 
Africa  and  western  Asia,  occasionally  planted  in  this  country  for  ornamental  purposes  and  has 
run  wild  in  localities.  It  is  very  similar  to  the  7?.  CaroUmana,  differing  chiefly  in  having  rather 
smaller  more  obtuse  leaves  and  flowers  and  fruit  in  sessile  umbels. 

LINDEN  FAMILY.     TILIACE/E    Ju.ss. 

Trees,  shrubs  and  herbs  of  about  one  hundred  thirty-five  genera  and  two  hundred  forty- 
five  species,  chiefly  tropical  and  more  numerously  represented  in  the  southern  hemisphere  than 
in  the  northern.  Three  genera  are  represented  in  North  America  of  which  the  following  only 
is  arborescent. 

Leaves  simple,  deciduous,  mostly  alternate  and  stipules  small  and  caducous.  Flowers 
regular,  perfect,  generally  in  cymes  or  panicles:  sepals  mostly  5.  valvate.  deciduous;  petals 
of  same  number  and  hypogenous.  rarely  more ;  stamens  numerous ;  pistil  solitary,  sessile, 
2-10-celled :  ovules  mostly  anatropous;  style  terminal  columnar:  stigma  capitate.  Fruit 
drupaceous  or  nut-like  ;  seeds  in  fleshy  albumen  ;  cotyledons  foliaceous. 

THE  LINDENS  OR  BASSWOODS.     Grxls  TILIA  L. 
The  Basswoods  are  widely  distributed  throughout  the  temperate  regions  of  the  northern 
hemisphere,  none,   however,  being  found  in   western   America   or  central   Asia.     They  are   gen- 
erally trees  of  great  economic  importance  in  the  production  of  a  soft  valuable  wood,  a  fibrous 


I 


Handbook   oi'   'I"i;i:i:s   oi'   tiiio   .Xoimii  i;i;.\    Siaiks   and   C'axaua.       \  V.) 

inner  bark  ami  lionoy  and  porfume  from  their  flowors.     About  twouty  spocips  arc  known  tive 
or  six  of  whifli  are  fouml  among  thp  trees  of  fasierii  North  America. 

Leaver  deciduous,  loug-petiolate,  mainly  cordate  and  oblique  at  base,  acute  or  ac!ii;i:u;>te. 
serrate.  Fluircrs  light  yellow,  very  fragrant  and  neclariferous  in  pedunculate  axillary  rynie?!. 
ea<!i  peduncle  furnisiied  with  a  large  pale  floral  niembi-anous  bi'act  lo  wliich  it  is  adnaic  fo- 
about  half  its  length;  sepals  ."> ;  petals  i").  imbricated  in  the  bud.  yellowish  white  stamens  in  .") 
clusters  each  cluster  (in  the  American  species)  united  with  a  petal-like  scale  opposite  each 
petal,  the  filament  filiform  and  forked  at  the  apex,  each  fork  bearing  an  extrorse  half-anther; 
ovary  Tt-celled.  each  cell  containing  2  anatropous  ovules;  style  columnar  and  with  .">  spreading 
stigmatio  lobes.  Fruit  nut-like,  dry,  woody,  l-celled  and  containing  1-2  amphitropous  scfds ; 
cotyledons  palmatoly  ij-lobed. 

The  name  is  the  classical  name  of  the  European  Liiidt  ii. 

KEY   TO   THE    SrEC'IES. 

a    Leaves  green  and  glabrous  beneat h T.   Americana. 

a'    Leaves  whitish  and 

Tomentose    beneath    T.    Itcterophylla. 

Stellate  pubescent  with  tufts  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath T.   Michauxii. 

For  species  sec  pp.  350-351  and  the  foUoiring: 

WrriTE  RASSwoon.  7'.  hcterophylla  Vent.  A  large  tree  ranging  from  southern  N.  Y.  to 
Fla..  particularly  of  the  Alleghany  Mts.  Leaves  ovate-oblong  to  oval.  .^>-10  in.  long,  cordate 
or  truncate  and  oblique  at  base,  abruptly  acuminate,  serrate,  at  maturity  thin,  dark  green 
above,  whitish  and  tomentose  beneath;  branchlets  glabrous.  Flowers  with  pedunculate  bract 
4-^)  iu.  long,  decurrent  nearly  to  base.  Fruit  oblong  to  subglobose,  about  y^  in.  long,  rusty- 
tomentose. 

MiciTAUX  Basswood,  T.  MieJiauxii  Nutt.  Similar  to  the  above  and  often  confounded  with 
it  and  with  T.  puhescens  Ait.  of  the  southern  coast  region.  Its  distribution,  apparently  ex- 
tending from  the  vicinity  of  Montreal.  Cajiada,  to  the  Gulf  states,  is  not  well  understood, 
Leaves  broad-ovate,  mostly  cordate  and  very  oblique  at  ba.se,  short  acuminate  or  acute  at  apex, 
serrate,  at  maturity  rather  firm,  glabrous  dark  green  above,  whitish  stellaTe  pubescent  with 
tufts  of  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath.  Fion-ers  floral  bract  pedunculate,  spatulate- 
obovate,  decurrent  to  within  ^2-%  i"-  of  the  base  of  the  peduncle.  Fruit  subglobose,  about 
Va  in.  in  diameter,  hoary-tomentose. 

TEA  FAMILY.     THEACE^  DC. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  about  one  hundred  and  sixty  species,  grouped  in  sixteen  or  seventeen 

genera,  and  confined  chiefly  to  the  tropics  of  the  New  World  and  soutliern  and  eastern  Asia. 

The  most  important  genus  is  CameUio,  yielding  the  tea  of  commerce  and  shrubs  wi'.h  beautiful 

flowers. 

L(uvrs  alternate  without  stipules.  Flowers  showy,  regular,  perfect;  sepals  and  petals  ."5, 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  hypogenous ;  stamens  numerous  wit!-.  2  longitudinally  dehiscent  cells; 
ovary  mostly  ?.-o-celled  and  stigma  3-5-lobed.  Fruit  a  woody  3-5-cell(M.l  caspule ;  seed  with 
large  cotyledons  and  no  albumen. 

THE  LOBLOLLY  BAY,  ETC.     Genus  GORDOXIA(L)   Ei.l. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  about  a  dozen  species  mainly  of  southeastern  Asia.     One  species  is 

represented  in  the  flora  of  southeastern  T'nited  States.     Auoth'n-  tree,  the  Frnnklinia,  by  some 

con.3idere(l  a  species  of  this  gpuus.   is  more   properly  considered  the   tyi'e  of  another  genus  of 

that  nr.me. 

Leaves  alternate,  evergreen,  coriaceous.  Flowers  long-stalkod  and  solitary  inthe  axils  of 
the  leaves;  sepals  unequal,  silky,  concave,  rounded  and  i)orsistont  ;  petals  white,  obovate, 
slightly  united  at  base,  coiicave ;  stamens  numerous  with  short  filaments  inserted  on  ~>  fleshy 
disks  each  adnate  to  the  base  of  a  pef^l ;  anthers  intror.so.  yellow;  ovary  sessile  with  elon- 
gated s;yle.  .")-lobeil  and  stigmatic  at  apex;  ovules  4  in  each  cell,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  woody 
pointed   ovoid   loculicidally  dehiscent   capsule;   valv.^s  a,  e.iiire;    s  mmIs   usually   -1   in   each   cell: 


pendulous,  compressed  and  an  oblong  wing  at  the  ti 
Named  in  honor  of  .Tames  Gordon,  a  Lo 


ondon  nurseryman  of  the  ISth  century. 
For  sj)ecies  see  pp.  352-35.1. 

GINSENG  FAMILY.     AR.MJACK.E  \'i-nt. 

Tr«s,  shrubs  and  herbs  of  .iliout   four  hundred  fifty  species,  grouped  in   thirty-two  genera, 
and  widely  distributed  thnuighi.ut   tmi-ical  and  to  a   le.sser  extent  temperate   regions. 
A  single  arborescent  species  is  nativ(>  to  the  flora  of  eastern  United  States. 
2i) 


450  CORXACE^E. 

Lidics  deciduous,  alternate  or  verticillate,  compound,  petiolate,  mostly  with  stipules. 
F'ioiccrs  ill  racemose  or  panicled  umbels  or  heads,  5-numerous ;  calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary; 
petals  sometimes  united ;  disk  epigynous ;  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  alternate  with  them, 
and  inserted  on  the  disk ;  ovary  1-several-celIed,  each  cell  containing  a  solitary  auatropous 
pendulous  ovule ;  styles  as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Fruit  baccate ;  seeds  with  thin 
testa,  small  embryo  and  abundant  albumen. 

THE  HESCITLES-CLUB,  ETC.     Genus  ARALIA  L. 

Spiny  trees,  shrubs  and  herbs  of  about  thirty  species  about  a  half  dozen  of  which  ar» 
natives  of  North  America,  the  remaining  of  Asia.  Of  the  American  species  one  only  is  arbor- 
escent. 

Leaves  pinuately  or  ternately  decompound.  t!:'0  petioles  enlai-ged  and  claspini;  nt  the  base. 
Flowers  mostly  perfect,  sra^ill,  greenish  vhite  ;  pedicels  pointed;  calyx-lobes  minute,  valvate : 
petals  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  stamens  v.'ith  filiform  filam.ents  and  oblong  introrse,  2-celled 
anthers  longitudinally  dehiscent ;  cvary  inferior,  mostly  2-5-celled.  styles  of  same  number, 
dehiscent  or  united  at  base.  Fruit  a  2-5-seeded  berry  laterally  compressed  or  3-5-angled  and 
tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the  styles  ond  calyx-lobes  and  containing  2-5  compressed  seeds 
with  straight  r.Tdicle  and  oblong  cotyledons. 

The  name  is  of  obscure  derivation. 

For  species  see  pp.  85.^-355. 

EOG-WGOB  FAMILY.     CORNACE.^  Link. 

The  Dogwood  Family  consists  of  trees  and  shrubs  of  about  sixteen  genera  and  eighty-five 

species  mainly  of  north  temperate  regions.     Two  genera  have  arborescent  representatives  in 

North  America. 

Leaves  deciduous,  simple,  variously  arrnnged  and  without  stipules.  FJoircrs  regular,  in 
cymes,  heads,  or  solitary;  calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  iirab  4-.'5-toothed  or  none;  petals  4-.'i 
or  noi^e ;  disk  e]:i,;«nous ;  st.imGns  as  many  as  the  petals  and  in.serted  with  them  on  the  margin 
of  the  disk;  anthers  introrse,  2-cel!cd  with  a  solitary  anatropous  suspended  ovule  in  each  cell. 
Fruit  a  1-2-seeded  drupe ;  seed  oblong  with  foliaceous  cotyledons  and  copious  albumen. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

Flov.-ers  pf'i'fpot.  arranged  in  fours ;  leaves  mostly  opposite Cornns. 

Flowers  dicocious  or  polygamous,  petals  5,  very  small  or  none;  leaves  alternate....      Nyssa. 

THE  B00-W00B3  OE  COEHELS.     Genus  CORNUS  L. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  about  forty  species  widely  distributed  throughout  the  north  temperate 
zone  and  one  species  in  Peru.  Sixteen  or  seventeen  species  are  found  in  North  America  of 
which  four  are  arborescent. 

Leaves  deciduous,  mostly  opposite.  Floirers  perfect,  small,  in  cymes  or  heads,  the  latter 
with  an  involucre  of  showy  white  bracts  in  somie  species;  calyx  with  4  small  lobes,  valvate  in 
the  h'ld ;  d'sk  epigenous ;  petals  4,  valvate ;  stamens  4,  alternate  with  the  petals  exserted  and 
witli  >'  iiue-r  filamentg;  ovary  2-celled,  each  cell  containing  a  single  ovule,  with  simple  colum.nar 
style  and  capitate  or  truncate  stigm.^..  Fruit  an  oblong  drupe  with  thin  fle.sh  and  bony  or 
crusla'cous  2-celicd  and  u<?ually  2-seeded  stone. 

The  name  is  from  the  Latin  cornu,  horn,  alluding  to  the  hardness  of  the  wood  of  some 
of  the  species. 

KEY   TO   THE    SPECIES. 

a    Flowers  greenish,  in  dense  heads  with  4  large  white  involucral  bracts ;  fruit  red. 

C.    Florida. 
a*  Flowers  white,  in  loose  cymes,  without  bracts 

Fruit  blue  ;   leaves  smooth   above C.    alteraif  olia. 

Fruit  white ;  leaves  scabrous  above C.   asperifolia. 

For  species  see  pp.  856-361. 

THE  TTJPEIOS.     Genus  NYSSA  L. 

Trees  of  five  species  of  which  four  are  natives  of  eastern  North  America  and  the  remain- 
ing one  of  southenstern  Asia.  They  produce  very  fine  grained  tough  wood,  with  contorted 
fiber  and  annual  rings  indistinctly  indicated.  The  fruit  is  very  tart  and  is  sometimes  used  in 
conserves. 


» 


riAXUP.ouK    oi'    I  Ki:i:s   oi''    tiik    A  okiii  i:i;.\    Sr.\ii;s    a.xd    ("a.naua.      4.'>1 

Leavr.s  nltpniiili>.  ijctiolati'.  coiKlupliciiic  in  Ihr  l)ii(i.  Fhnnrs  small,  greenish,  polygamo- 
diopoioiis.  ill  (•ai)iI;Ue  clusters  (or  the  fertile  ones  soiM.'iinws  solitary)  with  slender  peduncles, 
from  the  axils  of  the  lower  leaves  or  of  caducous  bracts,  the  staininati'  flowers  numerous: 
calyx  minutely  .l-lohed  :  petals  .">,  minute  and  thick  or  none:  stamens  .")-l."i  in  the  staminate 
flowers,  exserted  and  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  edK(>  of  the  entire  or  i<il)e(l  disk:  jtistiliate 
flowers  sessile  at  the  end  of  the  peduncle,  few  tofretiier.  bracted :  stamens  included:  ovary 
1-2-CPlled  and  stylo  eloiifjated.  slender,  curved  and  stigmatic  towards  the  apex  on  one  sidp. 
Fruit  an  oblong  or  ovoid  drupe  with  thin  tart  juicy  flesh  and  thick-walled  liorny  compressed 
ridged  or  winged  stone:    embryo  straight. 

Xj/xsn  is  the  name  of  a  water  nymph  and  aiiiilied  to  the  genus  because  of  its  species 
growing  in  wet  jjlaces. 

Ki:V    TO    THE    SPKCIES. 

a    Lea\-es  entire;    fruit    less   limn    "i    in.    long 

Stone   little   flallened   and    indistinctly   ribbed N.    sylvatica. 

Stone   (lislinclly    llattened    .•ind    i)romineutly    ribbed N.    biflora. 

a'  Leaves  remolely  dentate:  fruit   1  in.  or  more  long:  stone  with  acute  ridges.      N.    aquaMca. 
/•'or  nix'cics  sec  pp.  .U!2-.'iC)7. 
Division  3.      GAMOPETAL,.a:. 
Plants   with  petals  more  or  less  united,  or  someiini.'s   se])arate  or  wanting. 

HEATH  FAMILY.     ERICACE.E  DC. 

A  large  and  interesting  family  of  tri't-s  and  shrubs  of  world-wide  (iistribution   in  tropical 

and    temperate   regions.     A    few   ovim-   a    thousand   species  are   known,    grouped    in    about   sixty 

genera.     Of  these  twenty-one  genera  are   found    within    the   I'liited   States,   seven   having  arl)or- 

escent  representati\es. 

Ltiivrs  alternate,  simple,  aiul  without  stipules.  Floircr.t  regular,  perfect:  calyx  free  from 
the  pistil.  4-rt-lobed :  corolla  regular,  hypogeuous,  .~)-lobed  or  parted  (exceptionally  4-lohed  or 
somewhat  2-lipped)  imbricated:  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla 
and  mostly  free :  anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  each  cell  opening  by  a  terminal  pore  commonly 
prolonged  and  bearing  an  appendage:  ovary  superior  (inferior  in  ' \' acchiinm  ).  4-l(t-celle(].  witii 
numerous  anatropous  ovules  :  style  simple,  columnar  and  with  capitate  stigma.  Fruit  a  cap- 
sule, drupe  or  berry ;  seeds  with  small  embi'yo  and  albumen. 

J  KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

a    Fruit  a  septicidal^Fdehiscent  capsule  :  leaves  persistent :  flowers  in 

Terminal  clusters:  corolla  bell-shai)ed.  H-cleft :   leaves  revolute Rhododendron. 

Axillary  clusters:  corolla  H-lobed  saucer-shaped  and  containing  pouches:    leaxos   liai. 

Kalinia. 
a'   Fruit  a   loculiridally  deliiscent   cai)sule:    flowers   in   terminal    i>anicles  :    leaves   d.^ciduous. 

Oxydendruni. 
a'   Fruit    a    berry:    anther-cells    jirolonged  :    corolla    camiianulate    or    urceolate.    white:     leaves 
deciduous    Vacciniuni. 

THE  RHODODENDRONS.     Gi:xu.s  RIK  )D()nEXI)ROX  L. 

Small  tr.'es  and  shrubs  with  bitter  astringent  i)roi)erties  and  showy  flowers,  of  some  over 
one  hundred  and  (ifty  si)ecies  of  eastern  and  southern  Asia  and  the  adjacent  islands  and  North 
.Vinerici.  'i'liey  are  largely  grown  for  ornamcuital  purpo.ses  and  many  garden  v.irieties  have* 
been  iiroduced  by  hybridization  and  selection.  Of  the  eight  species  t"ound  in  the  Fnited  Stati>s 
one  is  arborescent  on   the  Atlantic  coast  region  and  another   raiely  on    the   I'acilic  slope. 

Leans  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  hranchiets.  i>ersistent  and  coriaceous  with  r.'v.dute 
entire  margins:  midribs  broad.  i)etiol(>s  stout.  Floinrs  in  t.'rminal  corymbs  or  umbels  fro;ii 
terminal  scaly  cone-like  buds:  calyx  .")-lobed  or  i)arted.  persistent:  corolla  cami)anulate  with 
r>  nearly  regular  lobes:  disk  fleshy,  lobed  :  stamens  usually  l(t  and  somewhat  unecinal.  declined 
and  spreading:  filaments  i)il()se  at  l)ase  and  attached  to  the  backs  of  the  anthers:  ovary  Ti-celled 
with  slender  exserted  persistent  style  and  many  anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell  attached  to 
the  axile  placenta.  Fruit  a  woody  cajjsule.  ."-•_'( >-valved.  septicidally  dehiscent  from  the 
summit   and  containing  many  seeds  with  coat  laciniated  at  the  ends. 

The  name  is  from  Greek  words  meaning  Ifost-tnc. 

For  Np)ci<;<<  srr  pp.   .^(IS-.Vlf). 

THE  LAURELS.     (  ;k xf.-^  KALMI A   L. 

Small  trees  and  shrubs  of  (I  or  7  species,  all  of  which  are  found  in  the  T'nited  States 
excepting  one.  which  is  ,i  n.iiiv  of  Cuba.  The  fulli>wing  one  s|)ecies  is  the  only  arborescent 
representative. 


4d'2  Sapotace.t:. 

Learrii  evergreen,  coriaceous,  entire,  short-petiolate.  Floicrrs  mostly  axillary  in  umbels, 
with  slender  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  persistent  bracts:  calyx  o-parted,  imbri-^ated  in  the 
bud,  persistent :  corolla  5-lobed,  saucer-shaped,  pink,  purple  or  white,  and  containing  ten 
pouches  with  keels  extending  from  the  pouches  to  the  lobes  and  sinuses:  stamens  10  shorter 
than  the  corolla,  with  oblong  anthers  retained  in  the  pouches  of  the  corolla  until  the  flov.er 
opens,  then  liberated  by  straightening  of  the  elastic  filiform  filaments  causing  a  discharge  of 
the  pollen  ;  disk  10-lobed ;  ovary  subglobose,  S-celled,  with  filiform  exserted  style  and  capitate 
stigma;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cell,  anatropous,  attached  to  an  axile  placenta.  Fruit  a  sub- 
globose  crustaceous.  5-celled  capsule,  obscurely  5-Iobed  tardily  septicidally  dehiscent  from  the 
persistent  axis;  seeds  minute,  subglobose.  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen. 

The  name  is  in  honor  of  Peter  Kalm,  a  Swedish  botanist  of  the  18th  century. 

For  speeies  sec  pp.  ,31(1-371. 

THE  SOUR-WOOD  OR  SORREL-TREE.     Genus  OXYDENDRUM  de  C. 

A  genus  of  a  single  American  species  of  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states  and  the  lower 
Mississippi  basin.  They  are  trees  with  roughly  furrowed  bark,  somewhat  acidulous  juices 
and  twigs  with  segmented  pith. 

Leaves  deciduous,  revolute  in  bud,  petiolate,  narrow-oblong,  about  equally  ])ointed  at  both 
ends,  subentire  or  denticulate,  lustrous  dark  green  above,  paler  and  with  yellowish  veins 
beneath.  Flowers  (in  summer)  in  terminal  unilateral  racemes,  with  bibracteolate  pedicels; 
sepals  5,  persistent;  corolla  ovoid-cylindric  white,  puberulous,  with  ."i  miunte  reflexed  lobes; 
stamens  10.  with  broad  filaments  and  nanowrr  linear  anthers  opening  by  clefts;  ovary  ovoid, 
o-celled,  with  numerous  amphitropous  ovules  and  thick  exserted  style  having  terminal  stigma. 
Fruit  a  H-angled,  5-celled,  ovoid-pyramidal  capsule,  tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the  style, 
loculicidally  dehiscent,  and  at  maturity  liberating  nume  ous  elongated  seeds  pointed  at  both  ends. 

The  name  is  from  two  Greek  words  referring  to  a  slightly  tart  flavor  of  the  leaves. 
For  species  see  pp.  372-373. 

THE  BLUEBERRIES,  ETC.     Genus  \^ACCIXIU^I  L. 

This  genus  consists  of  shrubs  (some  epiphytal)  and  a  few  small  trees  with  slender  branch- 
lets  and  many  of  its  representatives  with  edible  fruits.  They  are  of  wide  distribution  in  the 
north  temperate  and  boreal  regions  and  at  high  altitudes  within  the  tropics.  About  one 
hundred  and  twenty-five  species  are  known,  of  which  twenty-five  and  several  varieties  are 
North  American.      Only  one  of  these  is  arborescent. 

Learrs  alternate  and  mostly  small.  Fhiirers  small.  w')''te  or  pink,  with  bibracteolate 
pedicels,  in  axillary  racemes  or  clusters  or  rarely  solitary;  calyx  .S-H-lobed,  valvate.  persistent 
and  the  tuhi'  adnatc  to  the  ovary  ;  corolla  gamopetalous,  epigynous.  mostly  urn-shaped  or  cam- 
panulate,  4-.'-lnlH'(l.  imbricated;  "stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  inserted 
on  its  base  under  the  edge  of  the  thick  disk:  filaments  short:  anthers  awned  on  the  back  and 
cells  i)n)l()ni;rd  upwards  into  tubes  opening  by  terminal  ixires  :  ovary  4-.">-ceIled  or  imperfectly 
g-lO-celled  :  style  tiliforn),  erect,  with  terminal  stigma:  o\ules  nuuK'rous.  anatrojious.  attached 
to  inner  angle' of  the  cell.  Fruit  a  berry  4-~>  or  S-lO-celled  containing  many  compressed  seeds 
with  minute  embryo  surrounded  with  fleshy  albumen. 

The  name  is  the  classical  Latin  name  of  the  European  Bilberry. 

For  speeies  see  pp.  37-'f-375. 

SAPODILLA  FAMILY.     SAPOTACE.E  Reichenb. 

Trees,  shrubs  and  vines  with  milky  juice  and  of  wide  distribution  throughout  the  warmer 
regions  of  the  globe,  some  species  producing  valuable  timbers  or  fruits  and  one  producing  the 
gutta  percha  of  commerce.  The  family  consists  of  about  400  species  of  35  genera,  of  which  5 
genera  are  represented  in  the  trees  of  the  United  States,  all  subtropical  excepting  Bumelia. 

Leaves  alternate  or  sometimes  clustered,  simple,  entire,  pinnately-veined,  mostly  cori- 
aceous, petiolate,  without  stipules.  Flowers  small,  regular,  perfect,  in  axillary  clusters  ;  calvx 
of  5-8  persistent  sepals,  imbricated ;  corolla  hypogenous,  5-8-cleft  with  an  internal  lobe-like 
appendage  staminodium  at  each  sinus  and  a  short  tube  ;  disk  none  ;  stamens  as  many  as  the 
lobes  of  the  corolla  and  opposite  them  inserted  on  the  tube:  anthers  2-celled,  subextrorse. 
longitudinally  dehiscent ;  pistil  with  ovary  sessile,  usually  5-celled.  with  simple  style  and 
terminal  stigma,  and  containing  a  solitary  anatropous  ovule.  Fruit  a  berry  with  persistent 
calyx  at  base  and  tipped  with  remnants  of  the  style,  usually  1-seeded,  the  seed  containing  a 
iarge  straight  embryo  with  or  without  albumen. 


Handbook   oi'  Timj-s  oi-    tiik    Xokiii  kk-.n    Siaii.s   axu   ('a.nada.      4r»3 
THE  BUMELIAS.     (^enus  BL'MI:LI.\   S\v. 

Small  trws  and  shrubs  with  more  or  less  spiniscent  braiidUets  and  of  about  L'O  species, 
uatives  of  the  western  hemisphere,  5  being  found  within  the  United  States  and  t'unr  r)f  these 
are  small  trees. 

Lvarc!)  alternate  on  vigorous  shoots  or  cluslcred  on  s])ur-like  lateral  hraiiclijcis.  roudnpii- 
rate  in  the  bud.  oblaneeolate  to  obovatc  elliptical,  more  or  li'ss  silky  toini'iilosi'  biMifath.  short 
petiolate.  FIdirrr.s  with  slender  pedicels,  in  crowded  axillary  fascicles;  calyx  subcampainilnte. 
with  r»  unequal  lobes;  corolla  oainpanulate.  white,  .")-lobed,  the  rounded  lobes  and  their  ai)pend- 
ases  ecjual  ;  stamens  with  short  filiform  (ilameiits  and  sanitate  anthers;  ovai-y  conical, 
ovoid  hirsute  with  simi)le  i)ointed  style  stigmatic  at  ajiex.  Fruit  an  oblong.  oI)ovoid,  or  sub- 
plobose  i)lack  dru])e.  solitary  or  few  together,  with  thin  flesh  and  large  seed  having  a  thick 
smooth  li^lit  brown  erustaceous  testa,  basal  hilum,  large  straight  embryo  with  thick  fleshy 
cotyledons  ;ind  no  albumen. 

'l"hc  name   is  the  classical  Greek   for  the  Ash-free  transferred  to  this  genus. 

KEY  TO  THE   SPECIES. 

Loaves  beiicnih,   pedicels   and   calyx   tomentose B.    lanuginosa. 

Leaves  beneath,  pedicels  and  calyx  glabrous  or  nearly  so B.    lycioides. 

For  species  see  pp.  SIG-Stl  and  the  follou-infj: 

Smooth  ok  Hicktiiorn  Bumelia,  B.  lycioides  (L.)  Gaertn.  f.  An  interesting  small 
tree  of  the  southern  states,  ranging  sparingly  as  far  north  as  into  southern  Virginia  and 
southern  Illinois.  Leares  mostly  oblaneeolate  or  oblong-lanceolate.  Ti/^-4  in.  long,  cuneate  at 
base,  usually  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  glaucous  bright  green  above,  paler  and  glabrous  (or 
somewhat  pubescent  at  first)  and  finely  reticulate  beneath,  thinnish.  deciduous;  ])etioles  about 
\<2  ill-  long;  branchlets  glabrate  and  mostly  unarmed.  FIntrers  (in  midsummer)  in  crowded 
glabrous  fascicles,  jiedicles  about  14  in.  long;  calyx  glabrous.  Fruit  oblong  to  subglobose, 
black,  about    ^l.    in.  long. 

EBONY  FAMILY.     EBENACE.^  \^ext. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  wide  distribution  mostly  in  tropical  countries  and  of  about  27."» 
species  grouped  in  H  genera.  The  following  single  genus  is  rejiresented  in  the  riiiied  States 
by  2  species  —  one  widely  distributed  in  the  Atlantic  states  and  the  other  in  Texas  and  northern 
Mexico. 

Leaves  simple,  altertiate,  entire  and  without  stipules.  Flowers  small,  mostly  di(ecious  or 
polygamotis,  solitary  or  in  cymes,  axillary,  regular;  calyx  8-7-lol)ed.  inferior,  persistent;  corolla 
with  3-7  convoluted  lobes,  deciduous;  stamens  more  numerous  than  the  lobes  of  corolla  and 
inserted  on  its  tube,  with  short  filaments  and  erect  introrse  anthers ;  disk  none  ;  ovary  superior, 
several-celled,  with  1-3  suspended  ovules  in  each  cell  ;  styles  2-8.  Fruit  a  berry  subtended  by 
the  enlarged  persistent  calyx  and  containing  oblong  seeds  with  small  axile  embryo  and  copious 
albumen. 

THE  PERSIMMONS.     Gexus  DIOSPEROS  L. 

This  genus,  consisting  of  about  lOfl  species  widely  distributed  in  tropical  regions  and  most 
abundant!}'  in  southern  Asia,  is  the  most  important  of  the  family.  Some  of  its  representatives 
yield  the  ebony  of  commerce  and  others  valuable  fruits. 

Leaves  alternate,  simple,  entire,  and  without  stipules.  Flowers  di<rcious,  i)olygamous.  or 
rarely  perfect,  regular,  solitary  or  in  cyines  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  season  ;  calyx  in- 
ferior. 3-7-lobed.  i)ersistent  and  commonly  accrescent:  corolla  hyjiogenous.  regular.  .'>-7-lobed.  the 
lobes  convolute  in  the  bud :  disk  none  ;  stamens  2-3  times  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and 
inserted  on  its  tube,  some  imperfect  in  the  pistillate  flowers ;  filaments  short  and  anthei-s 
2-celled,  introrse ;  ovary;  several-celled  with  usually  2  anatropous  suspended  ovules  in  each 
cell;  styles  2-S.  Fruit  a  berry  with  from  1-several  seeds;  seed  with  axile  embryo  in  fleshy 
albumen. 

The  name  is  from  two  Greek  words  meaning  the  u-heat  or  food  of  Jove. 
For  species  see  pp.  S1'S-^7!K 

SWEET-LEAF  FAMILY.     SYMPLOCACE.^  Miers. 

A  family  of  the  following  single  genus  of  trees  and  shrubs. 

Ijcnres  simple,  alternate,  without  stipules;  bmls  scaly.  Flowers  regular,  mostly  perfect 
and  yellow,  in  axillary  or  lateral  clusters;  calyx  .">-lobed.  campanulate.  the  tube  adnate  to  the 
ovary;  corolla  deei)ly  .^)-l()bed.  with  imbricated  lobes;  disk  none;  stamens  innnerous,  more  or 
less  united  at  base  into  clusters,  with  long  filiform  filaments  and  small  2-celIi>d  anthers  opening 
laterally:  ovary  2-.'">-celled  with  siini>le  style,  terminal  stigma  and  usually  2  auiUropous  ovules 
suspeiMled  in  each  cell.  Fruit  usually  a  dry  drupe  crowned  witii  the  iiersistent  calyx-lobes, 
thin    flesh    and  one   bony   stone;    embryo   straight    in    fleshy   albumen. 


454  Oleace.e. 

THE  SWEET-LEAF  OR  HORSE  SUGAR.     Genus  SYMPLOCOS  L'Her. 

The  genus  iiymplocos  comprises  about  ISO  species,  so  far  as  known,  chiefly  of  the  tropical 
regions  of  America,  Asia,  and  Australia.  One  inhabits  southeastern  United  JStates  ranging  as 
far  north  as  southern  Delaware. 

For  characters  see  description  of  the  family,  this  being  the  only  genus. 

The  name  is  from  Greek  roots  referring  to  the  fact  that  the  stamens  are  united  together 
in  clusters. 

For  species  see  pp.  380-381. 

STORAX  FAMILY.     STYRACE^.  A.  DC. 

Trees  or  sln-ubs  with  more  or  less  stellate  or  scaly  pubescence  and  confined  to  the  warmer 
regions  of  the  globe.  About  75  species  are  known  grouped  in  7  genera.  Two  genera  are  rep- 
resented in  the  United  States  and  of  these  the  following  one  is  arborescent. 

.  Leares  alternate,  simple,  pinnately  veined  and  without  stipules.     Floicrrs  regular,  perfect: 

N  calyx  more  or  less  adnate  to  the  ovary;  corolla  gamopetalons  or  polypetalous.  with  4  or  8 
/lobes  or  petals;  stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  or  more,  adnate  to  the  tube 
(  and  arranged  in  a  single  series  ;  anthers  introrse ;  ovary  2-.~)-celled,  with  slender  simple  style 
\and  terminal  stigma  ;  ovules  anatropous.  Fruit  a  drupe  with  thin  dry  flesh,  sometimes  winged ; 
nard  and  mostly  1-seeded  stone  containing  straight  embryo  and  copious  albumen. 

THE  SILVER-BELL  TREES.     Genus  AIOHRODENDRON  Britt. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  the  southern  Atlantic  states  of  North  America  and  comprised  in 
three  species  of  which  two  are  arborescent  and  1  shrubby.  One  of  the  former  ranges  as  far 
nerth  as  southern   Illinois. 

Leaves  deciduous,  oval  to  obovate-oblong,  membranaceous,  denticulate.  Floircrs  bell- 
shaped,  in  fascicles  or  short  racemes,  with  slender  drooping  pubescent  bracteolate  pedicels  from 
the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  previous  year ;  calyx  tube  obconic,  4-ribbed.  tomentose,  adnate 
to  the  ovary  and  with  short  4-t()orh('d  limb;  corolla  epigynous,  4-lobed  or  divided,  thin  and 
white ;  stamens  S-IH,  with  flat  tihuncnts  more  or  less  united  at  base  and  slightly  adnate  to 
the  base  of  the  corolla  ;  ovary  2-4-celled,  with  an  elongated  style,  terminal  stigma  and  4  ovules 
in  each  cell,  the  upper  ascending  and  the  lower  pendulous.  Fruit  a  dry  oblong.  2-4  winged, 
drupe,  1-4-celled,  tipped  with  the  style  and  calyx  teeth  and  containing  a  thick-walled  bony 
stone  ;  embryo  terete,  axile. 

Named  in  compliment  to  Dr.  Chas.  Mohr,  botanist  and  author  of  the  Flora  of  Alabama,  etc. 
For  species  see  pp.  382-383. 

OLIVE  FAMILY.     OLEACE.E  Lindl. 

Trees  and  shrubs  widely  distributed  throughout  tropical  and  temperate  regions,  particu- 
larly of  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  some  of  great  economic  value.  There  are  about  20 
genera  and  500  species.  Five  genera  are  indigenous  to  the  United  States  and  of  these  four 
have  arborescent  representatives. 

Leaves  mostly  opposite,  simple  or  compound  and  without  stipules.  Flowers  perfect,  dia?ci- 
ous  or  polygamous,  regular  and  in  panicles,  cynics  or  fnseicles;  calyx  inferior,  2-4-lobed  or 
none;  corolla  of  2-4  petals  or  none;  disk  none;  stanu'us  2-4  with  short  filaments  and  introrse 
2-celled  anthers,  dehiscent  usually  by  lateral  longitudinal  slits;  ovary  superior,  2-celled  with 
2  pendulous  anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell;  style  simple.  Fruit  in  the  American  arborescent 
representatives  a  samara  or  berry  with  pendulous  seeds  containing  straight  embryo  and  fleshy 
albumen. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

a    Fruit  a  samara  ;  leaves  compound ;  flowers  mostly  unisexual  and  without  petals. 

Fraxinus. 
a*  Fruit  a  drupe ;   leaves  simple 

Flowers  dioecious,  mostly  apetalous,   appearing  before  the  leaves Chionanthus. 

Flowers  perfect  with  4  linear  petals,  appearing  after  the   leaves Forestiera. 

THE  ASHES.     Genus  FRAXIXUS  L. 
Trees  and  shrubs  of  about  40  species  with  tough  wood,  stout  branchlets  having  large  pith 
and  obtuse  or  rounded  scaly  buds,  the  terminal  one  the  largest.     It  is  of  wide  distribution  in 
north-temperate  regions  and  within  the  tropics  on  the  islands  of  Cuba  and  .lamaica.     About  16 


JIaxdbook  of   Tkkks  of   tiik    Xoi;iiii:i;.\    Staii.^    and   ('a.nada.      4r>5 

species  are  found  within  (lie  I'liitcd  States,  all  arhorcsci'iit  tlioii','li  oiu'  is  mori'  coiiiinoniy  a 
shrub  than  a  tree. 

fjcari'S  deciduous,  (idd-pinnalcly  (•nni|»)un<l.  pi'i  iolatr  ;  Icnllns  <'<indii|ili(atc  in  the  l.nd  and 
usuall.v  serrate.  Flouos  in  early  spring;,  from  the  axils  of  tiir  lisncs  of  tin-  pn-vions  season, 
mostly  dioecious  or  polygamous  (occasionally  perfect)  in  fasciculate  panicles;  calyx  small, 
campanulate  or  none;  corolla  2-4-parte(l  or  none;  stamens  usually  L'  with  short  terete  filaments 
and  large  oblong  anthers  opening  by  lateral  slits;  ovary  mostly  li-cfllcd  with  single  style  and 
2-lobed  stigma.  Fruit  a  samara,  with  terete  or  somewhat  llattened  and  usually  1-seeded  body 
and  terminal  wing;  seed  elongated,   pendulous. 

Fraxinus  is  the  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Asli-tnc. 

Ki:V   TO  TIIK   SI'KCIKS. 

a    Samara  with  seed-bearing  iiortion  llattened  and  wing  extending  the  entire  length 

b    Lateral  leaflets  sessile;  calyx  in  the  fertile   llowers  none F.    nigra. 

b=  Lateral    leaflets   stalked;    calyx    i)resent 

Samara  obovate  to  sjiatulate  ;   twigs  terete F.    Caroliniana. 

Samara  elliptic  to  sjiatulate  ;   twigs  4-sided F.    quadrangulata. 

a-   Samara   with  seed-bearing  iiortion  subterete ;   wing  not  extending  to  base;    leaflets  stalked; 
calyx  present  in   fertile  flower 
b    Wiiig  almost  entirely  termimil  —  slightly  if  at  all  decurrent  on  body 

c    Leaves  and  branclil(>ts  glabrous  or  nearl.v  so F.    Americana. 

c-  I^eaves  beneath   and   branchlets  pubescent F.    Biltnioreana. 

b"  Wing  decurrent  somewhat  on  sides  of  body  but  not  to  base 
c    Wing  of  samara  spatulate 

d    Branchlets  and  leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  leaves  green  beneath. 

F.    lanceolata. 
d-  Branchlets  and  petioles  velvety  pubescent 

Samara  less  than  2  in.  long  ;  calyx  small F.    Pennsylvanica. 

Samara  mostly  2  in.  long  or  more;  calyx  enlarged F.    profunda. 

c'  Wing  of   samara    long-linear F.    Darlingtonii. 

For  species   see  pp  SiS'i-'VJ'J   (tnd  the  foUoiciiig: 

DAKiJXCiTOx  Asir.  F.  DarVnif/tonii  Britt.  This  is  a  little  known  siiecies  described  from 
material  from  Lancaster.  I'a.,  and  is  similar  to  the  F.  hinceohifa  and  F.  Pcniifinlrdiiird.  with 
foliage  and  twigs  pubescent  or  glabrate  and  samara  2-o  in.  long  with  linear  wing  decurrent 
upon  the  seed-bearing  portion  one  third  to  one  fourth  its  length. 

THE  FRINGE-TREES.     Gexus  CHIOXAXTHUS  L. 

Trees  or  small  shrubs  of  two  species  one  of  the  middle  and  southern  United  States  and 
the  other  of  China. 

Leares  simple,  deciduous,  opposite,  conduplicate  in  the  bud.  FInirers  perfect  or  poly- 
gamous, white,  in  loose  drooping  jianicles  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  i)receding  season: 
calyx  small.  4-parted.  inferior,  persistent ;  corolla  of  4  linear  white  petals  slightly  united  at 
base;  stamens  2.  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla,  with  very  short  terete  filaments  and  ovate 
ai)icnlate  anthers;  ovary  ovoid  with  short  columnar  style  and  thick  fleshy  2-lobed  stigma; 
ovules  2  in  each  cell,  pendulous.  Fruit  an  ovoid  or  oblong  druiie  tii)ped  with  the  remnants  of 
the  style,  nearly  black  thick  skin,  dryish  flesh  and  usually  1  but  sometimes  2  or  li  thick-walled 
crustaceous  stones. 

The  name  is  from  two  Greek  words  m(>aning  suou'-fiou-er. 

For  species  sec  pp.  .'I'HI-JfOl. 

THE  FORESTIERA.     Gfxus  FORESTIERA  Poir.     (ADELTA  P.  Br.) 

Shrubs  or  small  wide-branching  trees  of  about  fifteen  species  natives  of  America.  Six  or 
8  species  are  found  in  tin'  southern  fnited  States,  one  of  these  only  attaining  the  dignity  of  a 
tree,  and  that  ranging  as  far  north  as  southern   Illinois. 

T, eaves  simiile.  oiii)osite.  deciduous  or  rarely  e\(M-gretMi.  an<1  usuall\  small.  Floircrs  small 
and  mostly  jiolygamous.  yellowish  or  greenish,  diiecious.  apjiearini:  liefore  the  leaves  in  fas- 
cicles or  racemes  from  scaly  buds  in  tlie  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  jirevions  year:  calyx  with 
very  short  tube  and  4-r>  inieciual  lobes:  corolla  none  or  with  1  or  2  deciduous  petals:  sta-'-eiis 
2-4  with  extrorse  anthers;  ovary  ovoid.  2-celled.  with  slender  style  and  thick  usually  2-loi)ed 
stigma  and  2  i)endulons  ovules  in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  druin'  with  1  or  2  seeds  with  membranous 
testa  and  fleshy  albumen. 

The  name"  is  in  compliment    to  M.  Forest  ier.  a   French  iihysician. 

For  speeii  s  sec  pp.  J/O^-.'/OS. 


456  KuBiACEJ.. 

TRTJMPLT-CREEPER  FAMILY.     BIGXOXIACE^  Pers. 

Ti-pps.  shrubs,  climbing  viiips  and  a  few  exotic  herbs  mostly  with  large  showy  flowers  and 

widely    distributed    in    tropics    with   a    few    representatives    in    temperate    regions.     About    iiOO 

species  are  known  grouped  in  nearly  100  genera.     Of  the  five  genera  represented  in  the  United 

States  .3  are  arborescent,  oi:e  of  the  southwestern  states,  another  of  Florida  and  the  third  of 

the  Atlantic  states. 

Leaves  simple  in  the  arborescent  representatives  in  the  T'nited  States  mostly  opposite  and 
without  stipules.  I-loircrs  perfect,  large,  showy  and  more  or  less  irregular:  calyx  liypogenous, 
bilabiate:  corolla  liyiio^icnoiis.  somewhat  bilabiate,  ."-Idlu'd,  inihricated  in  the  bud:  stamens  2 
or  4  inserted  on  thi'  Imsc  nf  the  corolla  with  intnu'se  iJ-crlliMl  nntlnTs  Idiigitudinally  dehiscent; 
stamiuodia  1  or  o  :  uvai-y  1  or  2-celled,  with,  simple  slender  ^-lobed  style,  stigmatic  at  the 
apex  :  ovules  numerous,  anatropous  and  horizontal.  Fruit  a  pod-like  2-valved  capsule  or  berry 
and  seeds  withoait  albumen. 

THE  CATALPAS.     Gexus  CALTAPA  Scop. 

Trees  of  tonic  and  diuretic  properties  with  stout  terete  branchlets  large  pith  and  soft 
durable  wood.  Seven  species  are  known  of  w^hich  two  are  natives  of  eastern  United  States 
and  the  others  of  eastern  China  and  the  West  Indies. 

Lcarefi  oi)posite  or  in  whorls  of  three,  long-petiolate.  involute  in  the  bud,  entire  or  spar- 
ingly lobed.  deciduous.  Floinrx  in  showy  terminal  compound  panicles  or  corymbs:  calyx 
splitting  irregularly  into  two  loin's  in  opening:  corolla  thin  and  membranaceous,  oblique  with 
broad  campanulate  tube  and  2-lippe(l  .'i-lobed  limb,  the  lobes  spreading  and  with  crisi)ed  mar- 
gins; stamens  2,  ascending  under  the  anterior  lip  of  the  corolla,  with  glabrous  divergent  anther- 
cells  and  flattened  arcuate  filaments,  staminodia  3.  rudimentary,  filiform;  ovary,  2-celled,  with 
long  filiform  style,  2-lobed  stigma  and  ovules  inserted  in  several  rows  on  the  central  placenta. 
Fruit  an  elongated  nearly  terete  pod-like  capsule  loculicidally  dehiscent,  persisting  during  the 
winter:  seeds  numerous,  flat,  oblong,  with  broad  lateral  fimbriated  wings  ending  in  wliir.' 
hairs :  cotyledons  broader  than  long. 

The  name  is  the  Cherokee  Indian  name  of  one  of  the  American  species. 

KEY  TO  THE   SrECIES. 

Flowers  about  l^^  in.  wide,  in  many-flowered  panicles:  lower  lobe  entire....       C.    Catalpa. 
Flowers  about  2i/C  in.  wide,  in  few-flowered  panicles;  lower  lobe  emarginate .  .      C.    speclosa. 

For  speeies  see  pp.  JtOIf-JfOl. 

MADDER  FAMILY.     RUBIACE^  B.  Juss. 

Trees,  shrubs  and  a  few  herbs  of  about  .")0  species  grouped  in  some  3.50  genera.  They 
are  chiefly  natives  of  tropical  regions  and  comprise  several  species  which  yield  products  of 
great  economic  importance,  such  as  coffee,  quinine,  ipecac,  madder,  etc. 

Leaves  simple,  opposite  or  verticillate,  entire,  mostly  with  stipules  and  turning  black  in 
drying.  Floirers  regular,  perfect :  cal.vx  4-r)-toothed  or  lobed  and  with  tube  adnate  to  the 
ovary:  corolla  4-.5-lobed,  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  alternate  with  them  and 
inserted  on  the  tube  with  filaments  free  or  united  at  base  and  introrse  2-celled  anthers  opening 
longitudinally  :  disk  epigynous :  ovary  1-10-celled  with  slender  style  and  ovules  1  to  many  in 
each  cell.  Fruit  a  capsule,  drupe  or  achene :  seeds  with  membranaceous  coat  and  without 
albumen. 

THE  BUTTON-BUSH.     Genus  CEPHALANTHUS  L. 

Shrubs  and  small  trees  of  about  a  half  dozen  species  of  North  and  South  America  and 
Asia,   one  only   inhabiting   the   T'nited    States. 

Leaves  both  opposite  and  verticillate.  petiolate.  deciduous.  Flotrers  vellow  or  white, 
sessile  in  the  axils  of  glandular  bracts  in  dense  globular  pedunculate  panicled  heads :  calyx 
tube  obpyramidal  its  limb  with  four  or  five  short  lobes :  corolla  tubular  funnel-form  with  four 
short  lobes ;  stamens  4,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla  with  very  short  filaments  and 
oblong-sagitate  anthers ;  ovary  2-celled  with  a  solitary  pendulous  ovule  in  each  cell  and  a  long 
filiform  exserted  style  bearing  a  capitate  stigma.  Fruit  dry.  obpyramidal,  1-2-seeded ;  seeds 
oblong  with  a.  white  aril  at  the  apex  and  cartilaginous  albumen. 

The  name  is  from  two  Greek  words  indicating  that  the  floirrrs  are  in  heads. 

For  species  see  pp.  408-409. 


Haxdhook   oi'   'I'k'i:ks   oi-   tiiI':    Xoi;  tii  i:i;.\    Statics    a.nd   ('a.naija.      457 
FIGWORT  FAMILY.     SCOIM  I  II.AK  lACI-:.!-:  I.ixi.i.. 

This  family  consists  chiefly  of  herbs,  hut  soinc  shrtihs  ami  I  ires,  ami  is  of  very  wide  dis- 
tribution.    About  2,r)(X)  species  are  known,  jjrouped  in   lf>."i  irencra. 

Learcs  various,  without  stipules.  Flowcm  mostly  perfect,  complete  and  irrejiular  :  calyx 
inferior,  variously  cleft  or  divided.  j)ersistent ;  corolla  }ramoi)etalous.  irregular,  with  imbricated 
lobes  ;  stamens  2-;".  didynanious  or  nearly  ecpial  and  inserted  on  the  corolla  alternate  with  its 
lobes;  anthers  2  or  1-celled  :  pistil  solitary  with  slender  style,  entire  or  2-lol)ed  stigma  and 
mostly  2-celled  ovary  containing  anatr()i>()us  oi-  ainplutroijous  ovules  on  axile  jilacentae.  Fruit 
a  capsule  usually  containing  nuuH'rous  seeds  with  small  embryo   in  copious  albumen. 

THE  PAULOWNIA.     Genus  PAULOWXIA  Sieb.  &  Zucc. 

This  is  a  genus  composed  ol'  ))ossil)!y  two  or  three  species  of  Asiatic  trees  but  is  gcnerall.T 
known  only  by  the  single  si)ecies  /'.  inii)rriulis  S.  &  Z.,  now  naturalized  in  America. 

Lcarr.1  opposite,  long-petioled,  mostly  .1-8  in.  long  larger  on  vigorous  shoots,  broad-ovate, 
cordate,  acute  or  short  acuminate,  entire  or  with  a  single  short-pointed  lobe  on  each  side,  vel- 
vety pubescent  especially  at  first  :  long-jietioled,  branchlets  with  segmented  i)ith.  Floirrrs 
before  or  with  the  leaves,  fragrant,  in  large  erect  rusty  tomentose  terminal  panicles  from  buds 
formed  the  pi-evious  summer  and  rtwnaining  naked  during  the  winter:  calyx  with  .")  thick  lobes; 
corolla  1^'2--  in.  long,  iiale  viohM  or  blue,  somewhat  irregular,  with  ."»  spreading  lobes,  puberu- 
lent  outside;  stamens  4.  did.\namons.  included,  \\-ith  divaricate  anther-sacs.  Fruit  bi'oad-ovoid 
woody  abruptly  pointed  2-celled  cai)sule.  about  lYj  in.  long,  loculicidally  dehiscent  and  contain- 
ing many  small  membranous-winged  seeds. 

The  genus  is  named  after  Princess  Anna  Paulowna,  daught(n-  cf  the  Czar  Paul  I. 

Far  species  see  pp.   .'/lO-.'/n. 

HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.     CAPRI FOLIACE.II  P.ext. 

Trees,  shrubs,  vines,  and  i)erennial  herbs  of  about  2(!()  si)ecies  and  grouped  in  ten  genera. 

They  are  most  abundant   in   the  north  temperate  zone,  but  a   few  extend   into  the  troi)ics  and 

the  southern  hemisjihere. 

Leaves  opposite,  petiolate.  involute  in  the  bud  and  mostly  without  stipules.  Flowers  regu- 
lar, perfect,  and  in  terminal  compound  cymes;  calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary  with  H-toothed 
limb ;  corolla  .">-lobed  and  sometimes  2-lipped  ;  stamens  .">.  ins(>rted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla, 
and  alternate  with  its  lobes,  exserted,  with  slender  free  filaments;  anthers  oblong,  introrse. 
2-celled,  longitudinally  dehiscent :  ovary  inferior.  l-(vcelled  with  short  style  and  3-.l-lobed  capi- 
tate stigma  ;  ovules  solitary,  anatropons  and  suspended  from  the  apex  of  the  cell.  Fruit  a 
1-0-celled  drupe,  capsule  or  berry  ;  seeds  with  membranous  coat,  minute  embryo  and  copious 
albumen. 

THE  NANNY-BERRIES,  ETC.     Genus  \'IP.URNUM  L. 

Shrubs  and  small  trees  with  tough  branches  of  nearly  100  species  widely  distributed  in 
north  temperate  regions  and  a  few  in  tin'  tropics.  Several  species  are  important  on  account 
of  their  ornamental  flowers  niid  fiiiil.  About  ~~>  are  natives  of  North  America,  all  shrubby 
except  three,  which  are  small   trees  of  I  he   .\tlantic  states. 

Leaves  deciduous,  generally  without  stipules  and  th.>  first  pair  rudimentary;  petioles 
broad;  buds  large  and  enveloi)e(l  with  a  single  i)air  of  scales.  Floirers  white  or  rarely  pink, 
in  terminal  or  axillary  compound  cymes  with  minut(>  caducous  bracts  and  bractlels.  the  outer 
flowers  sometimes  radiant  and  neutral  ;  calyx  with  tubinale  tube  and  stout  ."(-toothi'd  limb, 
I)ersistent  in  the  fruit:  corolla  rotate  with  .")  si)reading  and  finally  reflexed  lobes;  ovary  1-celled, 
inferior,  with  short  conical  style.  .'Mobed  and  stigmatic  at  ajH'x.  Fruit  an  oblong  or  s  ib- 
globose  and  sometimes  flattened  drupe  with  thin  sweet  or  acidulous  tl(>sh  and  a  single  stone 
which  in  the  American  species  is  dark  brown,  coriaceous  and  much   flattened. 

The  name  is  ancient    Tat  in   name  of  one  of  the  Kuroiiean  sj)ecies. 


For  species  see  pp.  J/ 12-411. 


GLOSSARY. 


Abortion.     TnipcM-foet  or  iioii-ilovolopiiKMil  of  ;i 

part. 
Aclu'iic  or   akciic.      A    dry.   lianl.    l-cfllcd   and 

1-seeded   indeliiswnt    fruit. 
Acinninate.     Tapering  to  a  rather  lonj,'  ])()int. 
Acute.     Witli  a  sliort  sliar])  jjoint. 
Adnate.      Cluselv  united  or  growing'  lo    (liter- 
ally ••  i)orn  w'ith"!. 
.Estivation.     The  arrangement  nf  the  parts  of 

a  flower  in  tlie  i)ud. 
Albumen.       Nutritive    nniterial     surrounding 

the  embryo  in  some  seeds. 
AlbunuMious.     Furnished  with  albumen. 
Alternate.      Xot   opposite;    applied    to    leaves 

and  flowers. 
Anient.      A   spike  of    unisexual    (lowers,   each 

subtended  by  a  bract;   a  catkin. 
Ampliitropous.      Said    of    a    ^traijiht    ovule    or 

seed  when  iialf  inverted. 
Anatropinis.     Said  of  straiglit   ovules  or  seeds 

when  inverted,  the  micropyle  being  near  the 

hilum. 
Androgynous.      Said    of    an    inlloresence    com- 

poseci     of     botii     staminate     and     pistillate 

ilowers. 
Angiospermous.      Having    seeds    borne    in     a 

closed  pericarp. 
Anther.     The  portion  of  a  stanuMi  which  con- 
tains the  pollen. 
Anthesis.      The    time    of    the    opening    of    a 

flower. 
Apetalous.     Without  petals  or  corolla. 
Apiculate.     With  a  short  pointed  tip. 
Arcuate.    Curved. 
Aril.     An  appendage  growing  about  the  liilum 

of  a  seed. 
Aristate.     Terminating  in  an  awn  or  bristle. 
Articulated.     Joined  by  a  more  or  less  easily 

separable  joint. 
Ascending.     Crowing  upward. 
Auriculate.     Furnished  at  base  with  ear-like 

lobes. 
Attenuate.     Long-tapering. 
Awn.    A  bristle-like  a])peiulage. 
Awned.     Furnished  with  awns. 
Axil.     The  upper  angle  between  the  leaf  and 

the  stem  or  branch  which  bears  it. 
Axillary.     Of  or  from  the  axil. 
Axile.     Situated  in  the  axil. 
Baccate.     Herry-like  with   llc^hy  pulp. 
Berrv.      A   fruit   with    whollv   pulp\    pericarp. 
I^ilid'.     2-cleft. 

liijiinnate.      Twice   pinna)cl\'   ciniiiinmid. 
Pract.      Altered    >,Ml,-likc    'leaf    ..f    an     inb.r- 


Bractlet.      Diminuti\e  of   bract,   ii   secondary 
"bract. 


Bracteate.     Furnished  with  bracts. 
Bracteolate.      Furnished  with  bractlets. 
Caducous.     Falling  very  early  —  earlier  than 

deciduous. 
CalvN.     The  outer  of  the  two  series  of  Moral 

envelopes. 
Calvx  tube.      The    tube    formed    bv    the    union 

of   the   sepals. 
(  ampanulate.     Bell-shaped. 
Canipylotropous.      Said   of   an   ovule   or   .seed 

which  is  curved,  so  that  the  micropyle  and 

liilum  are  near  together. 
Canescent.     Hoary  with  a  whitish  pubescence. 
Capitate.     Forming  a  head. 
Capsular.     Pertaining  to  a  cajisule. 
Capsule.     A  dry  dehiscent  fruit    formed  from 

two  or  more  carjiels. 
Carinate.     Having  a  keel-like  medial  ridge. 
Carpel.     A  simple  pistil  or  element  of  a  coin- 

])ouiid  pistil. 
Carpellary.     Of  or  belonging  to  a  carpel. 
Caruncle.     An  appendage  at   the   hilum  of  a 

seed. 
Catkin.     An  anient. 
Caudate.     With  a  tail-like  appendage. 
Chala/a.      The    point    of    attachment    of    an 

ovule  or  seed  with  its  coats. 
Chartaceous.     Having  a  paper-like  texture. 
Ciliate.     Fringed  with  small  hairs  on  margin 

like  miniature  eye-lashes. 
Ciliolate.     Minutely  ciliate. 
Cinereous.    Of  an  ash-gray  color. 
Circinate.     Coiled  from  the  top  down. 
Clavate.     Club-shaped. 
Cleistogamous.     Fertilized  in  the  bud. 
Claw.      The   narrow   stalk-like   base   of   petal, 

sepal,  et... 
Cleft.     Cut   about  to  the  middle. 
Coccus,      (pi.  cocci)    One  of  the  portions  into 

which    a    lobed    fruit     with     1-seeded    cells 

splits. 
Cochleate.     Spiral;    like  a   snail->hell. 
Columella.     The  ])ersisteiit  axis  of  some  cap- 
Coma,     'i'he  hairs  at  the  end  of  some  seeds. 
Comose.     Furnished  with  a  coma. 
Compound.     Composed  of  two  or  more  similar 

parts. 
Compressed.      I'lattened   laterally. 
Coilduplicate.       Folded    together    lengthwise. 
Connate.     United  or  grown  together. 
Connective.     The   ])(U'tion  of  a   stamen   which 

connects  the  anther-cells. 
Connivent.     Co-iiinu'  in  contact. 
Convolute.     Kolled  together  lengthwise. 
Conlate.     Heart-shape.l. 
Coriaceous.     Leather-like  in  texture. 


1459] 


460 


Glossary. 


Corolla.  The  inner  of  the  two  series  of  floral 
en\elopes. 

Corymb.  A  form  of  flower-cluster  which  is 
flat-topped  and  the  sequence  of  flowering  is 
from  the  margin  inward,  and  the  outer 
pedicels  longest. 

Corymbose.     Arranged  in  corymbs. 

Cotyledon.  A  seed-leaf  or  rudimentary  leaf 
of  an  embryo. 

Crenate.     Scalloped. 

Crenulate.     Finely  crenate. 

Cuneate.     Wedge-shaped. 

Cuspidate.     Tipped  with  a  sharp  rigid  point. 

Cyme.  A  form  of  flower-cluster  usually 
flattened  above  with  the  sequence  of  flower- 
ing from  within  outward  and  the  outer 
pedicels  longest. 

Cymose.     Bearing  cymes,  or  in  cymes. 

Deciduous.     Not  persistent;   falling  away. 

Decompound.     ]\Iore  than  once  compound. 

Decumbent.  Reclining  but  witli  ascending 
top. 

Decurrent.  Said  of  leaves  where  the  blade 
runs  down  on  the  petiole. 

Decussate.  Said  of  opposite  leaves  when  the 
successive  pairs  are  arranged  at  riglit 
angles  to  each  other. 

Deflexed.     Bent  abruptly  downward. 

Dehiscent.  Opening,  as  of  an  anther  or  cap- 
sule, to  emit  contents. 

Deltoid.  Of  the  shape  of  the  capital  Gi-eek 
letter  Delta. 

Dentate.  Toothed,  with  pointed  teeth  di- 
rected outward. 

Denticulate.     Diminutive  of  dentate. 

Diadelphous.  Said  of  stamens  which  have 
hlaments  united  into  two  sets. 

Diandrous.     Having  two  stamens. 

Dichotomous.     Branching  regularly  in  pairs. 

Dicotyledonous.    Having  two  cotyledons. 

Didymous.     Twin,  i.  e.,  in  pairs. 

Didynamous.  Said  of  stamens  to  indicate 
two  pairs  of  unequal  length. 

Digitate.  Said  of  an  arrangement,  as  of 
leaflets,  suggestive  of  the  fingers  of  one's 
hand. 

Dimorphous.     Of  two  forms. 

Dioecious.  With  staminate  and  pistillate 
flowers  on  difl'erent  plants. 

Discoid.     Resembling  or  pertaining  to  a  disk. 

Disk.  A  development  of  the  receptacle  of 
some  flowers  at  the  base  of  a  pistil. 

Dissepiment.  The  partition  of  an  ovary  or 
capsule. 

Distichous.     Arranged  in  two  vertical  ranks. 

Distinct.     Separate  from  each  other. 

Divaricate.     Widely  divergent. 

Dorsal.  Pertaining  to  the  back,  as  of  the 
outer  angle  of  a  carpel. 

Drupaceous.     Resembling  a  drupe. 

Drupe.  A  simple  indehiscent  fruit  with 
fleshy  exterior  ( pericarp )  and  bony  usually 
1 -seeded  interior  (endocarp)  ;  as  a  plum  or 
peach. 

Drupelet.     Diminutive  of  drupe. 

Duct.  An  elongated  cell  or  tube  found  in 
woody  stems. 

Echinate.     Covered  with  prickles. 


p]glandular.     Without  glands. 
Elliptical.     With  the  outline  of  an  ellipse. 
Emarginate.     Sliglitly  notched  at  apex. 
Embryo.     The  rudimentary  plant  while  in  the 

seed. 
Endocarp.     The  inner  portion  of  a  pericarp. 
Endogenous.      Said    of    the    stems    of    plants 

which    increase   in    thickness   by    a   growth 

within — not  external  layers. 
Entire.     Said  of  leaves,  etc.,  when  the  margin 

is  not  notched  or  toothed. 
Epicarp.     The  thin  outer  layer  of  a  pericarp. 
Epigj'uous.     Borne  upon  the  ovary. 
Epipetalous.     Borne  upon  the  petals. 
Epiphyte.     Said  of  plants  growing  upon  other 

plants  but  not  deriving  nourishment  from 

them. 
Equitant.    Astride.     Said  of  leaves  which  en- 
fold each  other  in  two  ranks. 
Erose     or     Erroded.     Irregular,     as     though 


E^^ilbumenous.     Without  albumen. 

Evcurrent.     Extending  beyond  the  apex. 

Exfoliating.  .  Cleaving  off,  as  of  the  outer 
layers  of  bark. 

Exocarp.     The  outer  layer  of  a  pericarp. 

Exogenous.  Said  of  stems  which  increase  in 
thickness  by  the  growth  of  layers  outside 
of  the  wood  and  inside  of  the  bark. 

Exserted.  Projecting  beyond  the  surrounding 
organs. 

Exstipulate.     Without  stipules. 

Extrorse.  Said  of  anthers  which  open  out- 
ward. 

Falcate.     Scythe-shaped. 

Fascicle.     A  bundle  or  cluster. 

Fasciculate.     Arranged  in  fascicles. 

Farinose!     Covered  with  meal-like  powder. 

Feather-veined.  With  veins  projecting  from 
midrib  suggestive  or  a  feather. 

Fastigiate.  Said  of  branches  which  are  erect 
and  near  together. 

Fei-ruginous.     Rust-colored. 

Fertile.  Said  of  flowers  (or  the  branches 
which  bear  them)   producing  seeds  or  fruit. 

Fibro-vascular.  Containing  woody  fibres  and 
ducts. 

Filament.  The  portion  of  a  stamen  support- 
ing the  anther;  a  thread-like  substance. 

Filamentous  or  Filamentose  or  Filiform. 
Thread-like  or  composed  of  threads. 

Fimbriate.     With  fringed  margin. 

Fistular  or  Fistulose.     Hollow  like  a  tube. 

Flabellate.     Fan-shaped. 

Flaccid.     Lax,  not  rigid. 

Fleshy.     Succulent,  juicy. 

Flexuose.     Zigzag  or  sinuous. 

Floccose.     Covered  with  soft  woolly  hair. 

Foliaceous.     Of  a  leaf-like  natui-e. 

Foliate.     Having  leaves. 

Foliolate.  Having  leaflets  (the  number 
usually  indicated  by  a  prefix ) . 

Follicle.  A  pod  dehiscent  along  the  ventral 
suture  only. 

P^ollicular.     Similar  to  a  follicle. 

Free.     Not  adnate  to  another  organ. 

Friable.     Breaking  easily. 

Frutescent  or  Fruticose.    Of  a  snrubby  nature. 


(Jl. 


401 


Kuj,Mci()iis.      l'",illinj,'  ;i\\:iv  \rvy  (\iil\-. 

iMi.iicIc  or    I'uni.iiliis.       rii..  >tnlk  ..t'  an   avulc 

(.1-  seed. 
iMis.'.ius.     Cnnisli   hn.wn. 
Kusiforiii.      S|,iiHll.-sliap.Ml. 
(;aiii<)|R'tal()u>.       Ilaxiii^'    prlals    more    or    Ic-s 

iiiiilcd. 
(Jil)l)OUS.     Swollen  or  (■.Nti'iulcd  on  one  side. 
Glabrate.     Nearly  or  beroniiiij,'  jilalnous. 
Glabrous.     Smooth  —  without   iiaiis  or  roii^di- 

iioss  of  nii\-  kind. 
(;land.      Sccrrtin^'  .vll   or   -rou|.  of  cells  or  a 

protnlicrancc  n-nnlil  i  ni,'  >anic. 
Clandular.      Sn|i|ili.Ml    witli   /lands. 
Clanrcscent.      jieconiini,'  or   ncarlv   <,dau('ous. 
Claucous.         Kurnislic.i      with      a'      bluish      or 

whitish  hlocnn.  as  seen  on  the  cabbage  leaf. 
(Jlobose.     S|)lu>ric'al  or  nearly  so. 
(iyninospenn.         (adj.      Gyiuiiospermoiis)      A 
plant    having    naked   ovules   or   seeds   not 

inclosed  in  an  ovary, 
(iynieciuin.     The   ])istil  or  pistils  collectively. 
( lyiio|ihore.     Tiie  stipe  or  stalk  of  a  pistil. » 
Habit.      The  foiin  or  general  appearance  of  a 

plant, 
ilaliitat.      The    area    over    wliieh    a    species    is 

found. 
Hastate.     Shaped  like  an  arrow-head  but  with 

lobes  directed  outward. 
Head.      A    dense   cluster   of    sessile    or    nearly 

sessile  flowers. 
Heart-wood.     The  mature  and  usually  darki-r 

colored    central     portion    of    an    exogenous 

trunk. 
Hilum.     The  scar  or  place  of  attachment  of 

an  ovule  or  seed. 
Hirsute.      Covered    with    rather    coarse    stiff 

hairs. 
Hispid.     Covered  with  bristly  stiff  hairs. 
Hoary.     Covered  with  fine  grayish  pubescence. 
Hybrid.     A  cross  between  two  sjiecies. 
Hypogenons.       Crowing      from     beneath      the 

ovarv. 
Hnbricated.     Overlaj.ping  like  tiie  sliingles  of 

a  roof. 
Imperfect.     .\p]ilied  to  llowcrs  indicates  that 

either  pistils  or  stamens  are  lacking. 
Incised.     Cut    into  rather  deepl\-. 
Included.      Said  i>(  stamens  whi.di  do  not    |)ro- 

ject   beyimd  the   |)erianth. 
Incom])lete.     A])plied  to  flowers  in  wiiich  one 

or  more  of  the  four  sets  of  lioral  oigans  are 

wanting. 
Iiu-umbent.        Lxing     upon,     as     the     radical 

against   the  ba.'k  of  a  cotyh'.lon. 
Hidehiscent.     Not  ojiening  at   maturitv. 
Induplicate.     With  edges  folded  inwaVd. 
Inequilateral.     I  iieipial-sided. 
Inferior.     Said  of  an  ovary  when  it  is  adnate 

to  the  ealyx-tube. 
Inrtorescence.     The  aii-angemeiit    of  a   flower- 
cluster. 
Innate.     Said  of  an  anther  when   it   is  seated. 

as  it  were,  on  the  end  of  a  filament. 
Internode.     Tlie  portion  of  a  stem  between  the 

points  from  which  the  leaves  grow. 
Interpetiolar.     Between  the  ]ietioles. 
Introrse.     Facing  inward. 


Involucrate.      FMirnishe 
Inxolu.'re.      A    whorl    o 
Mower. 

Involute.       The    sides    rnlled     jnw; 
Irregular.      Said   of    (lowers    in    \ 

pa  Its  dill'er  in  size  or  forni. 
Keel.      .\    central    ridge:    a  No    tl 

lerior  petals  of  a   pa|.ilionaceous   llowcr. 
i\ev.       .\     drv    winged     iM<lehi-cent     fruit;     a 


til   an   involucre, 
acts    subtending    a 


nilar 
1    an- 


Laciniate.      Cut    into    long   irreg  il  ir   teeth. 
Lamella.      .\    thin    llat   scale  or    plate. 
Lamellate.     Comjiosed   of  lamellap. 
Laminate.     Consisting  of  plate-. 
Lanceolate.       Lance-sha));'d.     wide    ludow     and 

tapering  to  apex,  but   narrower  than  ovate. 
Leaflet.     One  of   the   small    blade-   of   a    com- 
pound leaf. 
Legume.     A  simi)le  diy  fruit.  compo>etl  of  a 

single   carpel    and   dehiscent    usually   along 

both  sutures;  a  pod.  as  of  the  Pea.  ' 
Leguminous.     I'roilucing  legumes. 
Lenticel.      Small    lens-shape  1    corky    growths 

seen  in  young  barks. 
Lenticular.   Lens-shaped. 
Lepidote.     Bearing  small  s:urfy  scales. 
Ligulate.       Strap-shaped,     or     provided     with 

ligules.   descriptive  of   ((iinlhis.  etc. 
Limb.     The    e.xpanded     part    of    a     petal     or 

sepal. 
Linear.      Descriptive   of    a    narrow    leaf    with 

margins  approximately  |iaiallel.  as  a  blade 

of  grass. 
Lobe.     A  prominent  division  of  an  organ. 
l^obed.     Divided  with  rather  deep  simix-s. 
Loculicida-1.      Said    of    cajjsules    which    open 

into  the  cell  along  the  dorsal  suture. 
Loment.     A  pod  constricted  between  the  seeds. 
Lyrate.       J.yre-shai>e(l ;      said     of     pinnatitid 

leaves     where     the     terminal     segment     is 

largest. 
Marcescent.     Withering  but  still  persisting. 
Medulla.     The  central  pith-column  of  exogen- 
ous stems. 
Medullary-rays.      Lines  of   specialized  cells  of 

woods    radiating    from    the    i)ith-column    to 

the  bark. 
Micropyle.      The    orilice    of    an    ovule    (U-    the 

corresponding   jioint    of  a   seed. 
.Midrib.     The   main   central   rib  <,f  a    leaf;    the 

mid-vein. 
.Monadelphous.  Stamens       with       filaments 

united. 
.Moniliform.      Itesend.lini;  a   siring'  of  beads. 
Monocotyledonous.      With    a    >ingle   cotyledon. 
Mono'cious.     With  stamens  and  pistils  on  the 

same  ]»lant  but  in  ditVerent  flowers. 
Mono])etalous.     With  petals  united, 
^[ucro.     .\  small  abrn|)t  tip. 
Mucronate.     Furnished  with  a  nuicro. 
Muricate.     Bough  with  short  rigid  points. 
Naturalized.     Said  of  introduced  plants  which 

are  reproducing  by  self-sown   seeds. 
Nectar.      A   sweet  secretion    in    Mowers,   which 

becomes  honey  after  being  gathered  by  bees. 
Nectariferous.     Bearing  nectar. 
Nectary.     .\n  organ  -ecreting  nectar. 
Nerve.     .\  simple  or  unbranched  vein. 


462 


Glossary. 


Node.  The  place  on  a  stem  where  the  leaves 
appear. 

Nodose.     Knotty. 

Nut.  A  hard  1-celled,  1 -seeded  indehiscent 
fruit. 

Nutlet.     Diminutive  of  nut. 

Obconic.     Inversely  conical. 

Obcordate.     Inversely  heart-shaped. 

Oblanceolate.  Inversely  lanceolate,  i.  e., 
broader  towards  the  apex. 

Oblique.     Slanting  or  with  unequal  sides. 

Oblong.  Longer  than  broad,  with  sides  ap- 
proximately parallel. 

Obovate.  The  inverse  of  ovate,  i.  e.,  broader 
towards  the  apex. 

Obovoid.     The  inverse  of  ovoid. 

Obtuse.  Bluntly  pointed;  greater  than  right 
angle. 

Opposite.  Said  of  leaves  or  leaflets  arranged 
in  pairs  on  opposite  sides. 

Orbicular.     Circular. 

Orthotropovis.  Descriptive  of  a  straight 
erect  ovule  with  hilum  at  one  end  and 
micropyle  at  tlie  other. 

Oval.     Broadly  ellipti-c-al. 

Ovary.     The  ovule-bearing  portion  of  a  pistil. 

Ovate.  Applied  to  leaves,  etc.,  which  are  egg- 
shaped  in  outline,  broader  towards  base. 

Ovoid.     Egg-shaped,  applied  to  solids. 

Ovule.     The  embryonic  seed. 

Ovuliferous.     Bearing  ovules. 

Palmate.  Hand-shaped,  with  lobes  or  leaflets 
radiating  from  apex  of  petiole  like  fingers. 

Panicle.     A  compound  raceme. 

Paniculate.     Arranged  in  panicles. 

Papilionaceous.  Buttertly-like,  descriptive  of 
flowers  of  the  Pea  family. 

Papillose.  Rougli  with  minute  blunt  projec- 
tions. 

Parietal.  Pertaining  to  the  wall,  as  of  an 
ovary. 

Parted.     Divided  but  not  entirely  to  base. 

Pectinate.  Pinnatifid  with  narrow  close 
comb-like  teeth. 

Pedicel.  The  stalk  of  a  single  flower  in  a 
flower-cluster. 

Pedicellate.     Borne  on  a  pedicel. 

Peduncle.  The  stalk  of  a  flower-cluster  or  cf 
a  solitary  flower. 

Pedunculate.     Borne  on  a  peduncle. 

Peltate.  Shield-shaped.  A  flat  organ  at- 
tached by  a  central  stem. 

Perennial.     Lasting  from  year  to  year. 

Perfect.  Said  of  flowers  which  have  both 
stamens  and  pistil. 

Perfoliate.  Said  of  leaves  through  which  the 
stems  seem  to  pass. 

Perianth.  The  calyx  and  corolla  of  a  flower 
collectively. 

Pericarp.    The  matured  wall  of  an  ovary. 

PerigA'nous.  Said  of  an  ovary  united  with 
the  perianth  a  portion  of  its  length. 

Persistent.  Remaining  long  attached  to  the 
organs  supporting  them;  as  leaves  attached 
over  winter,  or  calyx-lobes  after  the  flower- 
ing season. 

Petal.    One  of  the  divisions  of  a  corolla. 

Petaloid.     Resembling  or  colored  like  a  petal. 


Petiolate.     Having  a  petiole. 

Petiole.     The  stalk  or  stem  of  a  leaf. 

Petiolulate.     Having  a  petioule. 

Petioule.     The  stalk  of  a  leaflet. 

Phyllodium.  A  specialized  petiole  resembling 
or  performing  functions  of  a  leaf. 

Pilose.     Hairy  with  long  soft  hairs. 

Pinna,  (pi.  Pinnje)  One  of  the  first  divisions 
of  a  bipinnately  compound  leaf. 

Pinnate.  Said  of  compound  leaves  with  leaf- 
lets arranged  on  opposite  sides  of  a  stem  — • 
the  rachis. 

Pinnatifid.  Pinnately  c.eft  to  the  middle  or 
farther. 

Pinnule.     A  secondary  pinna. 

Pistil.  The  centi'al  organ  of  a  perfect  flower 
in  which  the  seeds  are  produced. 

Pistillate.     Provided  with  a  pistil. 

Placenta.  The  portion  of  the  interior  of  an 
ovule  which  bears  the  ovules. 

Plicate.  Said  of  leaves  folded  or  plaited 
(like  a  fan)   in  the  bud. 

Plumule.     The  bud  or  terminal  of  an  embryo. 

Pollen.  The  fertilizing  grains  or  element  of 
the  stamen. 

Polliniferous.     Bearing  pollen. 

Polygamous.  Bearing  both  perfect  and  im- 
perfect flowers. 

Polypetalous.     Having  separate  petals. 

Pome.  A  fleshy  fruit  resulting  from  the  de- 
velopment of  an  ovary  and  an  adnate 
calyx-tube,  as  the  apple. 

Posterior.  Said  of  the  side  of  an  axillary 
flower  towards  the  axis. 

Prickle.  A  small  spine  growing  out  from  the 
bark. 

Procumbent.  Trailing  or  resting  on  tlie 
ground. 

Puberulent  or  Puberulous.  ^Yith  very  short 
fine  hairs. 

Pubescent.  Covered  with  short  soft  hairs, 
i.  e.,   pubescence. 

Pulvinate.     Cushion-shaped. 

Punctate.  Bearing  translucent  or  colored 
dots  or  pits. 

Punctulate.     Minutely  punctate. 

Putamen.  The  hard  part  of  a  stone-fruit;  a 
pit. 

Raceme.  A  form  of  flower-cluster  where  the 
flowers  are  arranged  with  pedicels  of  about 
equal  length  on  an  elongated  axis,  as  in  the 
currant. 

Racemose.     In  racemes. 

Rachis.  The  central  axis  of  a  compound  leaf 
or  of  a  spike  or  raceme  of  flowers 

Radial.  Said  of  a  longitudinal  section  of  a 
stem  when  on  the  radius. 

Radicle.  The  portion  of  an  embryo  below  the 
cotyledons. 

Ramification.     Branching. 

Ray.     A  branch   of  an   umbel ;    also  the   mar- 
ginal flowers  of  an   inflorescence  when   dis- 
tinct from  the  inner  flowers. 
Receptacle.     The  portion  of  a   flower  bearing 

tne  sepals,  petals,  etc. 
Recurved.     Curved  backward. 
Reflexed.     Bent  abruptly  backward. 
Reniform.     Kidney-shaped. 


Glossary, 


463 


Repand.     Witli  slightly  wavy  margin. 

Reticulalc.     Xcttcd. 

Ketior.se.     Turned  backward. 

Ketuse.     Witli  verv  .shallow  notch  at  ai)e.\. 

Revolute.     Hulled  backward  from  the  sides. 

Raphe     (or    Khaplie).      Tiu-    ridge    cuniiccl  iiig 

the  hiliini  and  eliala/.a   uf  an  anatropcms  ur 

aniphitropous   ii\  ule. 
Ringent.      Said    of    the    gajiing    mouth    of    a 

two  lipped  .(.ndJa. 
Rostrate.     Willi  a  heak-like  tip. 
Rotate.      Said    of    a    eondia    with    Hat    round 

limb;   wheel-shaped. 
Rugose.     Wrinkled. 
Ruminate.     Said  of  an  albumen  which   looks 

as  if  it  had  been  chewed. 
Ruiicinatei'^/Incised    with    .segments    directed 

backward. 
Sagittate.     Of  the  shape  of  an  arrow  liead. 
Salver-shaped.     Said  of  a  corolla  with  slender 

tube  an(l  abruptly  expanded  flat  lind). 
Sanuira.      A    sim])ie    drv    indehiscent    winged 

fruit. 
Scabrous.     Ilougli. 
Scarious.      .Meml)ranous,    tliin    and    dry;    not 

green. 
Secund.     Said  of  a  raceme  where  (lowers  are 

borne  on  one  side  of  the  rachis. 
Sepal.     One  of  the  divisions  of  a  calyx. 
Septicidal.     Said  of  a   capsule  opening  along 

the  partitions  between  tlie  cells. 
Serrate.     Having  saw-like  teeth   directed  for- 
ward. 
Serrulate.     Dimiiuitivc  of  serrate. 
Sessile.     Without  stalk. 
Setaceous.     Bristle-like. 
Setose.     Covered  with  bristles. 
Setulose.     Covered  with  minute  bristles. 
Simple.     Of  one  piece,  i.  e.,  not  com])ound. 
Sinuate.     \\'ith  nuirkedly  wavy  margin. 
Sinus.     The  cleft  or  space  between  t\\o  lobes. 
Spatulate.     ShajxHl   like  a  sjiatula ;    abruptly 

wide  at  apex  and  narrow  below. 
Spicate.     Arranged  in  a  spike. 
Spike.       An     elongated     tlower-cluster     witli 

sessile  or  nearly  sessile  flowers. 
Spine.      A    sharp    woody    outgrowth    from    a 

stem. 
Spinose.     Covered  with  spines. 
Spinule.      Diminutive    of    spine. 
Spinulose.     Covered  with  spinules. 
Stamen.     One  of   the   male  or   pollen-bearing 

organs  of  a  flower. 
Staminate.        Said     of     llowers     which      bear 

stamens   without   pistils. 
Staminodium.     A  sterile  stamen. 
Standard.       The     upj.er     dilated     petal     of     a 

l)apilionaceous  llowtr. 
Stellate.     Star-shaped. 
Stigma.      The    jiortioii    of    a    pi>til    which    re 

ceives  the  pollen  and  through   which  fertil- 
ization is  ell'ected. 
Stigmatic.     Belonging  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a 

stigma. 
Stipe.     The  stalk-like  support  of  some  pistils. 
Sterile.     Not  productive  of  spores  or  seeds. 
Stipel.      An   appendage  of   some   leaflets  cor- 

rfsponding  with  the  stipules  of  a  leaf. 


Stipitate.     Having  a  stipe. 

Stipulate.     Having  stipules. 

Stipules.  Appendages  on  either  side  of  a  leaf 
at  the  ba.se  of  the  petiole. 

Stolon.  A  runner  or  iirostrate  branch  root- 
ing at  the  nodes. 

Stidoniferous.     Bearing    stolons. 

Stoma.  (pi.  Stomata)  \  little  mouth  or 
breathing  ])ore  in  the  epidermis  (chielly  of 
the  h-aves)  thmugl  which  transpiration 
occurs. 

Stomatiferous.     Bearing  stomata. 

Striated.     Striped  lengthwise. 

Strobile.     A  cone. 

Style.  The  part  of  a  pistil  connecting  the 
ovary  and  stigma. 

Sub-.  A  prefix  indicating  somewhat ;  as  sub- 
cordate,  somewhat  cordate,  etc. 

Subulate.     Awl-shaped. 

Sufi'rutescent.     Somewhat  shruhby. 

Suffruticose.     Diminutively  shrubby. 

Sulcate.     Furrowed  or  grooved. 

Superior.  Said  of  an  ovary  growing  above 
or  free  from  the  calyx. 

Symmetrical.  Said  of  a  flower  in  which  there 
is  the  same  niunber  of  jiarts  in  each  set  of 
organs. 

Syncar]).     A  fleshy  multii)le  fruit. 

Tangential.  Said  of  a  wood  section  when 
made  lengthwise  of  the  grain  and  tangen- 
tial to  the  rings  of  growth. 

Tegmen.     The  inner  lining  of  a  seed. 

Terete.     Columnar;   circular  in  cross-section. 

Ternate.     Arranged  in  threes. 

Testa.     The  outer  covering  of  a  seed. 

Thyrsoid.    Like  a  thyrsus. 

Thyrsus.  A  campact  panicle:  as  a  bunch  of 
grapes  or  lilac  flowers. 

Tomentose.  Densely  pTd)escent;  covered  with 
foment  um. 

Tomentulose.      Diminutive  of  tomentose. 

Tomentum.     Dense  malted  hairs. 

Torose.  Cvlindrical  with  contractions  at  in- 
tervals. ' 

Torulose.     Diminutive  of  torose. 

Torus.     The  receptacle  of  a  flower. 

Tortuous.     Considerably  bent  or  twisted. 

Tracliic.     The  ducts  or  canals  in  wood. 

Tracheids.     \\-ood  cells. 

Transverse.  Said  of  a  wood  section  when 
made  across  the  grain  or  axis  of  a  log. 

Tri-.      In   coni])osition,  thrice  or  three. 

Triandrous.     Having  three  stamens. 

Trichotdinous.     Thrt-e  forked. 

Trifoliate.      Having  three  leaflets. 

Truncate.     Ending  abrupt  ly.  as  if  ;>ut  off. 

Tuberculale.  Covered  with  rounded  projec- 
lions. 

Tumid  or  Turgid.     Swollen. 

Turi)inate.     Top-shaped. 

liiilxd.  A  form  of  flower  (luster  in  which 
the  pedicels  radiate  from  the  same  point, 
similar  to  the  rays  of  an  umbrella. 

CmlMdlate.     Borne  in  umbels. 

I'mbellet.     -V  secondary  umbel. 

Cndto.     .\  projection  or  boss. 

I  mbonale.     Bearing  an  umbel. 

I'nilulate.     With   wavy   margin. 


464 


Glossary. 


rngiiiculate.     Contracted  into  a  claw. 

Uni-.     In  composition,  one;   as  unisexual,  of 

one  sex,  etc. 
Urceolate.     Urn-shaped. 
Utricle.      A   bladder-like   organ;    a   small    1- 

seeded  fruit  with  a  bladder-like  pericarp. 
Valvate.     Said  of  sepals',  etc.,  which   are  in 

contact  along  their  margins  only  (not  over- 
lapping)  in  the  bud. 
\'alve.     One  of  the  parts  into  which  a  capsule 

splits. 
\'ascular.     Possessing  ducts  or  vessels. 
N'ein.     One  of  the  branches  of  the  framework 

of  a  leaf. 
X'einlet.     A  branch  of  a  vein. 
\  enation.     The  arrangement  of  veins. 
Ventral.     Pertaining  to  the  anterior  or  inner 

face  of  an  organ;  opposed  to  dorsal. 


Ventricose.     Inflated  on  one  side. 

Wrnation.  The  arrangement  of  leaves  in  the 
bud. 

\'errucose.  Covered  with  wart-like  eleva- 
tions. 

\  ersatile.  Said  of  an  anther  attached  at 
about  its  middle  and  swinging  freely. 

Verticil.     Same  as  whorl. 

Verticillate.     Arranged  in  a  whorl. 

Villous  or  Villose.  Covered  with  long  soft 
not  matted  hairs. 

Virgate.     Slenuer  or  wand-like. 

Viscid.     Sticky,  glutinous. 

Whorl.  An  arrangement  of  three  or  more 
leaves  or  branches  radiating  in  a  circle 
from  the  same  node. 

Wing.     A  thin  filmy  expansion. 


INDEX 


Tlic  acccptcil  l)()t;inirnl  iiain 
fimiilit's  and  inuri-  comprt'liensivi 
lower-casi'. 


vv  111  lieav.v-l'ace  type,  synonyms  in  italics,  names  of 
oiip.s  in  Roman  SMALL  CAPITALS  and  common  names  in 


Al.rl...     IIL'. 

Abies,    Il;1. 

balsainea.   '.'A. 
Fraseri,   .If,. 

Acer,  4it;. 

hiirhiiliiiii.   '.V27t. 
('iiroliiiidinini,  33o. 
tiastir.n-iniw.   X'iH. 
Negundo,    336. 
ui(;ruiii,  .'>-•'>. 
Pennsylvaniciim, 
rubrtiin,  ."..U. 
saccliarinuiu  L., 
mrrhariiniw    Wang. 
Saccharum,  'A'24. 
spicatiiiii,   '.'>2S. 

ACKKWV.V..     HC. 

Adrlia.  4.V.. 

IKUIIlilHltil,    40.'i. 

.S^sculiis,  4  J7. 

ftar,,.    .•'.i;!. 

srlabra,  .">l". 

Hippocastaniiiii, 

octandra,  .')42. 
Allanthus,  444. 

glandulosus,  302; 
Ailanth'-s.  .•{02. 
Alder,   r.lack.   130. 

KuroDPan,   1.30. 

Sea-side.   12S. 
Alnus,  42!  >. 

gliitinosa,   1.30. 

maritima,   12S. 
Amelanchier,  430. 

aliiifolia,  441  >. 

liotriHii'ii'iii.   2i;!. 

Canadensis,  242. 

obovalis,  440. 
:\m\i<iiUthi!)   /'<rsi<(i.  441. 
Anacaudiack.k.  444. 
AiiKelica-troe.  3.")4. 
.vxoiosi'erm.k.  422. 
.Vnonace-t:.  43.'>. 

.Vl-KTAL.K.    423. 

Ai)ple.  4.3,S. 
.\griFoi.iAcE.T:,  445. 
Aralia,  4.">(>. 

spinosa,  354. 

Arai.iack.k,  440. 
Arb()r-Vita\  4(t.  j 

Ash.   Blaek,  .3S4.        » 

Blue.   .3S,S. 

Riltmore.  .302. 

I)arliny:ton,  4^^5, 

Green,  304. 

TToni).  .3S4. 

Prifklv.  20S. 

Pnmpkin.  .30^ 

Ued.  .30(i. 

Wat.T.   .380. 
Asiniina.    I.'!.'. 

triloba,  21fi. 
Asp.   QnaHiii;.   108. 
ARi)en.   Iln. 


330. 


332. 
,  325. 


338. 


Balm  of  Gilead,   102. 
Balsam.  34. 

He.  .37. 

Sill-.   .37. 
Basswtiod.   .•!.'(». 

-Michavix.  440. 

White,  440. 
Batodcndron  arhorcuni,  375. 
Bayberr.v,  7(». 
Bav.  Loblollv.  352. 

Red,  220. 

Rose.  368. 

Swamp.  218. 

Sweet,  212. 
Beech,  132. 

Bine,  114. 

Water.  114. 
Beech  Family,  429, 
Betula,  42S. 

coerulea,  428. 

lenta,    124. 

liitea,   120. 

nigra,    122. 

}i(ijiiii(i<-((i.   121. 

papyrifera,   120. 

populifolia,   118< 
Betulace.?^.  427. 
Bignoxiace.t:.  4."i»). 
Bilsted.  220. 
Birch,  Black.  124. 

Bine,  428. 

Canoe,   120. 

Cherrv,   124. 

Gra.v,    lis,   126. 

Old-field.   118. 

Paper.   120. 

Red.  122. 
•    River,  122.  " 

Sweet.  124. 

Water,   122. 

White,   lis. 

Yellow.   126. 
Birch  Familv,  427. 
Bleedins-heart  Tree,  323. 
Bois  d'Arc.  2(»3. 
Bow-wood.  203. 
Box-elder.  .330. 
Broussonetia,  4.33. 

papyrifera,  200. 
Bnckev.'.   Ferid.  :'.40. 

Ohio.  .340. 

Sweet,  342. 

Yellow.  .342. 
Buckthorn.  376. 

Alder,  44S. 

Common.  .346. 

Pnririn-.  34<;. 

Yellow.  .34S. 
Buckthorn  Famil.v.  448. 
Bumelia,  4.~.3. 

lanuginosa,  r;'^<3. 

Woolly.  .".76. 
Burninj:4)ush.  .322. 
Butternut.  ."lO. 
Button-ball  Tr.'e.  228. 
[465] 


466 


Button  Willow.  408. 
Button  wood,  228. 
Calico-bush,  470. 
CandlebeiT\'.  T*-'. 

CAPKIFOI.IAL'E.iC.    4.")7. 

Carpinus,  427. 

Caroliniana,   114. 

Car II a  ulba,   '>'.K 

inuurii,  .Jo 

aquatiea,  5"). 

inicrocurpa,  67. 

oUvceformis,  57. 

porcina,  65. 

sulcata,  61. 

tomciitosa.  63. 
Cassena,  ol4. 
Castanea,  4."!i!. 

dentata,   l.">4. 

puniila,   I'.'A). 

i-rscd  var.  Americana,   135. 
Catalpa,  4rAi. 

bii/ii<nii(tiilcs,  40.5. 

Catalpa,  404. 

Coniinon,  404. 

Hardy.  406. 

speciosa,  406. 

Western.  406. 
Catawba-tree,  406. 
Cedar.  Coast  White,  42. 

Red,  44. 

White,  40. 
Celastkace.e.  44(J. 
Celtis,  432. 

canhia.   lO.S. 

rni.syifolia.    103. 

Mississippiensis,  194. 

occidentalis,   102. 
Cephalanthus,  456. 

occidentalis,  408. 
Cercis,  441. 

Canadensis,  284. 
Chanisecyparis,  422. 

spli((rf)i<lca,  4.3. 

thyoides,  42. 
Cherrv.  Bird.  266. 

Choke,  281!. 

Indian.  348. 

Mahaleb,  278. 

Mazzard.  262. 

Perfumed,  278. 

Pigeon.  266. 

Pin,  266. 

St.  Lucie.  278. 

Sour.  264. 

Sweet.  262. 

Wild  Black.  282. 

Wild  Red,  266. 
Chestnut.  1.34. 

Horse.  .3.38. 
Chinquapin.   1.36. 
Chionantlius,  4.55. 

Virginica,  400. 
Chittini-wood.  .3(H. 
Cladrastis,  442. 

lutea,  202. 
Coffee-tree.  2S6. 
COXIFER.E.   418. 

CoRNACE.i-:,  4.50. 
Corniis,  4.5(>. 

alternifolia,  ,358. 

asperifoli^,  360. 

florida,   '.'>~ii). 
Cork-wood.  72. 
Cork-wood  Family,  425. 
Cotinus,    445. 

Americanus,  304. 

coiinoiihs.  ,305. 


Cottonwood,  04. 

Lance-leaf,  08. 

Narrow-leaf.   100. 
Crab,  Fragrant,  230. 

Narrow-leaf,  232. 

Prairie,  234. 

Siberian.  439. 

Soulard,  236. 
Crataegus,  44(>. 

cordata,  254. 

Crus-galli,  244. 

Ellw^angeriana,  2-50. 

Holiuesiana,  2.52. 

macracantha,  258. 

Oxyacantha,  260. 

punctata,  24(i. 

tonientosa,  256. 

viridis,  24S. 
Cucumber-tree.  204,  206. 

Ear-leaf.  21(1. 

Long-leaf.  210. 
CnprcHHus  tlit/oidcs.  43. 
Custard-Apple  Family.  435. 
Cypress.   Bald.  3S. 
Da boon,  314. 
Diosperus,  45.3. 

Virginiana,  378. 
Dogwood.  Alternate-leaf,  358. 

Blue-fruifed.  3-58. 

Flowerini:.  .356. 

Rough-leaf,  360. 
Dogwood  Family,  -450. 
Dycotyleuo.x  s,  423. 
Ebexace.i;,  453. 
Ebony  Family,  4.53. 
Egriot.  264. 
Elder,  Box,  .3.36. 
Elm,  Cork.  184. 

Red.   188. 

Rock.  184. 

Slippery,  188. 

Water,  182,  190, 

White,  182. 

Winged.  186. 
Elm  Family.  4.32. 
Ericacet:,  451. 
Euonymus,  446. 

atropurpureus,  322. 
Fagus,  42'.;. 

Americana,  1.32. 

atropiiiiicca.   1.33. 

fcrnif/iiica,  133. 
Fagace,5^4^0. 
Fagara  CTara-Hcrculis,  299. 
Farkleberry.  374. 
Figwort  Family,  457. 
Fir.  Balsam.  ,34. 

Eraser.  .36. 
Forestiera,  402. 

acuminata,  402. 
Fraxinus,  454. 

Americana,  ,300. 

Biltmoreana,  .392. 

Caroliniana,  386. 

Darlingtonii,  4.5.5. 

lanceolata,  .304. 

nigra,  3S4. 

Pennsylvanica,  ,396. 

ynr.   hniveohita,  395. 

pldh/carixi.  .'!S7. 

profunda,   .'SOS. 

j,lih,'s,;iis.    :i!l7. 

quadraneulata,  388. 

samhiirifoJia.   .38.5. 

r iridic.   3'.t.5. 
Fringe-tree.  400. 
Gamopetal.t:,  451. 


Indkx. 


WT 


(iiiiscii;;   l''iiiiiil\.    Mlt. 
Gleditsia.    I  I  J. 

aquatica,  '-.K). 

iiiniKisiii  nun.    ■_".•!. 

triacanthos,  L'SS. 
(ioplicr-WDod.   L".ll!. 
Oordonia,  44'.). 

Lasianthus,  '.'>'>-. 
(irandfiillicr  (Jray-bennl.  401. 
(iuin.  Ciilit'oriiiii  Ked.  227. 

Cotton.  ;>»•)(!. 

Red.  22(;. 

Sour.  .■Hi2. 

SoiitlitTii.  ;!(i4. 

Sweet.  22(i. 

Tupelo.   ;!(i(i. 

Wit;:-.  :'.(;4. 

r^um-EInstie.  .-.Tf;. 
Gymnocladiis,  442. 
dioiciis,  2Sr>. 

(TYMNOSI'Kini.K,    418. 

Ilackben-y.    1!»2. 

.Mississippi.  104. 
Hdlrxia  tftntptn-a.  r>83. 
Hamaiiielis,  4;>T. 

Virginiana.  224. 
IIamami;i.ii)Aik.k.  4;^tt. 
Haw.   Hlaek.  412. 

Klhva Hirer.  2r.(>. 

(Jreeii.  24S. 

Holmes.  2.-)2. 

Tear.  2.")<;. 

Sweet.  412. 

Washiniiton.  2.-.4. 
Hawthorn.   Kndish.  200. 
Heath   Family.  4.-)l. 
Hemlock.  :'.(!. 

Carolina.  32. 
Henderson -wood,  315. 
Herenles   Clnh.   .S.-)4. 
Hicoria,  42.!. 

alba.  (52. 

aquatica,  .~4. 

borealis,  424. 

glabra,  *i4. 

var.  orlorata.  G7 

laciniosa,  •>(). 

iiiicrocarpa,  ^^0. 

niiniiua,  .''>2. 

ovata,   ."S. 

pallida,  <>!>. 

Pecan,  .">(!. 

villosa.  OS. 
Hickoiv.  Hi-  ShelNbark.  60. 

Kirter-nut.   .^)2. 

Moker-niit.  02. 

Northern.  424. 

Pale-leaf.  08. 

I'is-nnr.  04. 

Shajr-hark.  HS. 

Small-frnited.  GO. 

Water.  .-.4. 

HiPPOCASTA  NACIC.K.    447. 

Hollv.   Aineiic-m.  312. 

Decidnoiis.   318. 

Lar-e-leaf.   .320. 

Mountain.  .320. 

Swamp.  318. 
Holly   Family.  44.". 
Honevsnekle  Family.  4.")7. 
Hoi)-Hornl)eam.  428. 
TT()i)-tree.  ;',(»(!. 
Hornbeam.   114. 

Hop.   110. 
Horse-Chestnnt.  .3.38. 
Horse-Chestnnt:  Faniilv,  447. 
Horsp-Supar.  .380. 


lIu.kl.'lM'i-ry.   'i're<..   .374. 
Ilex,    1 1.".. 

Cassine   L.,  .'>14. 

Cii.ssiiir   Walt..   .■'.17. 

I)„h<,„n   Walt..   31.") 

dccidua,  .'5 IS. 

monticola,  .320. 

opaca,  312. 

vomitoria,  ."llt^ 

H.IC'ACE.K.     I  I.".. 

Iron-wood.    111.    lit;. 
.ludas-Iiec.   2S4. 
Juglans,  42.3. 

cfnerea,  ?»f». 

nigra,  4S. 
.Ti'(:i.AM)A('i:.i:.  42.3. 
.run.l.i'iTv.  242. 
.rnnip.T.   40. 
Jnniperus,    112. 

communis,  40 

Virginiana,  44. 
Kalniia,    l.'il. 

latifolia,  370. 
KiiiK-niil.    <i'*. 
Liarix,  420. 

Americana,  '^K'. 

liiriiiini.   21. 
Laurel   Family.-  4.3.">. 
Laurel.  Great.  .308. 

Mountain,  370. 
Laura(i:.k.  4.3."). 
Le(;i'min()s.k.  441. 
I^eitneria,  42-". 
Floridana,   72. 
lieitneriaceae,  42."i. 
Lijidi'ii    l'';iiiiily.   44S. 
Liiquidambar,   4.">7. 

Styraciflua,  226. 
Liriodendron,   4.3."i. 

Tulipifera,  2    > 
Loblolly   I',ay.  44!). 
Locus r.  2!)4. 

Clammy,  200. 

Honey,'  288. 

Water.  200. 

Yellow.  204.    • 
Marhini.   oiinni tiara.   203. 
Mndd.T   Family.  4.10. 
Magnolia,  434. 

acuminata,  204 

Fraser.  210. 

Fraseri,  210. 

glauca,  212. 

Lars-e-le.Mf.    L'KO. 

macrophylla,  206. 

Mounl.iin.  2o4. 

tripetata,  208. 

iiiiihnlla.  2O0. 
MAf!Nni,tA('i:.K.  4.".4. 
Magnolia  Family.  4.34. 
.!/«/».•>■  aiKiii'^tifiilia.  2.33. 

coronaria.  23^- 

loensis,  2."'.~. 

Mains,    l.'.s. 

Soulardi,  2.37. 
Maple.  Ash-lea yed.  .3.30. 

Rird-s-eye.  325. 

Black.  .320. 

Blister.  .32"). 

Curly,  .32.-. 

Hard.  .324. 

Mountain.  .328 

Red.  .334. 
i  Rock.  .324 

Scarlet.  .3.34. 

Sijyer.  .3.32. 

Siher-leaf.  .3.32. 


468 


Index. 


Maple,  Soft,  334. 

Striped,  330. 

Susar,  324. 

White,  332. 
Maple  Family,  446. 
May,  2(j(>. 
Moose-wood.  331. 
MoRACE.Ti:,  433. 
Mohrodendron,  4.54. 

Carolinum,  .382, 
Morus,  4.'!.">. 

alba,    1  ;»(•>. 

rubra,   1!)S. 
Mountain-Ash.  American.  238. 

Large-fruited.  24t>. 

Small-fruited.  2.38. 
Mulberry.  Paper,  200. 

Red.  198. 

White,  196. 
Mulberry   Family,  4.33 
Myrica,  424. 

cerifera,  70. 
Myricace.i<;,  424. 
Myrtle.  Wax,  70. 
Nannvberrv.  Northern    416. 
■  Rusty,  414. 

Southern.  414. 
yrqiiinh)  (ifcroidcs,  337. 
Nyssa,  4.-.(). 

(KIHdtioa.  365. 

aquatica,  366. 

biflora,    '.64. 

wiilfiflon,.  36.3. 

sylvatica,  .362^ 

unifloni.   367. 
Oak.  Barren.  431. 

Basket.   174. 

Bear,  431. 

Black,  148. 

Black  .Jack,  ^M 

Burr.   168. 

(Miestnur.   176.^178. 

Chinquapin,  178. 

Cow,  174. 

Duck.  1.16. 

Grav,  431. 

Hill's.  144. 

Laurel.   160. 

Live.  180. 

Mossy-cup.  168. 

Northern  Pin.  144. 

Over-cui).  170. 

Pin,   142.  _^ 

Possum.  l.~>6. 

Post.  160. 

Quercitron,  148. 

Red.  138. 

Rock.  176. 

Scarlet.   146. 

Schneck's,  140. 

Scrub,  431. 

Scrub  Chestnut.  431. 

Shingle,  162. 

Southern  Red.  140. 

Spanish.  150. 

Swamp,  142. 

Swamp  Spanish.  152. 

Swamp  White,  172. 

Water,  1.56. 

W^hite.  164. 

Willow,  158. 

Yellow,  148,  178. 
Oil-Nut,  50. 

Old  Man's  Beard  Tree,  401. 
Oleace.e.  4.54. 
Orange.  Osage.  202. 
Olive  Family,  4.54. 


Osier.  Golden.  88. 
Ostrya,  428. 

Virginiana,  116. 
Oxydendruin,  4.52. 

arboreum,  372. 
Pa  paw.  216. 
Paulo wnia,  410,  457. 

iwpcridli.^.  411. 

toiuentosa,  410. 
Peach.  441 
Pea  Faniilv.  441. 
Pear.  4 ."IS. 
Pecan,  5(;. 
Pepperideg.  ,362. 
Persea,  436. 

Borbonia,  220. 

('(iniliiirnsi.s,  221. 

('(iroIiiK  iisis  var.   palustris,  219. 

pubescens,  218. 
Persimmon.  378. 
Picea,  421!. 

allxi.  25. 

brrrif„lia.   29. 

Canadensis,  24. 

Mariana,  28. 

Parryana,  22. 

p II II !/<  !,.■<.  23. 

rubens,  26. 

rubra.  27. 
Pine,  Gray.   12. 

Jack.   12. 

Jersev.   16. 

Loblolly.  6. 

Long-leaf,  419. 

North  Carolina,  14. 

Northern   Scrub,   12. 

Norwav.  10. 

Old-field.  6. 

Pitch,  8. 

Pond.  419. 

Rock,  4. 

Rocky  Mountain  Yellow,  4. 

Rosemary.  6. 

Scrub.  16. 

Short-leaf,   14. 

Table-Mountain,  18. 

White,  2. 

Yellow,  14. 
Pine  Family,  418. 
Pinus,  419. 

Bunk  si  una.   13. 

divaricata,  12. 

echinata,   l4. 

iiiojh^.   17. 

niitix.   15. 

palustris,  419. 

Ponderosa.  scopulorum,  4> 

pungens,   18. 

resi-iosa,   K!. 

rigida,  S. 

scoinihiriim.   5. 

serotina,  419. 

Strobus,  2. 

Taeda,  6. 

Virginiana,   16. 
Plan^ra,  432. 

aquatica,   190. 
Plp  -     -,ree.   190. 
P.ane-Tree  FanMlv.  4.37. 
Plataxace.i-:.  437. 
Platanus,  437. 

occidentalis,  228. 
Plum.  American.  270. 

Canada.  ^68 

Chicasa  v      .'T  L 

Porter's,   Jc!. 
Polypetal.93.  4;,i. 


Indkx. 


469 


Poplar.   I'.iilsani.    104. 

Caroliiiii.  !I4. 

LiU-fi.-K.nlll.    IKt. 

Loiubanlv,  '.tC.. 

XiH'Ulac.'.  !»4. 

Silv.T-lcaf.    111'. 

Swamp.    1<»<;. 

TnMni)!iiii;.    1<»S. 

Whitf.    111*. 

Ycllosv.   I'll. 
l\,]>\,h'.    HIS. 
Popiilus,    lH'i. 

aciiiiiiiiata,  '. 'S. 

alba.    1  U. 

angustifolia,    1iin. 

balsaiiiifera,    1'l4. 

v.-ir.    rinnllrans.    I(t3. 

candicans,    lll2. 

deltoides,  '.14. 

occidentalis,  !>.">. 

ilihitiilii.  '.IT. 

grandidentiita,    IH*. 

heteropliylla,    l(l(>. 

n'uii'it.  Vll . 

Italica,  !M;. 

treinuloides,    lOS. 
Prick Iv- Ash.  2!»S. 
Princess-tn'o.  410. 
PrivcC.   Swam  I'.  40L>. 
Prunus,  440. 

Alleghaniensis,  27(3. 

Americana,  l!70. 

angnstifolia,  274. 

Avj-ain,   L'(>2. 

Cerasiis,  2ti4. 

Chiras,,.   -2",. 

Mahaleb,  278. 

nigra,  2(>S. 

Pennsylvanica,  266. 

Persica,  441. 

serotina,  2S2. 

Vir!o;iniana.,  2.S(). 
Ptelcii.  444. 

trifoliatd.  r.in). 
Puis.'  Family.  441. 
Pyrns,  4."1S. 

Americana,  '2P>0. 

angustifolia,  2;^2. 

communis,  A'.'>^. 

coronaria.  2.".0. 

loensis,  2'*.4. 

Main;:.  4:;s. 

prunifolia,  4.!!;. 

sii III liiii-ifDlid.   241. 

Soulardi.  2:!(;. 
Quassia.  I'an'il.v.  444. 
Quercns    4.".''. 

acuminata,   17S. 

alba,   1t;4. 


1.. 


(Dllhll/IKI.    4.".1 

(uiniilirii    ^^'a 

him!, II-.  17::. 

borealis,  4."'1. 
Brittoni,    l.'tl. 
coccinoa,    146. 
digit  at  a,    l.-.O. 
ellipsoidalis.    144. 
fiihni,,.    I.-.I. 
heterophvlla,  4.'^1. 
iUrifoUn.   4ni. 
inibricaria,   Ki'J. 
laurifolia.    Itii;. 
Leana,    \'-V\. 
lyrata.    1  iO. 
macrocarpa.    KiS. 
Marilandica,    l."4. 


Quercus,  Michauxii,    174. 
minor,    166. 
M  iiltlinbvniii,    171). 
nana,  4:'>l. 
nigrp.   I  J..    l.")6. 
ni'ini    Waui;..    I."). 
iihlii.silolKi.    167. 
pagodsefolia,   152. 
palustris,    142. 
Phellos,    l.'.S. 
Iilatanoides,    172. 
prinoidesj^   Kl  1. 
Prinus,    1  (*>. 

piiiiiiiii.   i:;i. 

rubra,    I'lN. 
Rudkini,  4.'.1. 
S,-liii<rl:ii.    111. 
st,  Until.    Km. 
Texana,    1  4o. 
tiiirl, trill.    14'.». 
tridentata,   4.>1. 
velutina,    14S. 
rin,i.-<.    ISl. 
Virginiana,   ISO. 
Rod  t)n(l.  2aJ. 

KlIAMN.UE.E.    44S. 

Rhamnus,  44S. 

Caroliniana,  .']4S. 

catliartica,  .">4(i. 

Fi-angula.  44.S. 
Rhododendron,  4."il. 

niaximiim,  8(>8. 
Rhus,   44.". 

copallina,  308. 

rofinoiil,.^.    305. 

hirta,   'ADn. 

tiiiiliiini.  :'o7. 

n  IK  11,1  til.  :;ii. 

verni%-,  ."til!. 
Robinia,  44.;. 

Pseudficpcia,  204. 

viscosa,  2il6. 
Ko.sK.vcK.r.  ,4;^s. 
Rns(>   Family.   4.S8. 
RuBiAC'E.i-;.  456. 
Rue  Family.  443. 
KlTACK.K.    443. 

Salicack.k    425. 
Salix,  425. 

alba,  42(r 

vir.    lilrllina.   80, 
amydaloides,  74. 
Babylonica,  S(;. 

\;ir.  aurea,  S7. 

\;ir.   anniilaris.  Hi 

\.u-.   dolorosa,  S? 
balsamifera,   42(i. 
Bebbiana.    12t(. 
,;inl,it,i.    v.if.    n.stitii.   01 
discolor.  !t2. 
fluviatilis.  S4. 
frag,ilis,  S2. 
loiii/ifiiliii.   S.5. 
longipes.  76. 
lucida,  SO. 
Missouriensis,  00. 
nigra.   7S. 

iiri-iiliiiliiliK.    77. 

^Viinli.   77. 

vitellina,   SS 
Sai'Tndack.k.  4  17. 
Sapindus,    I  17. 

Drumniondi,  .344. 
Sap.Mlilla    Fainilv.   4.52. 
Sapotaceae,  451.'. 
Sai'otack.k.  4.52. 
Sassafras.   222. 


iVO 


Index. 


Sassafras,  436. 

officinale.  223. 
sassafras,  222. 

Sassafras,  222. 

SCOPIILLARIACE.E.    4.j'<. 

Service-berry,  242. 

Long-leaf,  44U. 

Swamp.  44(.'. 

Western.  44U. 
Shad-blow.  242. 
Shad-bush.  242. 
Sheep-berry,  412. 

Northern,  416. 
Silver-bell  Tree,  382,  454. 

SiMAKUBACE.E,    444. 

Sloe.  Alleghany,  276. 
Smnke-tree.  American,  304. 
Suow-droi.  Tree,  382. 
Soapberry  Family,  447. 
Soapberrv.  Western.  344. 
Sorbus,'43;  . 

Americana,  238. 

var.   decora,  241, 

xdniJiuclfolUt,  240. 

scopulina,  240. 
Sorrel-tree.  372. 
Sour-wood.  372._ 
Sparkleberrv.  874. 
Spruce,  Black.  28. 

Blue,  22. 

Red.  26. 

Silver.  22. 

Swamp.  28. 

White.  24. 
Staff-tree  Family,  446. 
Stag-bush.  412. 
Storax  Family,__4r)4. 
Stump-tree.  287. 
Styrace.e,  4ri4. 
Sugarberrv,  192.   194. 
Sumach.  Dwarf,  308. 

Poison.  310. 
■     Stag-horn.  306. 
Sumach  Family,  444. 
Suufiower  Tree.  401. 
Sweet-herrv.   417. 
Sweet   (Jale   Familv.  424. 
Swept-lcaf.  38(;. 
Sweet-leaf  Family.  453 
Sycamore.  22S. 
Sympl()cace.e,  453. 
Syniplocos,  454. 

tincioria,  380. 
Tamarack,  *20. 
Taxodium,  42!. 

distichum,  38 
Tea  Familv.  449. 

TllEACE.K.    449. 

Thorn.  Cock-spur,  244. 

Dotted,  246. 

Long-spine.  258. 

Newcastle.  244. 

Pear.  256. 

Scarlet,   2-52. 
Thuya,  421. 

occidentalis,  40. 
Tilia,  44S. 

Americana-  .3.50. 

heterophylla.  449. 

Michauxii,  449. 


ice^^^^SS 


TILIACE.E.    448. 

Toxylon,  434. 

pomiferum,  202. 

Tooth-ache  Tri'e.  298. 
Tree-of-lleaven,  302. 
Trumpet- Creeper  Family,  456. 
Tsiiga,  42(!. 

Canadensis,  30. 

Caroliniana,  32. 
Tupelo.  MOi'. 

Large,  366. 
Tulip  Tree,  214. 
Ulmace.e,  432. 
Ulnius.  432. 

alata,   186. 

Ameri^|yk^l82. 

inli 

pubesce 

yv/rr //,o.s-a.    1S5. 

Thomasi,  184. 
rmbrella-tiec,  20(5,  208. 
Vaccinium,  452. 

arboreiim,  374. 
Viburnum,  457. 

Lentago,  416. 

prunifolium,  412. 

!■(  fotoiiK  iitosinii.  415. 

rufidulum,  414. 
Virgilia.  392. 
Wafer-Ash.  300. 
Wahoo.  322. 
Walnut.  Black,  48. 

Satin.  227. 

White,  50. 
Walnut  Family.  423. 
Waythorn.  Fnropean,  346. 
White-wood.  214. 
Wild-Raisin-Tree.  417.      . 
Willow.  Almond-leaf.  74. 

Balsam.  426. 

Bebb,  426. 

Black.  78. 

Brittle,  82. 

Glaucous,  92. 

Glossv-leaf,  80. 

Long-leaf.  84. 

Long-stalk.  76. 

Missouri,  90. 

Napoleon's,  86. 

Peach.  74. 

Pussv.  93. 

Ring,  86. 

Sand-bar.  84. 

Shining.  80. 

Ward.  76. 

Weeping,  86. 

White.  426. 

Yellow.  88. 
Willow  Family.  425. 
Witcl.-TIaz.'l.  224. 
Witch   Haze!   Family,  436. 
Xanthoxylum,  443. 

Clava-Herculis,  298. 
Yaupon.  31ti. 
Yellow-wood.  292. 


ntOfERTT  LOiAMT 
N.  C.  Staie  C^lfaff 


H^ 


